Shift work as a risk factor for future type 2 diabetes: evidence, mechanisms, implications, and future research directions
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The increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease documented in epidemiologic studies of shift work is unlikely to be solely due to sleep loss and would not be fully mitigated by strategies designed to preserve sleep duration.
“The increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease documented in epidemiologic studies of shift work (4–9) is thus unlikely to be solely due to sleep loss and would not be fully mitigated by strategies designed to preserve sleep duration.”
From Circadian Misalignment Augments Markers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation, Independently of Sleep Loss (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
The New Findings on Shift Work and Diabetes Risk section reports an epidemiologic association between rotating shift work and type 2 diabetes. The paper does not document an epidemiologic association with cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular disease appears only in the title of a cited reference. The sentence’s conclusion about preserving sleep follows the citation and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredShift work is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
“Prospective epidemiologic studies indicate that shift work is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (4–9).”
From Circadian Misalignment Augments Markers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation, Independently of Sleep Loss (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
The ‘New Findings on Shift Work and Diabetes Risk’ section reports a prospective association between rotating shift work and increased type 2 diabetes risk. The paper does not report a corresponding association with cardiovascular disease; that condition appears in a reference title, while the ‘Size of the Effect’ section compares diabetes risk from shift work with coronary heart disease risk from work stress. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Cites
Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P., & Cauter, E. V. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-11-200412070-00008 · Cited by 2,459 · see citing works
Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease—a meta-analysis
Mika Kivimaki, B., Virtanen, M., Elovainio, M. J., Kouvonen, A. M., Väänänen, A., & Vahtera, J. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.1049 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Rotating Night Shift Work and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Two Prospective Cohort Studies in Women
Pan, A., Schernhammer, E. S., Sun, Q., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001141 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Shift work and cardiovascular disease – pathways from circadian stress to morbidity
Puttonen, S., Härmä, M., & Hublin, C. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.2894 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolism and Circadian Rhythms—Implications for Obesity
Froy, O. (2010) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2009-0014 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Gale, J. E., Cox, H. I., Qian, J., Block, G. D., Colwell, C. S., & Matveyenko, A. V. (2011) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730411416341 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Shift work and the risk of diabetes mellitus among Japanese male factory workers.
Morikawa, Y., Nakagawa, H., Miura, K., Soyama, Y., Ishizaki, M., Kido, T., Naruse, Y., Suwazono, Y., & Nogawa, K. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.867 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The effects of shift work on body weight change − a systematic review of longitudinal studies
van Drongelen, A., Boot, C., Merkus, S., Smid, T., & Beek, A. J. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3143 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Suwazono, Y., Sakata, K., Okubo, Y., Harada, H., Oishi, M., Kobayashi, E., Uetani, M., Kido, T., & Nogawa, K. (2006) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000214355.69182.fa · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Sleep disturbances and insulin resistance
Van Cauter, E. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03459.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
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Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kautzky-Willer, A., Harreiter, J., & Pacini, G. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1137 · Cited by 2,043 · see citing works
Leproult, R., Holmbäck, U., & Van Cauter, E. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1546 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
“The increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease documented in epidemiologic studies of shift work (4-9) is thus unlikely to be solely due to sleep loss and would not be fully mitigated by strategies designed to preserve sleep duration.”
BackgroundKivimäki, M., Virtanen, M., Kawachi, I., Nyberg, S. T., Alfredsson, L., Batty, G. D., Bjorner, J. B., Borritz, M., Brunner, E. J., Burr, H., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70178-0 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationTotal and Cause-Specific Mortality of U.S. Nurses Working Rotating Night Shifts
Gu, F., Han, J., Laden, F., Pan, A., Caporaso, N. E., Stampfer, M. J., Kawachi, I., Rexrode, K. M., Willett, W. C., Hankinson, S. E., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.018 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Circadian disruption in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome
Maury, E., Hong, H. K., & Bass, J. (2014) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.12.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The effects of the number of consecutive night shifts on sleep duration and quality
Garde, A. H., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Jensen, M. A., Kristiansen, J., Sørensen, J. K., & Hansen, Å. M. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3885 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Spichiger, C., Torres-Farfan, C., Galdames, H. A., Mendez, N., Alonso-Vazquez, P., & Richter, H. G. (2015) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2015 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Williams, H. L., Costley, T., Bellury, L. M., & Moobed, J. (2018) · JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000000625 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
van Drongelen, A., van der Beek, A. J., Hlobil, H., Smid, T., & Boot, C. R. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-776 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kivimäki, M., Batty, G. D., & Hublin, C.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-12-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e1001138
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC3232187
- OpenAlex
- W1976236497
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 9.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG034454, R01AG034454)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL036310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- shift work, type 2 diabetes, diabetes risk, circadian rhythm disruption, biological mechanisms, occupational health
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Work Schedule Tolerance
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