Effectiveness of Self-guided App-Based Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Acrophobia: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Globally, access to evidence-based psychological treatment is limited. Innovative self-help methods using smartphone applications and low-cost virtual reality have the potential to significantly improve the accessibility and scalability of psychological treatments. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of ZeroPhobia, a fully self-guided app-based virtual reality cognitive behavior therapy (VR CBT) using low-cost (cardboard) virtual reality goggles compared with a wait-list control group and to determine its user friendliness. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a single-blind randomized clinical trial, participants were enrolled between March 24 and September 28, 2017, and randomly assigned (1:1) by an independent researcher to either VR CBT app or a wait-list control group. A total of 193 individuals aged 18 to 65 years from the Dutch general population with acrophobia symptoms and access to an Android smartphone participated. The 6 animated modules of the VR-CBT app and gamified virtual reality environments were delivered over a 3-week period in participants' natural environment. Assessments were completed at baseline, immediately after treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. Analysis began April 6, 2018, and was intention to treat. Intervention: Self-guided app-based VR CBT. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measure was the Acrophobia Questionnaire. The hypothesis was formulated prior to data collection. Results: In total, 193 participants (129 women [66.84%]; mean [SD] age, 41.33 [13.64] years) were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 96) or a wait-list control group (n = 97). An intent-to-treat analysis showed a significant reduction of acrophobia symptoms at posttest at 3 months for the VR-CBT app compared with the controls (b = -26.73 [95% CI, -32.12 to -21.34]; P < .001; d = 1.14 [95% CI, 0.84 to 1.44]). The number needed to treat was 1.7. Sensitivity and robustness analysis confirmed these findings. Pretreatment attrition was 22 of 96 (23%) because of smartphone incompatibility. Of the 74 participants who started using the VR-CBT app, 57 (77%) completed the intervention fully. Conclusions and Relevance: A low-cost fully self-guided app-based virtual reality cognitive behavioral therapy with rudimentary virtual reality goggles can produce large acrophobia symptom reductions. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that virtual reality acrophobia treatment can be done at home without the intervention of a therapist. Trial Registration: Trialregister.nl identifier: NTR6442.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The use of consumer VRET to treat acrophobia and claustrophobia has been shown to be effective for acrophobia and claustrophobia, as well as demonstrating efficacy with the general treatment of specific and complex phobias.
“The use of consumer VRET to treat these phobias has been shown to be effective for acrophobia and claustrophobia, as well as demonstrating efficacy with the general treatment of specific and complex phobias [38].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
The Abstract and Key Points report that a self-guided, low-cost smartphone VR intervention significantly reduced acrophobia symptoms compared with a wait-list control group. They do not establish efficacy for claustrophobia or for specific and complex phobias generally; the Strengths and Limitations section says effectiveness for other phobias remains to be examined. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVR technologies can give traditional CBT a more ecological and patient-friendly approach while keeping the whole benefits and effectiveness of the therapy.
“the possibility to use VR technologies has been explored in order to give traditional CBT a more ecological and patient-friendly approach, while keeping the whole benefits and effectiveness of the therapy (Donker et al., 2019).”
From Virtual reality and psychedelics for the treatment of psychiatric disease: A systematic literature review (2020) · cites this paper as Donker et al., 2019
The Key Points report that the VR-CBT app reduced acrophobia symptoms and was rated user friendly; Strengths and Limitations describes its use in participants’ natural environments as a source of ecological validity. But the trial compared the app with a wait-list, not traditional CBT. Strengths and Limitations explicitly calls for a direct comparison with in vivo treatment, so it cannot establish that VR-CBT retains all of traditional CBT’s benefits or effectiveness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll three automated VR exposure applications included a virtual therapist of some sort, either voiceover or as an embodied agent.
“Interestingly enough, all three automated VR exposure applications mentioned above opted to include a virtual therapist of some sort (Donker et al. 2019;Freeman et al. 2018;Miloff et al. 2019), either voiceover or as an embodied agent.”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2019
All three automated VR exposure trials report impressive symptom reductions.
“All three trials report impressive symptom reductions”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2019
Three high-quality randomized trials of automated VR exposure therapy have been published recently, featuring three different applications: two on acrophobia with comparison against waiting-list and one on spider phobia examining non-inferiority against gold-standard in vivo exposure.
“Three high-quality randomized trials have been published recently, featuring three different applications: two on acrophobia with comparison against waiting-list (Donker et al. 2019;Freeman et al. 2018) and one on spider phobia examining non-inferiority against gold-standard in vivo exposure (Miloff et al. 2019).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2019
The advent of modern consumer VR has resolved most logistic barriers to running larger clinical trials, as reflected in larger sample sizes in recent studies.
“The advent of modern consumer VR has resolved most of the logistic barriers to running larger clinical trials (but see below), as reflected in the larger sample sizes found in recent studies (Donker et al. 2019;Freeman et al. 2018;Miloff et al. 2019).”
From Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Donker et al. 2019
To date, three automated VRET treatments have been tested in clinical trials: two for acrophobia and one for spider phobia.
“To date, three automated VRET treatments have been tested in clinical trials: two for use with acrophobia [26,27] and one for use with spider phobia [28].”
None of the three randomized clinical trials of automated VRET reported on user experiences beyond providing quotes from four participants on treatment effects, system usability ratings and cybersickness scores, and common negative effects.
“none reported on any user experiences beyond providing quotes from four participants on treatment effects [17], system usability ratings and cybersickness scores [18], and common negative effects [19]”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
All three randomized clinical trials of automated VRET reported large effect sizes in symptom reduction.
“Although all three studies reported large effect sizes in terms of symptom reduction”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
Only three randomized clinical trials of automated VRET interventions have been published to date: two for fear of heights and one for spider phobia.
“To our knowledge, only three randomized clinical trials of automated VRET interventions have been published to date: two for fear of heights [17,18] and one for spider phobia [19]”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
All three studies on automated VRET have included a virtual therapist in some format.
“Interestingly, all three studies on automated VRET [17-19] have included a virtual therapist in some format.”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
These qualitative findings complement previous quantitative research revealing the high efficacy of automated VRET in showing that these interventions are also perceived as appealing.
“These qualitative findings thus complement previous quantitative research revealing the high efficacy of automated VRET [17-19] in showing that these interventions are also perceived as appealing.”
From Experiences of gamified and automated virtual reality exposure therapy for spider phobia: qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · see citing works
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · see citing works
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 6,764 · see citing works
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness
Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993) · The International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3 · Cited by 5,457 · see citing works
An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale
Bangor, A., Kortum, P. T., & Miller, J. T. (2008) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447310802205776 · Cited by 5,181 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1359 · Cited by 2,947 · see citing works
The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474601300343603 · Cited by 2,303 · see citing works
Enhancing Our Lives with Immersive Virtual Reality
Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00074 · Cited by 1,993 · see citing works
A discussion of cybersickness in virtual environments
LaViola, J. J. (2000) · ACM SIGCHI Bulletin · doi:10.1145/333329.333344 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Training, Wages, and Sample Selection: Estimating Sharp Bounds on Treatment Effects
Lee, D. S. (2009) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2009.00536.x · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
Advantages and limitations of Internet-based interventions for common mental disorders
Andersson, G., & Titov, N. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20083 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Parsons, T. D., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.007 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Missing data and multiple imputation in clinical epidemiological research
Pedersen, A. B., Mikkelsen, E. M., Cronin-Fenton, D. P., Kristensen, N. R., Pham, T. M., Pedersen, L. H., & Petersen, I. (2017) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s129785 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Self-citationRandom allocation software for parallel group randomized trials
Saghaei, M. (2004) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-4-26 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness.
(2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Karyotaki, E., Riper, H., Twisk, J., Hoogendoorn, A., Kleiboer, A., Mira, A., Mackinnon, A., Meyer, B., Botella, C., Littlewood, E., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0044 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Self-citationVirtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20910 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
A method of assessing change in a single subject: An alteration of the RC index
Christensen, L., & Mendoza, J. L. (1986) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(86)80060-0 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Horowitz, J. D., Powers, M. B., & Telch, M. J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.02.007 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Virtual reality treatment versus exposure in vivo: a comparative evaluation in acrophobia
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Krijn, M., Hulsbosch, A. M., de Vries, S., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00023-7 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
(2020) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep · Cited by 468 · see citing works
The impact of digital technology on psychological treatments and their dissemination
Fairburn, C. G., & Patel, V. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.012 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Morina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., van Gool, C., & van Dorsselaer, S. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0334-8 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Freeman, D., Haselton, P., Freeman, J., Spanlang, B., Kishore, S., Albery, E., Denne, M., Brown, P., Slater, M., & Nickless, A. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30226-8 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
STINSON, F. S., DAWSON, D. A., PATRICIA CHOU, S., SMITH, S., GOLDSTEIN, R. B., JUNE RUAN, W., & GRANT, B. F. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000086 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Biemond, R., de Wilde de Ligny, C., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00139-6 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Fodor, L. A., Coteț, C. D., Cuijpers, P., Szamoskozi, Ș., David, D., & Cristea, I. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28113-6 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationHow much psychotherapy is needed to treat depression? A metaregression analysis
Cuijpers, P., Huibers, M., Daniel Ebert, D., Koole, S. L., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.030 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationBuntrock, C., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Smit, F., Riper, H., Berking, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4326 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Practice of Exposure Therapy: Relevance of Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and Extinction Theory
Abramowitz, J. S. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.003 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia
Cohen, D. C. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80116-0 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Hamilton, W., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Powers, M. B., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1280843 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to obtain nnt from cohen’s D: comparison of two methods
Furukawa, T. A., & Leucht, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019070 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A Brief Web-Based Screening Questionnaire for Common Mental Disorders: Development and Validation
Donker, T., Straten, A. V., Marks, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1134 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationDonker, T., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Mackinnon, A., van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P., Christensen, H., & Griffiths, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2307 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationPretreatment attrition and dropout in an outpatient clinic for anxiety disorders
Issakidis, C., & Andrews, G. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00264.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Depla, M. F. I. A., ten Have, M. L., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & de Graaf, R. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0291-z · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A meta-analytic examination of attrition in virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders
Benbow, A. A., & Anderson, P. L. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.006 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Castonguay, L., Dimidjian, S., Lambert, M., Shafran, R., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.42 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationAbelson, J. L., & Curtis, G. C. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90091-0 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Deterioration rates in Virtual Reality Therapy: An individual patient data level meta-analysis
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., Colombo, D., Riva, G., Anderson, P. L., Baños, R. M., Benbow, A. A., Bouchard, S., Bretón-López, J. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.06.005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive processing and acrophobia: validating the Heights Interpretation Questionnaire
Steinman, S. A., & Teachman, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Specific phobia predicts psychopathology in young women
Trumpf, J., Margraf, J., Vriends, N., Meyer, A. H., & Becker, E. S. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0159-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Specific phobia and comorbid depression: a closer look at the National Comorbidity Survey data
Choy, Y., Fyer, A. J., & Goodwin, R. D. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.010 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
0Phobia – towards a virtual cure for acrophobia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Donker, T., van Esveld, S., Fischer, N., & van Straten, A. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2704-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationA systematic review and meta‐analysis of treatments for acrophobia
Arroll, B., Wallace, H. B., Mount, V., Humm, S. P., & Kingsford, D. W. (2017) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja16.00540 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Cohen DC. Personality predictors and the outcome of varieties of desensitization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; 1972.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What is the clinical value of mHealth for patients?
Rowland, S. P., Fitzgerald, J. E., Holme, T., Powell, J., & McGregor, A. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-019-0206-x · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Virtual reality therapy in mental health
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Meyerbröker, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Virtual reality in the diagnostic and therapy for mental disorders: A systematic review
Wiebe, A., Kannen, K., Selaskowski, B., Mehren, A., Thöne, A.-K., Pramme, L., Blumenthal, N., Li, M., Asché, L., Jonas, S., et al. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102213 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
He, Y., Yang, L., Qian, C., Li, T., Su, Z., Zhang, Q., & Hou, X. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43862 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Advances in immersive virtual reality interventions for mental disorders: A new reality?
Geraets, C. N. W., van der Stouwe, E. C. D., Pot-Kolder, R., & Veling, W. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.02.004 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Aided Therapy towards Health 4.0: A Two-Decade Bibliometric Analysis
Liu, Z., Ren, L., Xiao, C., Zhang, K., & Demian, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031525 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Advances in the use of virtual reality to treat mental health conditions
Bell, I. H., Pot-Kolder, R., Rizzo, A., Rus-Calafell, M., Cardi, V., Cella, M., Ward, T., Riches, S., Reinoso, M., Thompson, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00334-9 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for the Enhancement of Emotion Regulation
Colombo, D., Díaz‐García, A., Fernandez‐Álvarez, J., & Botella, C. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2618 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Lindner, P. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00090-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The sense of embodiment in Virtual Reality and its assessment methods
Guy, M., Normand, J., Jeunet, C., & Moreau, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1141683 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A Bibliometric Analysis of Gamification Research
Trinidad, M., Ruiz, M., & Calderón, A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3063986 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Pilot randomized trial of self-guided virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Zainal, N. H., Chan, W. W., Saxena, A. P., Taylor, C. B., & Newman, M. G. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103984 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Schröder, D., Wrona, K. J., Müller, F., Heinemann, S., Fischer, F., & Dockweiler, C. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101893 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00792 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldberg, S. B., Sun, S., Carlbring, P., & Torous, J. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00923-7 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationLindner, P., Dagöö, J., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Schill, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2020.1795240 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationLindner, P., Rozental, A., Jurell, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., Miloff, A., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/17807 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationRiva, G., Bernardelli, L., Browning, M. H. E. M., Castelnuovo, G., Cavedoni, S., Chirico, A., Cipresso, P., de Paula, D. M. B., Di Lernia, D., Fernández-Álvarez, J., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.563319 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wu, J., Sun, Y. X., Zhang, G., Zhou, Z., & Ren, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.575094 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Holohan, M., & Fiske, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720476 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Serious Games in Alleviating Anxiety: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Alajlani, M., Alhuwail, D., Schneider, J., Akhu‐Zaheya, L., Ahmed, A., & Househ, M. S. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/29137 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Bergman, C., Andersson, G., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00116 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effectiveness of Serious Games for Alleviating Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Abd-Alrazaq, A., Al-Jafar, E., Alajlani, M., Toro, C., Alhuwail, D., Ahmed, A., Reagu, S. M., Al-Shorbaji, N., & Househ, M. (2022) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/32331 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Wu, J., Ma, Y., & Ren, Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01811 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Miloff, A., Carlbring, P., Hamilton, W., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., & Lindner, P. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16660 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationMarciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Rohde, J., Schulz, A., Wackerhagen, C., Kobylińska, D., Tuescher, O., Binder, H., Walter, H., Kalisch, R., et al. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/19836 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: A Scoping Review
Donnelly, M. R., Reinberg, R., Ito, K. L., Saldaña, D., Neureither, M., Schmiesing, A., Jahng, E., & Liew, S. (2021) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2021.046169 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Extended reality for mental health: Current trends and future challenges
Pons, P., Medrano, S. N., & Soler-Dominguez, J. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2022.1034307 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Imperatori, C., Dakanalis, A., Farina, B., Pallavicini, F., Colmegna, F., Mantovani, F., & Clerici, M. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0339 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The effectiveness of self-guided virtual-reality exposure therapy for public-speaking anxiety
Premkumar, P., Heym, N., Brown, D. J., Battersby, S., Sumich, A., Huntington, B., Daly, R., & Zysk, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694610 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Virtual reality: a use case for criminal justice practice
Cornet, L. J. M., & van Gelder, J. (2020) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2019.1708357 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders
Meyerbröker, K., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2623 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Provider experiences of virtual reality in clinical treatment
Vincent, C., Eberts, M., Naik, T. U., Gulick, V., & O’Hayer, C. V. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259364 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects
Freeman, D. H., Rosebrock, L. E., Waite, F., Loe, B. S., Kabir, T., Petit, A., Dudley, R. E. J., Chapman, K., Morrison, A. P., O’Regan, E., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001167 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Primer on Usability Assessment Approaches for Health-Related Applications of Virtual Reality
Zhang, T., Booth, R. G., Jean-Louis, R., Chan, R., Yeung, A., Gratzer, D., & Strudwick, G. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/18153 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chard, I., & van Zalk, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.842460 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ma, L., Mor, S., Anderson, P. L., Baños, R., Botella, C., Bouchard, S., Cárdenas‐López, G., Donker, T., Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Lindner, P., et al. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1939410 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmuqrin, A., Hammoud, R., Terbagou, I., Tognin, S., & Mechelli, A. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093932 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality Interventions for Emotional Disorders
Rowland, D. P., Casey, L. M., Ganapathy, A., Cassimatis, M., & Clough, B. A. (2021) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2021a8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events in clinical trials of mental health apps
Linardon, J., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Firth, J., Goldberg, S. B., Anderson, C., McClure, Z., & Torous, J. (2024) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-024-01388-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Krupıć, D., Žuro, B., & Corr, P. J. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109720 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
McCall, H. C., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & Sundström, C. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26939 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Shin, B., Oh, J., Kim, B.-H., Kim, H. E., Kim, H., Kim, S., & Kim, J.-J. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/30590 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Fagernäs, S., Hamilton, W., Espinoza, N., Miloff, A., Carlbring, P., & Lindner, P. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100370 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationWren, A. A., Neiman, N., Caruso, T. J., Rodríguez, S., Taylor, K. L., Madill, M., Rives, H., & Nguyen, L. A. B. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050368 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Maximizing the impact of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders
Anderson, P. L., & Molloy, A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.10.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Best, P., Meireles, M., Schroeder, F., Montgomery, L., Maddock, A., Davidson, G., Galway, K., Trainor, D., Campbell, A., & Van Daele, T. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-021-00214-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Virtual reality interventions for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A scoping review
Andersen, N. J., Schwartzman, D., Martinez, C., Cormier, G., & Drapeau, M. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101851 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Individualized Virtual Reality for Increasing Self-Compassion: Evaluation Study
Halim, I., Stemmet, L., Hach, S., Porter, R., Liang, H., Vaezipour, A., Henry, J. D., & Baghaei, N. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/47617 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Bentz, D., Wang, N., Ibach, M. K., Schicktanz, N. S., Zimmer, A., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. J. F. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00387-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for Anxiety Disorders: Rethinking a Field in Expansion
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Lernia, D. D., & Riva, G. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_21 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chung, O. S., Johnson, A. M., Dowling, N. L., Robinson, T., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.792663 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
oVRcome – Self-guided virtual reality for specific phobias: A randomised controlled trial
Lacey, C. J., Frampton, C. M., & Beaglehole, B. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221110779 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Emerging Needs and Viability of Telepsychiatry During and Post COVID-19 Era: A Literature Review
Gude, J. G., Subhedar, R., Zhang, M. H., Jain, P., Bhela, J. S., Bangash, F., Veluri, N., Hsieh, Y., Sheikh, B., Shah, M., et al. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.16974 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cuijpers, P. J., Harrer, M., & Furukawa, T. A. (2026) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.70002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationTakac, M., Collett, J., Conduit, R., & Foe, A. D. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2624 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Evaluating virtual reality technology in psychotherapy: impacts on anxiety, depression, and ADHD
Wang, P., Ai, X., Zhang, X. Q., Ma, F., Zhuang, Y., & Wang, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1480788 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Symbiosis of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy and Telemental Health: A Review
Ong, T., Wilczewski, H., Soni, H., Nisbet, Q., Paige, S. R., Barrera, J. F., Welch, B. M., & Bunnell, B. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.848066 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Chung, O. S., Dowling, N. L., Brown, C., Robinson, T., Johnson, A. M., Ng, C. H., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2022) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-022-01235-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Exploring the Effect of a Nature-based Virtual Reality Environment on Stress in Adolescents
Björling, E. A., Sonney, J., Rodriguez, S., Carr, N., Zade, H., & Moon, S. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.831026 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Addressing missing data in randomized clinical trials: A causal inference perspective
Cornelisz, I., Cuijpers, P. J., Donker, T., & van Klaveren, C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234349 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationDonker, T., Fehribach, J. R., van Klaveren, C., Cornelisz, I., Toffolo, M. B. J., van Straten, A., & van Gelder, J. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003531 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationMental health professionals’ attitudes towards virtual reality therapies: a systematic review
Bin, S., Alrashdi, D. H., Whitehead, T., Riches, S., & Drini, E. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00499-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Altunkaya, J., Craven, M. P., Lambe, S., Beckley, A., Rosebrock, L. E., Dudley, R. E. J., Chapman, K., Morrison, A. P., O’Regan, E., Grabey, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39248 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
An exploratory analysis of the effect size of the mobile mental health Application, mindLAMP
Chang, S. M., Alon, N., & Torous, J. B. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231187244 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Donker, T., van Klaveren, C., Cornelisz, I., Kok, R. N., & van Gelder, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061614 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationRohde, J., Marciniak, M. A., Henninger, M., Homan, S., Ries, A., Paersch, C., Friedman, O. B., Brown, A. D., & Kleim, B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305103 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Extended Reality for Mental Health Evaluation: Scoping Review
Omisore, O. M., Odenigbo, I. P., Orji, J., Beltran, A. I. H., Meier, S. M., Baghaei, N., & Orji, R. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/38413 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Sherrill, A. M., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00023-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hildebrand, A. S., Roesmann, K., Planert, J., Machulska, A., Otto, E., & Klucken, T. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06320-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chou, P., Tseng, P., Wu, Y., Chang, J. P., Tu, Y., Stubbs, B., Carvalho, A. F., Lin, P.-Y., Chen, Y.-W., & Su, K. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.172 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
An adaptation algorithm for personalised virtual reality exposure therapy
Heyse, J., Depreeuw, B., Daele, T. V., Daeseleire, T., Ongenae, F., Backere, F. D., & Turck, F. D. (2022) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107077 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Understanding roles of virtual reality in radiology
Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., & Khan, S. (2022) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2022.06.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Premkumar, P., Heym, N., Myers, J. A. C., Formby, P., Battersby, S., Sumich, A. L., & Brown, D. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1467141 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-guided virtual reality therapy for anxiety: A systematic review
Graham, W. M., Drinkwater, R., Kelson, J. N., & Kabir, M. A. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.105902 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Virtual Reality (VR) Applications in Cardiology: A Review
Javaid, M., & Khan, I. H. (2021) · Journal of Industrial Integration and Management · doi:10.1142/s2424862221300015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Dafgård, P., Miloff, A., Andersson, G., Reuterskiöld, L., Hamilton, W., & Carlbring, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645273 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationMor, S., Grimaldos, J., Tur, C., Miguel, C., Cuijpers, P., Botella, C., & Quero, S. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100462 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationThe application of metaverse in mental health
Wang, Y., Duan, B., Chen, X., Song, Y., & Liu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1463494 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Advancing knowledge on the health consequences of discrimination: The potential of virtual reality.
Lui, P. P., Stringer, E., & Jouriles, E. N. (2021) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000460 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
eTher – An Assistive Virtual Agent for Acrophobia Therapy in Virtual Reality
Balan, O. C., Cristea, Ș., Moise, G., Petrescu, L., Ivașcu, S., Moldoveanu, A. D. B., Moldoveanu, F., & Leordeanu, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59990-4_2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
mHealth for Mental Health in the COVID-19 Era
Lee, S., Shin, H., & Hur, J. (2020) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2020.39.4.007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Open for Business: Chatbots, E-therapies, and the Future of Psychiatry
Gratzer, D., & Goldbloom, D. S. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719850057 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gómez-Busto, F. J., & Ortiz, M. I. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200606 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…of treatment offered to patients who suffer anxiety disorders, and the possibility to use VR technologies has been explored in order to give traditional CBT a more ecological and patient-friendly approach, while keeping the whole benefits and effectiveness of the therapy (Donker et al., 2019).”
BackgroundVirtual Reality Self-help Treatment for Aviophobia: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Fehribach, J. R., Toffolo, M. B. J., Cornelisz, I., van Klaveren, C., van Straten, A., van Gelder, J., & Donker, T. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/22008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting a gamified Spider App to reduce spider fear and avoidance
Haberkamp, A., Walter, H., Althaus, P., Schmuck, M., Rief, W., & Schmidt, F. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102331 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khaleghi, A., Narimani, A., Aghaei, Z., Banaraki, A. K., & Hassani‐Abharian, P. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/34535 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sonney, J., Björling, E. A., Rodriguez, S., & Carr, N. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2021.01.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Review of Virtual Therapists in Anxiety and Phobias Alleviating Applications
Mitruț, O., Moldoveanu, A. D. B., Petrescu, L., Petrescu, C., & Moldoveanu, F. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77599-5_6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bevilacqua, L., Fox‐Smith, L., Lampard, O., Rojas, N. K., Zavitsanou, G., Meiser‐Stedman, R., & Beazley, P. I. (2024) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045241259070 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Varšová, K. K., Szitás, D., Janoušek, O., Jurkovičová, L., Kateřina, B., & Juřík, V. (2024) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-024-01037-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tkalić, R. G., Šimunović, M., Pavišić, K. P., Razum, J., & Colombo, D. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70144 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hui, H., Hong, A., Gao, J. J., Yu, J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xianpin, Z. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/7260894 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Blending digital therapeutics within the healthcare system
Keller, O. C., Budney, A. J., Struble, C. A., & Teepe, G. W. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90045-4.00016-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
DEMİR, M., & KÖSKÜN, T. (2023) · Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar · doi:10.18863/pgy.1192543 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Francová, A., Jablonská, M., Lhotská, L., Husák, J., & Fajnerová, I. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102035 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Linardon, J., Torous, J. B., Messer, M., Liu, C., Bell, I. H., Nicholas, J. A., & Goldberg, S. B. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116864 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Using Virtual Reality to Reduce Stress in Adolescents: Mixed Methods Usability Study
Björling, E. A., Sonney, J., Zade, H., Rodriguez, S., Pullmann, M. D., & Moon, S. H. (2024) · JMIR XR and spatial computing. · doi:10.2196/49171 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Virtual Reality in Physical Education
Petil, E. D., Florece, M. E. A., Gomez, M. G. A., Villaruel, K. B., Fernandez, H. G. C. Q., Cruz, C. M. B. D., & Ferrer-Rafols, R. B. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3952-7.ch005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Donker, T., Cornelisz, I., van Klaveren, C., van Straten, A., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P., & van Gelder, J.-L.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Department of Education Sciences, Section Methods and Statistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Section Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Donker, Tara
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 682
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6583672
- OpenAlex
- W2923961203
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 27.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- acrophobia, self-guided treatment, mobile application, low-cost virtual reality, gamification, anxiety disorders, treatment accessibility, attrition, ease of use, waitlist control, treatment effect size, number needed to treat, sensitivity analysis, robustness analysis
- MeSH terms
- Smartphone, Virtual Reality, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Mobile Applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
