Receiving Post-Conflict Affiliation from the Enemy's Friend Reconciles Former Opponents
Open accessAbstract
The adaptive function of bystander initiated post-conflict affiliation (also: consolation & appeasement) has been debated for 30 years. Three influential hypotheses compete for the most likely explanation but have not previously been tested with a single data set. The consolation hypothesis argues that bystander affiliation calms the victim and reduces their stress levels. The self-protection hypothesis proposes that a bystander offers affiliation to either opponent to protect himself from redirected aggression by this individual. The relationship-repair hypothesis suggests a bystander can substitute for a friend to reconcile the friend with the friend's former opponent. Here, we contrast all three hypotheses and tested their predictions with data on wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We examined the first and second post-conflict interactions with respect to both the dyadic and triadic relationships between the bystander and the two opponents. Results showed that female bystanders offered affiliation to their aggressor friends and the victims of their friends, while male bystanders offered affiliation to their victim friends and the aggressors of their friends. For both sexes, bystander affiliation resulted in a subsequent interaction pattern that is expected for direct reconciliation. Bystander affiliation offered to the opponent's friend was more likely to lead to affiliation among opponents in their subsequent interaction. Also, tolerance levels among former opponents were reset to normal levels. In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence for the relationship-repair hypothesis, moderate evidence for the consolation hypothesis and no evidence for the self-protection hypothesis. Furthermore, that bystanders can repair a relationship on behalf of their friend indicates that recipient chimpanzees are aware of the relationships between others, even when they are not kin. This presents a mechanism through which chimpanzees may gain benefits from social knowledge.
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Food sharing in chimpanzees is non-random, being more likely within dyads that engage in high rates of other cooperative behaviours.
“Its occurrence is non-random, given that food sharing is more likely within dyads that engage in high rates of other cooperative behaviours [7,15,52,78].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [78]
Links between food sharing and long-term benefits have been described on a behavioural level for chimpanzees reciprocally sharing meat, exchanging meat for sex, or exchanging meat for agonistic support.
“Such links between food sharing and long-term benefits have been described on a behavioural level for chimpanzees reciprocally sharing meat [7,78], and exchanging meat for sex [50] or agonistic support [54].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [78]
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Urinary oxytocin and social bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees
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- Authors
- Wittig, R. M., & Boesch, C.
- Affiliations
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wittig, Roman M.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-11-15
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e13995
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2981571
- OpenAlex
- W2079883502
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- reconciliation, chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, bystander behavior, redirected aggression, social tolerance, social knowledge, Taï National Park
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Animals, Animals, Zoo, Pan troglodytes, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Cote d'Ivoire, Male, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Time Factors, Linear Models
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