How to obtain nnt from cohen’s D: comparison of two methods
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In the literature we find many indices of size of treatment effect (effect size: ES). The preferred index of treatment effect in evidence-based medicine is the number needed to treat (NNT), while the most common one in the medical literature is Cohen's d when the outcome is continuous. There is confusion about how to convert Cohen's d into NNT. METHODS: We conducted meta-analyses of individual patient data from 10 randomized controlled trials of second generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia (n = 4278) to produce Cohen's d and NNTs for various definitions of response, using cutoffs of 10% through 90% reduction on the symptom severity scale. These actual NNTs were compared with NNTs calculated from Cohen's d according to two proposed methods in the literature (Kraemer, et al., Biological Psychiatry, 2006; Furukawa, Lancet, 1999). RESULTS: NNTs from Kraemer's method overlapped with the actual NNTs in 56%, while those based on Furukawa's method fell within the observed ranges of NNTs in 97% of the examined instances. For various definitions of response corresponding with 10% through 70% symptom reduction where we observed a non-small number of responders, the degree of agreement for the former method was at a chance level (ANOVA ICC of 0.12, p = 0.22) but that for the latter method was ANOVA ICC of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.55 to 0.95, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Furukawa's method allows more accurate prediction of NNTs from Cohen's d. Kraemer's method gives a wrong impression that NNT is constant for a given d even when the event rate differs.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Based on an NNT of 2 for the main analyses, for every two people treated with exercise, at least one is expected to have a large magnitude reduction in depressive symptoms.
“Based on a NNT of 2 for the main analyses this means that for every two people treated with exercise, it is expected at least one to have a large magnitude reduction in depressive symptoms.43”
From Exercise as medicine for depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Moher, D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.15.1987 · Cited by 2,545 · see citing works
Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity: A Patient-Level Meta-analysis
Fournier, J. C., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Dimidjian, S., Amsterdam, J. D., Shelton, R. C., & Fawcett, J. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1943 · Cited by 2,009 · see citing works
Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Leucht, S., Corves, C., Arbter, D., Engel, R. R., Li, C., & Davis, J. M. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61764-x · Cited by 1,930 · see citing works
Self-citationThe number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect
Cook, R. J., & Sackett, D. L. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6977.452 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Users' guides to the medical literature : a manual for evidence-based clinical practice
Guyatt, G. H., Rennie, D., Meade, M. O., & Cook, D. J. (2002) · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
Tollefson, G. D., Beasley, C. M., Tran, P. V., Street, J. S., Krueger, J. A., Tamura, R., Graffeo, K. A., & Thieme, M. E. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.4.457 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Size of Treatment Effects and Their Importance to Clinical Research and Practice
KRAEMER, H. C., & Kupfer, D. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.014 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Olanzapine versus Placebo and Haloperidol
Beasley, C. M., Tollefson, G. D., Tran, P., SATTERLEE, W. G., Sanger, T. M., & Hamilton, S. H. (1996) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(95)00069-p · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Dunn, T. W., & Jarrett, R. B. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.3.475 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S. D., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709006114 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Devereaux, P. J., Fahey, T., Anderson, D. R., Gardner, M. J., Putnam, W., Flowerdew, G. J., Brownell, B. F., Nagpal, S., & Cox, J. L. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1218 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Lieberman, J. A., Tollefson, G. D., Tohen, M. F., Green, A. I., Gur, R. E., Kahn, R. S., McEvoy, J. P., Perkins, D. O., Sharma, T., Zipursky, R. B., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1396 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Olanzapine versus placebo: results of a double-blind, fixed-dose olanzapine trial
Beasley, C. M., Sanger, T. M., SATTERLEE, W. G., Tollefson, G. D., Tran, P., & Hamilton, S. H. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02245617 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Beasley, C. M., Hamilton, S. H., Crawford, A. M., Dellva, M. A., Tollefson, G. D., Trân, P. V., Blin, O. J., & Beuzen, J. N. (1997) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(96)00392-6 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Duggan, L., Fenton, M., Rathbone, J., Dardennes, R. M., El-Dosoky, A., & Indran, S. K. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001359.pub2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Reporting Number Needed to Treat and Absolute Risk Reduction in Randomized Controlled Trials
Nuovo, J. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.21.2813 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Leucht, S., Davis, J. M., Engel, R. R., Kane, J. M., & Wagenpfeil, S. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301325 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationKeefe, R. S. E., Young, C. A., Rock, S. L., Purdon, S. E., Gold, J. M., & Breier, A. F. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.038 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Compelling or irrelevant? Using number needed to treat can help decide
Citrome, L. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01194.x · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Puech, A. J., Fleurot, O., Rein, W., & Amisulpride Study Group (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10044.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Long-term safety and efficacy of amisulpride in subchronic or chronic schizophrenia
Colonna, L., Saleem, P., Dondey-Nouvel, L., & Rein, W. (2000) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200015010-00002 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Improvement of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia with amisulpride: a comparison with haloperidol
Möller, H. ‐., Boyer, P., Fleurot, O., & Rein, W. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050361 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
From effect size into number needed to treat
Furukawa, T. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01163-0 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationCarrière, P., Bonhomme, D., & Lempérière, T. (2000) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00401-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Furukawa, T. A., Akechi, T., Wagenpfeil, S., & Leucht, S. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.016 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationNumbers Needed to Treat Derived from Meta‒Analyses: Pitfalls and Cautions
Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470693926.ch20 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Assessment and reporting of perioperative cardiac risk by canadian general internists
Taher, T., Khan, N. A., Devereaux, P. J., Fisher, B., Ghali, W. A., & McAlister, F. A. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11230.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [21]2008 Review Manager (RevMan). 5.0 ed Copenhagen The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries
Walsh, T., Worthington, H. V., Glenny, A.-M., Marinho, V. C., & Jeroncic, A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007868.pub3 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Xu, X., Yan, W., Zou, X., Wu, L., Luo, X., Li, T., Huang, Y., Guan, H., Chen, X. '., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00530-6 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Heissel, A., Heinen, D., Brokmeier, L. L., Skarabis, N., Kangas, M., Vancampfort, D., Stubbs, B., Firth, J., Ward, P. B., Rosenbaum, S., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106282 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis
Karatzias, T., Murphy, P., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J., Roberts, N., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Maercker, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Coventry, P., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000436 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Bowie, C. R., McGurk, S. R., Mausbach, B., Patterson, T. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091337 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Fodor, L. A., Coteț, C. D., Cuijpers, P., Szamoskozi, Ș., David, D., & Cristea, I. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28113-6 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Thorlund, K., Walter, S. D., Johnston, B. C., Furukawa, T. A., & Guyatt, G. H. (2011) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.46 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, R. C., Depp, C. A., Wetherell, J. L., & Lenze, E. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.011 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Helfer, B., Samara, M. T., Huhn, M., Klupp, E., Leucht, C., Zhu, Y., Engel, R. R., & Leucht, S. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15081035 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationBreedvelt, J., Amanvermez, Y., Harrer, M., Karyotaki, E., Gilbody, S. M., Bockting, C., Cuijpers, P. J., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Assessment of School Anti-Bullying Interventions: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Fraguas, D., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Ayora, M., Durán-Cutilla, M., Abregú-Crespo, R., Ezquiaga-Bravo, I., Martín-Babarro, J., & Arango, C. (2021) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3541 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Nagata, Y., Wu, V. C., Kado, Y., Otani, K., Lin, F.-C., Otsuji, Y., Negishi, K., & Takeuchi, M. (2017) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.116.005384 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Donker, T., Cornelisz, I., van Klaveren, C., van Straten, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., & van Gelder, J.-L. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0219 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Physical Activity Interventions to Alleviate Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
Recchia, F., Bernal, J. D. K., Fong, D., Wong, S. H., Chung, P., Chan, D. K. C., Capio, C. M., Yu, C. C.-W., Wong, S. W. S., Sit, C. H. P., et al. (2023) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5090 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) and Feedback: Research Review and Recommendations
Barkham, M., de Jong, K., Delgadillo, J., & Lutz, W. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2181114 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Mohamadi, A., Chan, J. J., Claessen, F. M. A. P., Ring, D., & Chen, N. C. (2016) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-016-5002-1 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Alda Díez, M., Salas-Valero, M., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Morillo, H., Demarzo, M. M. P., García-Toro, M., & García-Campayo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00471 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
da Costa, B. R., Rutjes, A. W., Johnston, B. C., Reichenbach, S., Nüesch, E., Tonia, T., Gemperli, A., Guyatt, G. H., & Jüni, P. (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dys124 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Stovell, D., Morrison, A. P., Panayiotou, M., & Hutton, P. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158931 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Espírito‐Santo, H., & Daniel, F. (2015) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.7342/ismt.rpics.2015.1.1.14 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Teaching and Learning Toolkit
Higgins, S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139519618.004 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Moore, R. C., Chattillion, E. A., Ceglowski, J., Ho, J., von Känel, R., Mills, P. J., Ziegler, M. G., Patterson, T. L., Grant, I., & Mausbach, B. T. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.07.005 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Reynolds, J., Stautz, K., Pilling, M., van der Linden, S., & Marteau, T. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190522 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Hegarty, K., Tarzia, L., Valpied, J., Murray, E., Humphreys, C., Taft, A., Novy, K., Gold, L., & Glass, N. (2019) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30079-9 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Barceló-Soler, A., Ikuse, D., Ota, M., Hirata, A., Yoshizawa, A., Hatanaka, R., Valero, M. S., Demarzo, M., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072484 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hengartner, M. P., & Plöderl, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00517 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Mueller, D. R., Schmidt, S. J., & Roder, V. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu223 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
McLaughlin, A. A., Keller, S. M., Feeny, N. C., Youngstrom, E. A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034696 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
de Pablo, G. S., Jordá, C. P., Vaquerizo‐Serrano, J., Moreno, C., Cabras, A., Arango, C., Hernandez, P. A., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., Simonoff, E. A., Fusar‐Poli, P., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.033 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Colloca, L., Akintola, T., Haycock, N. R., Blasini, M., Thomas, S., Phillips, J. L., Corsi, N., Schenk, L. A., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000507400 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Johnston, B. C., Patrick, D. L., Thorlund, K., Busse, J. W., da Costa, B. R., Schünemann, H. J., & Guyatt, G. H. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-211 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Michelet, D., Brasher, C., Hörlin, A., Bellon, M., Julien‐Marsollier, F., Vacher, T., Pontone, S., & Dahmani, S. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1153 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bohlius, J., Tonia, T., Nüesch, E., Jüni, P., Fey, M. F., Egger, M., & Bernhard, J. (2014) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.171 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Buntrock, C., Harrer, M., Sprenger, A. A., Illing, S., Sakata, M., Furukawa, T. A., Ebert, D. D., Cuijpers, P. J., Adriaanse, M. C., Albert, S. M., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00316-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationRossi, J. S. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Social Exclusion and Anti-Immigration Attitudes in Europe: The mediating role of Interpersonal Trust
Pellegrini, V., Cristofaro, V. D., Salvati, M., Giacomantonio, M., & Leone, L. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02618-6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Citrome, L. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.042 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
van der Linden, S., & Goldberg, M. H. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17613-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Citicoline for treating people with acute ischemic stroke
Martí-Carvajal, A. J., Valli, C., Martí-Amarista, C. E., Solà, I., Martí‐Fábregas, J., & Bonfill, X. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013066.pub2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The number needed to treat in pairwise and network meta-analysis and its graphical representation
Veroniki, A. A., Bender, R., Glasziou, P., Straus, S. E., & Tricco, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.03.007 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Efficacy of hypnosis in adults undergoing surgical procedures: a meta-analytic update
Holler, M., Koranyi, S., Strauss, B., & Rosendahl, J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Epifanio, I. (2017) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1650-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Salazar de Pablo, G., De Micheli, A., Solmi, M., Oliver, D., Catalan, A., Verdino, V., Di Maggio, L., Bonoldi, I., Radua, J., Baccaredda Boy, O., et al. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000294 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Saltychev, M., Mattie, R., McCormick, Z. L., & Laimi, K. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000001384 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Improving working memory performance in brain-injured patients using hypnotic suggestion
Lindeløv, J. K., Overgaard, R., & Overgaard, M. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effect Size Analyses of Souvenaid in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Cummings, J. L., Scheltens, P., McKeith, I. G., Blesa, R., Harrison, J., Bertolucci, P. H. F., Rockwood, K. J., Wilkinson, D. G., Wijker, W., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160745 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Imputation of response rates from means and standard deviations in schizophrenia
Samara, M. T., Spineli, L. M., Furukawa, T. A., Engel, R. R., Davis, J. M., Salanti, G., & Leucht, S. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.029 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationCaruso, R., Ostuzzi, G., Turrini, G., Ballette, F., Recla, E., Dall'Olio, R., Croce, E., Casoni, B., Grassi, L. G., & Barbui, C. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001622 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Breedvelt, J. J. F., Kandola, A., Kousoulis, A. A., Brouwer, M. E., Karyotaki, E., Bockting, C. L. H., & Cuijpers, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jalali, M. M., Soleimani, R., Foumani, A. A., & Khosravi, H. G. (2019) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.27858 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Aghajanzadeh, F., Esmaeilzadeh, S., Basirat, Z., Mahouti, T., Heidari, F. N., & Golsorkhtabaramiri, M. (2020) · JBRA · doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20190055 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Comparison of relative change with effect size metrics in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials
Goldberg, T. E., Lee, S., Devanand, D. P., & Schneider, L. S. S. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-331941 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effects of sex on placebo effects in chronic pain participants: a cross-sectional study
Olson, E. M., Akintola, T., Phillips, J. L., Blasini, M., Haycock, N. R., Martinez, P. E., Greenspan, J. D., Dorsey, S. G., Wang, Y., & Colloca, L. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002038 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lin, J., Zhao, R., Li, H., Lei, Y., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.050 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Initial severity and efficacy of risperidone in autism: Results from the RUPP trial
Levine, S. Z., Kodesh, A., Goldberg, Y., Reichenberg, A., Furukawa, T. A., Kolevzon, A. L., & Leucht, S. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.11.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationTonegawa‐Kuji, R., Hou, Y., Hu, B., Lorincz‐Comi, N. J., Pieper, A. A., Tousi, B., Leverenz, J. B., & Cheng, F. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004568 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Normal Saline Trigger Point Injections vs Conventional Active Drug Mix for Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Roldan, C. J., Osuagwu, U., Cárdenas-Turanzas, M., & Huh, B. (2019) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158410 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Otras formas de entender la d de Cohen
Ventura‐León, J. (2018) · Revista Evaluar · doi:10.35670/1667-4545.v18.n3.22305 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Zhao, G., Guo, J., Qu, H., Kong, L., & Yue, W. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.074 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evald, L., Brønnick, K., Duez, C. H. V., Grejs, A. M., Jeppesen, A. N., Søreide, E., Kirkegaard, H., & Nielsen, J. F. (2018) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.12.002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kitano, T., Kovács, A. D., Nabeshima, Y., Tokodi, M., Fábián, A., Lakatos, B. K., & Takeuchi, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.837584 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Meaningful change definitions: sample size planning for experimental intervention research
Gruijters, S. L. K., & Peters, G.-J. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1841762 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in hidradenitis suppurativa
Lu, J.-W., Huang, Y.-W., & Chen, T. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026190 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Liu, A. K., Possin, K. L., Cook, K. M., Lynch, S. S., Dulaney, S., Merrilees, J. J., Braley, T. L., Kiekhofer, R. E., Bonasera, S. J., Allen, I. E., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12808 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Noser, A. E., Cushing, C. C., McGrady, M. E., Amaro, C. M., & Huffhines, L. P. (2017) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000185 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Leucht, S., Siafis, S., Engel, R. R., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Cipriani, A., Furukawa, T. A., & Davis, J. M. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab094 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationPaging Dr Cohen, Paging Dr Cohen…An effect size interpretation is required STAT!
Citrome, L. (2014) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12435 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Donker, T., Fehribach, J. R., van Klaveren, C., Cornelisz, I., Toffolo, M. B. J., van Straten, A., & van Gelder, J. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003531 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Prognostic value of automated longitudinal strain measurements in asymptomatic aortic stenosis
Kitano, T., Nabeshima, Y., Negishi, K., & Takeuchi, M. (2020) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318256 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Guidelines to understand and compute the number needed to treat
Vancak, V., Goldberg, Y., & Levine, S. Z. (2021) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2020-300232 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Measuring ontogenetic shifts in central‐place foragers: A case study with honeybees
Réquier, F., Henry, M., Decourtye, A., Brun, F., Aupinel, P., Rebaudo, F., & Bretagnolle, V. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13248 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Has the time come to stop using the “standardised mean difference”?
Cuijpers, P. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.6835 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., Newman, E., & Patel, A. (2019) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x19004771 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chang, C., Chien, Y.-J., & Wu, M. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2020.02.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
van 't Hof, E., Heim, E., Abi Ramia, J., Burchert, S., Cornelisz, I., Cuijpers, P., El Chammay, R., Harper Shehadeh, M., Noun, P., Smit, F., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/21585 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Javaherian, M., Shadmehr, A., Keshtkar, A., Beigmohammadi, M. T., Dabbaghipour, N., Syed, A., & Moghadam, B. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268428 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants in patients with ischemic heart disease
Ostuzzi, G., Turrini, G., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., Rayner, L., Caruso, R., Grassi, L. G., Hotopf, M. H., & Barbui, C. (2018) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000248 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sun, J., Lin, J., Shen, W., Ding, P., Yang, W., Li, H., & Chen, H. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15762 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Shojaei, F., Erfanifar, A., Kalbasi, S., Nikpour, S., & Gachkar, L. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-01882-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Marchi, M., Magarini, F. M., Galli, G., Mordenti, F., Travascio, A., Uberti, D., Micheli, E. D., Pingani, L., Ferrari, S., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1011103 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yeh, T., Lin, Y., Tzeng, N., Kao, Y., Chung, Y., Chang, C.-C., Fang, H., & Chang, H. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13745 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cushing, C. C., Monzon, A. D., Ortega, A., Bejarano, C. M., & Carlson, J. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsz005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Harrer, M., Sprenger, A. A., Illing, S., Adriaanse, M. C., Albert, S. M., Allart, E., Almeida, O. P., Basanovic, J., van Bastelaar, K. M. P., Batterham, P. J., et al. (2025) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2025.56 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic analysis of the number needed to treat
Vancak, V., Goldberg, Y., & Levine, S. Z. (2020) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280219890635 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Jeremic, D., Navarro‐López, J. D., & Jiménez‐Díaz, L. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/68454 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Morales‐Fernández, Á., Jiménez-Martín, J., Morales‐Asencio, J. M., Romero, M. V., Mora‐Banderas, A., Aranda‐Gallardo, M., & Canca‐Sánchez, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14608 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Li, C.-P., Huang, Y., Zou, X., Luo, X.-R., Wu, L.-J., Zhang, L., Xu, X., Yan, W.-L., & Wang, Y. (2018) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-018-0201-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chen, L., Luo, T., Lv, F., Shi, D., Qiu, J., Li, Q., Fang, W., Peng, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., et al. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0654-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cabitza, F., Famiglini, L., Fregosi, C., Pe, S., Parimbelli, E., La Maida, G. A., & Gallazzi, E. (2025) · Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3708359.3712157 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Penna, G. B., Otto, D. M., da Silva, T. C., Pedroni, A. S., & Macagnan, F. E. (2023) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-022-07549-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yoshida, H., Seo, Y., Ishizu, T., Izumo, M., Akashi, Y. J., Yamashita, E., Otsuji, Y., Negishi, K., & Takeuchi, M. (2019) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2018.10.016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of an Innovative Psychotherapy Program for Surgical Patients
Kerper, L. F., Spies, C., Salz, A.-L., Weiß-Gerlach, E., Balzer, F., Neumann, T., Tafelski, S., Lau, A., Neuner, B., Romanczuk‐Seiferth, N., et al. (2015) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000685 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Higgins, S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139519618 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ecological Momentary Assessment versus Weekly Questionnaire Assessment of Change in Depression
Tamm, J., Takano, K., Just, L., Ehring, T. W., Rosenkranz, T., & Kopf‐Beck, J. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/9191823 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chevalier, X., Sheehan, B., Whittington, C. J., Pourrahmat, M., Duarte, L., Ngai, W., & de Campos, G. C. (2020) · Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1177/1179544120967370 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Campagner, A., Milella, F., Guida, S., Bernareggi, S., Banfi, G., & Cabitza, F. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13061189 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Barkham, M., de Jong, K., Delgadillo, J., & Lutz, W. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197611012.003.0015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Valentine, J. C., & Aloe, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.10.017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Panjeh, S., Nordahl‐Hansen, A., & Cogo‐Moreira, H. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221147065 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Meister, R., von Wolff, A., & Kriston, L. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.02.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Furukawa, T. A., & Leucht, S.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto University (JP)
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Furukawa, Toshi A.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-04-27
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e19070
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3083419
- OpenAlex
- W2057672284
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Kyoto University Research Information Repository (Kyoto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- American Psychiatric Publishing
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Astellas Pharma
- Shionogi
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- number needed to treat, Cohen's d, effect size, atypical antipsychotics, schizophrenia, symptom severity reduction, treatment response definition, interobserver agreement
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Sample Size, Evidence-Based Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
