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Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals
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The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry.
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“They assessed genetic ancestry with 15,000 SNPs, making their index highly-reliable [56].”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
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Latin American Study of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer LACAM: A Genomic Epidemiology Approach
Oliver, J., Urban, R. Q., Cortés, C. A. F., Velásquez, C. E. D., Montealegre, A. L., Pacheco-Orozco, R. A., Castro-Rojas, C. A., García‐Robles, R., Rivera, J. J. L., Chaparro, S. G., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.01429 · Cited by 44
“Genetic studies have shown a unique history of migration to this region, combined with a high diversity of native population per country and important population bottlenecks (5, 6).”
BackgroundBreast Cancer Health Disparities in Hispanics/Latinas
Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Sanabria‐Salas, M. C., & Fejerman, L. (2020) · Current Breast Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s12609-020-00370-3 · Cited by 45
Breast cancer risk and genetic ancestry: a case–control study in Uruguay
Bonilla, C., Bertoni, B., Hidalgo, P., Artagaveytia, N., Ackermann, E., Barreto, I., Cancela, P., Cappetta, M., Egaña, A., Figueiro, G., et al. (2015) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0171-8 · Cited by 39
“We have shown that in the Uruguayan population the genetic ancestral background is correlated with socioeconomic status and educational attainment, a feature shared with other Latin American populations [54,55], and which is likely to confound the association between ancestry and disease [56,57].”
BackgroundAdmixture-enabled selection for rapid adaptive evolution in the Americas
Norris, E. T., Rishishwar, L., Chande, A. T., Conley, A. B., Ye, K., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., & Jordan, I. K. (2020) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-1946-2 · Cited by 50
Population Pharmacogenomics for Precision Public Health in Colombia
Nagar, S. D., Moreno, A. M., Norris, E. T., Rishishwar, L., Conley, A. B., O’Neal, K. L., Gómez, S. V., Montes-Rodríguez, C., Jaraba-Álvarez, W. V., Torres, I. P., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00241 · Cited by 45
“This change resulted in a far more comprehensive coverage policy for these kinds of tests than currently exists in the United States, where many precision medicine treatments are still directly paid by patients (Szabo, 2018).”
BackgroundChor, D., Pereira, A. C., Pacheco, A. G., Santos, R. V., Fonseca, M. J. M., Schmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., Barreto, S. M., Aquino, E. M. L., Mill, J. G., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216653 · Cited by 43
“However, with few exceptions, studies have been based on reduced and/or geographically limited samples and/or have grouped populations from different age groups in which data collection strategies regarding the race/colour information were not the same [15,17,19,21].”
BackgroundGenetic and socioeconomic study of mate choice in Latinos reveals novel assortment patterns
Zou, J., Park, D. S., Burchard, E. G., Torgerson, D. G., Pino-Yanes, M. D. M., Song, Y. S., Sankararaman, S., Halperin, E., & Zaitlen, N. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1501741112 · Cited by 41
“These ethnically homogeneous but genetically admixed populations have more diverse physical features compared with genetically homogeneous populations (12).”
BackgroundVilla, D. C. D. F., Cortés-Mancera, F., Payares, E., Montes, N., de la Hoz, F., Arbeláez, M. P., Correa, G., & Navas, M. C. (2015) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0402-5 · Cited by 42
“Primers used in the first round were YS1 and YS2 [39].”
BackgroundMethodGenetic Cancer Risk Assessment for Breast Cancer in Latin America
Chávarri-Guerra, Y., Blazer, K. R., & Weitzel, J. N. (2017) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.24875/ric.17002195 · Cited by 41
Genetics of Obesity in Diverse Populations
Young, K. L., Graff, M., Fernández‐Rhodes, L., & North, K. E. (2018) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-018-1107-0 · Cited by 48
Rocha, C. S., Secolin, R., Rodrigues, M. R., Carvalho, B. S., & Lopes‐Cendes, Í. (2020) · npj Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41525-020-00149-6 · Cited by 44
Genetic epidemiology of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated cancer across Latin America
Herzog, J., Chávarri-Guerra, Y., Castillo, D., Abugattas, J. E., Villarreal-Garza, C. M., Sand, S. R., DeHart, J. C., Álvarez-Gómez, R. M., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Mohar, A., et al. (2021) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-021-00317-6 · Cited by 35
Implications of the Admixture Process in Skin Color Molecular Assessment
de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Hünemeier, T., Gómez‐Valdés, J., Ramallo, V., Krause, C. D. D. V., Barbosa, A. A. L., Vargas‐Pinilla, P., Dornelles, R. C., Longo, D., Rothhammer, F., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096886 · Cited by 39
“[40].”
Self-citationBreast Cancer in Latinas: A Focus on Intrinsic Subtypes Distribution
Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Fejerman, L., & Zabaleta, J. (2017) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0420 · Cited by 39
“This heterogeneity may be related in part to the differences in the classification methods used, biases associated with clinic/hospital-based studies (as opposed to registry-based studies), and to differences in the genetic ancestry from the Hispanic/Latina women analyzed (76, 77).”
ResultGeographical variation in the progression of type 2 diabetes in Peru: The CRONICAS Cohort Study
Bernabé‐Ortiz, A., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Gilman, R. H., Miele, C. H., Checkley, W., Wells, J. C. K., Smeeth, L. L., & Miranda, J. J. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.09.007 · Cited by 43
“should also be considered; however, the genetic admixture in Peruvians is very high [33], with many groups sharing common Native American ancestry and thus requiring a deeper study to understand its contribution to the observed differences in the incidence of diabetes.”
BackgroundLi, Q., Chen, J., Faux, P., Delgado, M., Bonfante, B., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04838-7 · Cited by 36
Self-citationDeng, L., Ruiz‐Linares, A., Xu, S., & Wang, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21766 · Cited by 35
Self-citationVariation in dental morphology and inference of continental ancestry in admixed Latin Americans
Delgado, M., Ramírez, L. M., Adhikari, K., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Zanolli, C., González‐José, R., Canizales, S., Bortolini, M. C., Poletti, G., Gallo, C., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23756 · Cited by 36
Self-citationRodrigues‐Soares, F., Kehdy, F. S. G., Coelho, J. S., Andrade, P. X. C., Céspedes-Garro, C., Zolini, C., de Aquino, M. M., Barreto, M. L., Horta, B. L., Lima‐Costa, M. F., et al. (2018) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/s41397-018-0015-7 · Cited by 36
Admixture in the Americas: Regional and National Differences
Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2016) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2016.56.3.2 · Cited by 34
de Araújo, F. J., da Silva, L. D. O., de Mesquita, T. G. R., Pinheiro, S. K., Vital, W. D. S., Chrusciak‐Talhari, A., Guerra, J. A. D. O., Talhari, S., & Ramasawmy, R. (2015) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003875 · Cited by 33
Facial asymmetry and genetic ancestry in L atin A merican admixed populations
Quinto‐Sánchez, M., Adhikari, K., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Cintas, C., de Cerqueira, C. C. S., Ramallo, V., Castillo, L. D., Farrera, A., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W. H., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22688 · Cited by 32
Self-citationThe human gut microbiome of Latin America populations: a landscape to be discovered
Magne, F., O’Ryan, M. L., Vidal, R. M., & Farfán, M. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000300 · Cited by 33
“In general, the genetic background of Latin American populations is influenced by native American and European ancestry and less so by African ancestry [63], and different proportions of origin can be observed between countries (Table 4).”
BackgroundTemporal Patterns of Mexican Migrant Genetic Ancestry: Implications for Identification
Hughes, C. E., Algee-Hewitt, B. F. B., Reineke, R. C., Clausing, E. S., & Anderson, B. E. (2017) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.12845 · Cited by 32
Santos, R. D., Benseñor, I. M., Pereira, A. C., & Lotufo, P. A. (2016) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2016.08.008 · Cited by 33
Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability
Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010034 · Cited by 32
“50) for African-Americans and other groups of African descent [56,61,82,83].”
BackgroundHuman genetic admixture through the lens of population genomics
Gopalan, S., Smith, S. P., Korunes, K. L., Hamid, I., Ramachandran, S., & Goldberg, A. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0410 · Cited by 37
Mergener, R., Furtado, G. V., de Mattos, E. P., Leotti, V. B., Jardim, L. B., & Pereira, M. L. S. (2019) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-019-08572-4 · Cited by 31
Genetic Admixture and Survival in Diverse Populations with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Karnes, J. H., Wiener, H. W., Schwantes-An, T.-H. L., Natarajan, B., Sweatt, A. J., Chaturvedi, A., Arora, A., Batai, K., Nair, V., Steiner, H. E., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201907-1447oc · Cited by 31
“Hispanic individuals are generally considered to be genetically admixed, being made up genetically of varying proportions of European, Native American, and African ancestry (23, 38, 39).”
BackgroundVerdugo, R. A., Genova, A. D., Herrera, L., Moraga, M. L., Acuña, M., Berríos, S., Llop, E., Valenzuela, C. Y., Bustamante, M. L., Digman, D., et al. (2020) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-020-00284-5 · Cited by 31
Disentangling Signatures of Selection Before and After European Colonization in Latin Americans
Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Fuentes‐Guajardo, M., Ormond, L., Wang, K., Hurtado, M., Villegas, V., Granja, V., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Jaramillo, C., et al. (2022) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msac076 · Cited by 35
“AdaptMix shows evidence in the CANDELA Peruvian cohort within MGAM (rs7810984, AdaptMix P value = 1.79 × 10 − 8 , above 99.9th percentile) only when using CHB as a surrogate for Native American ancestry.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLlibre‐Guerra, J. J., Jiang, M., Acosta, I., Sosa, A. L., Acosta, D. M., Jimenez‐Velasquez, I. Z., Guerra, M., Salas, A., Salgado, A. M. R., Llibre‐Guerra, J. C., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14041 · Cited by 30
“14,15 LatinAmericancountriesalsoshareexperiencesrelatedtocolonial-ism, social stratification, and evolving national identities.”
Obesity, genomic ancestry, and socioeconomic variables in Latin American mestizos
Ruderman, A., Perez, L., Adhikari, K., Navarro, P., Ramallo, V., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Bedoya, G., Bortolini, M. C., Acuña-Alonzo, V., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23278 · Cited by 32
Self-citationAhsan, T., Urmi, N. J., & Sajib, A. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228000 · Cited by 33
Romero‐Hidalgo, S., Flores-Rivera, J. D. J., Rivas‐Alonso, V., Barquera, R., Villarreal-Molina, M. T., Antuna-Puente, B. P., Kauffer, L. R. M., Villalobos‐Comparán, M., Ortiz-Maldonado, J., Yu, N., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69224-3 · Cited by 30
Self-citationFonseca, L., Sena, B. F., Crossley, N. A., López‐Jaramillo, C., Koenen, K. C., Freimer, N. B., Bressan, R. A., Belangero, S. I., Santoro, M. L., & Gadelha, A. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1240 · Cited by 30
“10-12 This contrasts with the genetic makeup of European populations, which limits the applicability of current gene-tic findings.”
Nieves-Colón, M. A., Rivera, K. M. B., Sandoval, K., Dávalos, V. V., Lencinas, L. E. E., Mendoza‐Revilla, J., Adhikari, K., González-Buenfil, R., Chen, J. W., Zhang, E., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.04.014 · Cited by 29
Self-citationPhylogenomics of Colombian Helicobacter pylori isolates
Gutiérrez-Escobar, A. J., Trujillo, E., Acevedo, O., & Bravo, M. M. (2017) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0201-1 · Cited by 30
“Mestizos have their own genetic components, which are relatively new in human history [46].”
BackgroundAngiogenesis and oxidative stress-related gene variants in recurrent pregnancy loss
Fortis, M. F., Fraga, L. R., Boquett, J. A., Kowalski, T. W., Dutra, C. G., Gonçalves, R. O., Vianna, F. S. L., Schüler‐Faccini, L., & Sanseverino, M. T. V. (2017) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd17117 · Cited by 29
Llibre‐Guerra, J. J., Li, Y., Allegri, R., Méndez, P. C., Surace, E. I., Rodríguez, J. J. L., Sosa, A. L., Aláez‐Verson, C., Longoria-Ibarrola, E. M., Téllez‐Martínez, J. A., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12227 · Cited by 29
Occult Hepatitis B virus infection Among blood donors in Colombia
Ríos‐Ocampo, W. A., Cortés-Mancera, F., Olarte, J. C., Soto, A., & Navas, M. C. (2014) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-014-0206-z · Cited by 28
“Meanwhile, American ancestry is highest in the south of the country [30].”
BackgroundGeoepidemiology of Sjögren's syndrome in Latin America
Restrepo-Jiménez, P., Molano‐González, N., & Anaya, J. (2019) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2019.02.004 · Cited by 28
Reis, L. B., Bakos, R. M., Vianna, F. S. L., Macedo, G. S., Jacovas, V. C., Ribeiro-dos-Santos, A. M., dos Santos, S. E. B., Bakos, L., & Ashton‐Prolla, P. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07485-x · Cited by 28
“The association of European ancestry and fair skin, eyes and hair was previously demonstrated in a sample of 1594 individuals from the same geographic region of the present study [23].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry on Disease Prevalence and Risk in Colombia
Chande, A. T., Nagar, S. D., Rishishwar, L., Mariño‐Ramírez, L., Medina-Rivas, M. A., Valderrama-Aguirre, A., Jordan, I. K., & Gallo, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.690366 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruiz-Linares, A., Adhikari, K., Acuña-Alonzo, V., Quinto-Sanchez, M., Jaramillo, C., Arias, W., Fuentes, M., Pizarro, M., Everardo, P., de Avila, F., Gómez-Valdés, J., León-Mimila, P., Hunemeier, T., Ramallo, V., Silva de Cerqueira, C. C., Burley, M.-W., Konca, E., de Oliveira, M. Z., Veronez, M. R., Rubio-Codina, M., Attanasio, O., Gibbon, S., Ray, N., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Rosique, J., Schuler-Faccini, L., Salzano, F. M., Bortolini, M.-C., Canizales-Quinteros, S., Rothhammer, F., Bedoya, G., Balding, D., & Gonzalez-José, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- University of Tarapacá (CL)
- National Institute of Anthropology and History (MX)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Institute for Fiscal Studies (GB)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-09-25
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e1004572
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC4177621
- OpenAlex
- W2112602049
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 24.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universidad de Chile (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust (F/07 134/DF)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I021213/1)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H021221/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Keywords
- admixture, genetic ancestry estimation, population structure, phenotypic diversity, demographic history, genetic diversity, self-perception bias
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Biological Evolution, Female, Genetics, Population, Geography, Humans, Latin America, Male, Phenotype, Self Concept, Genetic Variation, Quantitative Trait, Heritable
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