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Myostatin Inhibition in Muscle, but Not Adipose Tissue, Decreases Fat Mass and Improves Insulin Sensitivity
Open accessAbstract
Myostatin (Mstn) is a secreted growth factor expressed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue that negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass. Mstn(-/-) mice have a dramatic increase in muscle mass, reduction in fat mass, and resistance to diet-induced and genetic obesity. To determine how Mstn deletion causes reduced adiposity and resistance to obesity, we analyzed substrate utilization and insulin sensitivity in Mstn(-/-) mice fed a standard chow. Despite reduced lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle, Mstn(-/-) mice had no change in the rate of whole body lipid oxidation. In contrast, Mstn(-/-) mice had increased glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity as measured by indirect calorimetry, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. To determine whether these metabolic effects were due primarily to the loss of myostatin signaling in muscle or adipose tissue, we compared two transgenic mouse lines carrying a dominant negative activin IIB receptor expressed specifically in adipocytes or skeletal muscle. We found that inhibition of myostatin signaling in adipose tissue had no effect on body composition, weight gain, or glucose and insulin tolerance in mice fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet. In contrast, inhibition of myostatin signaling in skeletal muscle, like Mstn deletion, resulted in increased lean mass, decreased fat mass, improved glucose metabolism on standard and high-fat diets, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Our results demonstrate that Mstn(-/-) mice have an increase in insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, and that the reduction in adipose tissue mass in Mstn(-/-) mice is an indirect result of metabolic changes in skeletal muscle. These data suggest that increasing muscle mass by administration of myostatin antagonists may be a promising therapeutic target for treating patients with obesity or diabetes.
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“Its importance in this tissue is related to the maintenance of adipose mass and greater sensitivity to insulin (Hamrick et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2009).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2009
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“Evidence that myostatin needs to act on skeletal muscle to cause fat loss comes from a study where the knock out myostatin receptor in adipose tissue had no effect on body composition, weight gain, or glucose and insulin tolerance in mice fed a standard or high-fat diet [181].”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [181]
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“For example, the stimulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy by expressing constitutively active Akt1 [22] only within muscle, or by knocking down the myostatin (i.e., activin IIB) receptor only in muscle [181], demonstrates that muscle hypertrophy is sufficient to cause fat loss and improve glucose homeostasis as secondary effects.”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [181]
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“It also exerts a significant regulatory influence on adipose tissue function, energy metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis [62].”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
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“However, myostatin is not exclusively secreted by SkM tissue, with studies indicating that AT also secretes this protein.”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Guo et al., 2009
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“Adipocyte-specific expression of a dominant negative form of Acvr2b did not induce any changes in body composition, suggesting that changes in fat mass are not directly due to loss of ActRII signaling in adipose tissue [26].”
From Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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Braunsperger, A., Tischer, D., Soriano‐Arroquia, A., Schönfelder, M., Georgiadi, A., & Wackerhage, H. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-01085-y
Myokines and mitochondrial function in cardiometabolic diseases
Saavedra, J. E., Gallo-Villegas, J., & Calderón, J. C. (2026) · Journal of physiology and biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-026-01233-8
Impact of diet induced obesity on mouse skeletal muscle health: metabolism, growth and regeneration.
Trajcevski, K. E. (2014) · MacSphere (McMaster University) · doi:10.71548/22585
Metadata
- Authors
- Guo, T., Jou, W., Chanturiya, T., Portas, J., Gavrilova, O., & McPherron, A. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- McPherron, Alexandra C.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-03-19
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e4937
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2654157
- OpenAlex
- W2028966038
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 11.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- myostatin, Mstn knockout mice, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, fat mass, insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, diet-induced obesity, obesity resistance, muscle mass, high-fat diet, diabetes treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Animals, Diet, Dietary Fats, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oxidation-Reduction, Glucose Clamp Technique, Signal Transduction, Mice, Knockout, Muscle, Skeletal, Lipid Metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Mice, Myostatin
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