Genotype and ancestry modulate brain's DAT availability in healthy humans
Open accessAbstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a principal regulator of dopaminergic neurotransmission and its gene (the SLC6A3) is a strong biological candidate gene for various behavioral- and neurological disorders. Intense investigation of the link between the SLC6A3 polymorphisms and behavioral phenotypes yielded inconsistent and even contradictory results. Reliance on objective brain phenotype measures, for example, those afforded by brain imaging, might critically improve detection of DAT genotype-phenotype association. Here, we tested the relationship between the DAT brain availability and the SLC6A3 genotypes using an aggregate sample of 95 healthy participants of several imaging studies. These studies employed positron emission tomography (PET) with [¹¹C]cocaine wherein the DAT availability was estimated as Bmax/Kd; while the genotype values were obtained on two repeat polymorphisms--3-UTR- and intron 8--VNTRs. The main findings are the following: 1) both polymorphisms analyzed as single genetic markers and in combination (haplotype) modulate DAT density in midbrain; 2) ethnic background and age influence the strength of these associations; and 3) age-related changes in DAT availability differ in the 3-UTR and intron 8--genotype groups.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These polymorphisms have been separately linked with DAT density in the striatum.
“These polymorphisms have been separately linked with DAT density in the striatum, while recent evidence suggests that their joint consideration in haplotypes may provide more information than can be inferred from the analyses of single genetic markers.25”
From Striatal sensitivity during reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
The function of the dopaminergic mechanism and the role of polymorphic variation in dopamine genes vary with age, making extrapolation from adult studies difficult.
“Yet the function of the dopaminergic mechanism and the role of polymorphic variation in dopamine genes vary with age,24,25 making extrapolation from adult studies difficult.”
From Striatal sensitivity during reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
Recent evidence suggests that joint consideration of these polymorphisms in haplotypes may provide more information than analyses of single genetic markers.
“These polymorphisms have been separately linked with DAT density in the striatum, while recent evidence suggests that their joint consideration in haplotypes may provide more information than can be inferred from the analyses of single genetic markers.25”
From Striatal sensitivity during reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A haplotype map of the human genome
The International HapMap Consortium (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04226 · Cited by 5,858 · see citing works
The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions
Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.636 · Cited by 5,615 · see citing works
Maximum-likelihood estimation of molecular haplotype frequencies in a diploid population.
(1995) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040269 · Cited by 1,950 · see citing works
Distribution Volume Ratios without Blood Sampling from Graphical Analysis of PET Data
Logan, J., Fowler, J. S., Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Ding, Y., & Alexoff, D. L. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199609000-00008 · Cited by 1,515 · see citing works
Self-citationChristensen, B. C., Houseman, E. A., Marsit, C. J., Zheng, S., Wrensch, M., Wiemels, J. L., Nelson, H. H., Karagas, M. R., Padbury, J. F., Bueno, R., et al. (2009) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000602 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Testing of Biological Ascertainment for Mendelian Randomization Studies
Rodrı́guez, S., Gaunt, T. R., & Day, I. N. M. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn359 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR
Vandenbergh, D. J., Persico, A. M., Hawkins, A. L., Griffin, C. A., Li, X., Jabs, E. W., & Uhl, G. R. (1992) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80138-7 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Shohamy, D., & Adcock, R. A. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.002 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Dopamine in Drug Abuse and Addiction: Results of Imaging Studies and Treatment Implications
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G.-J., Swanson, J. M., & Telang, F. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.11.1575 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Self-citationSwanson, J. M., Kinsbourne, M., Nigg, J., Lanphear, B., Stefanatos, G. A., Volkow, N., Taylor, E., Casey, B. J., Castellanos, F. X., & Wadhwa, P. D. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9019-9 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-citationVolkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Thanos, P. K., Logan, J., Alexoff, D., Ding, Y.-S., Wong, C., Ma, Y., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.002 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Self-citationGenotype Influences In Vivo Dopamine Transporter Availability in Human Striatum
Heinz, A. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00099-8 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Effects of Modafinil on Dopamine and Dopamine Transporters in the Male Human Brain
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Alexoff, D., Zhu, W., Telang, F., Wang, G., Jayne, M. C., Hooker, J. M., Wong, C., et al. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.351 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Self-citationDemonstrating stratification in a European American population
Campbell, C. D., Ogburn, E. L., Lunetta, K. L., Lyon, H. N., Freedman, M. L., Groop, L. C., Altshuler, D., Ardlie, K. G., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1607 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Dopaminergic reward system: a short integrative review
Arias-Carrión, Ó., Stamelou, M., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Menéndez‐González, M., & Pöppel, E. (2010) · International Archives of Medicine · doi:10.1186/1755-7682-3-24 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., & Ding, Y.-S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.006 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationMill, J., Asherson, P., Browes, C., D'Souza, U., & Craig, I. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10948 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Newcorn, J., Telang, F., Solanto, M. V., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Schulz, K., Pradhan, K., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.932 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationVolkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Franceschi, D., Maynard, L., Ding, Y., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A., Zhu, W., et al. (2002) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10038 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationAnatomy of the dopamine system in the basal ganglia
Smith, Y., & Kieval, J. Z. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s1471-1931(00)00023-9 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Prediction of Dopamine Transporter Binding Availability by Genotype: A Preliminary Report
Jacobsen, L. K., Staley, J. K., Zoghbi, S. S., Seibyl, J. P., Kosten, T. R., Innis, R. B., & Gelernter, J. E. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1700 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Keinan, A., Mullikin, J. C., Patterson, N., & Reich, D. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2116 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Dopamine transporters decrease with age.
Volkow, N. D., Ding, Y., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Hitzemann, R., Smith, G., Fields, S. D., & Gur, R. C. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Dyck, C. H., Seibyl, J. P., Malison, R. T., Laruelle, M. A., Zoghbi, S. S., Baldwin, R. M., & Innis, R. B. (2002) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200201000-00005 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Brain dopamine transporter levels in treatment and drug naive adults with ADHD
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Newcorn, J., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F., Solanto, M. V., Logan, J., Wong, C., Ma, Y., Swanson, J. M., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.10.014 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-citationCaspi, A., Langley, K., Milne, B., Moffitt, T. E., O’Donovan, M., Owen, M. J., Polo Tomas, M., Poulton, R., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.24 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Decreased brain dopaminergic transporters in HIV-associated dementia patients
Wang, G.-J. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh269 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Greenwood, T. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2003) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00142-3 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Michelhaugh, S. K., FISKERSTRAND, C. E., Lovejoy, E. A., Bannon, M. J., & Quinn, J. P. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00647.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Martinez, D., Gelernter, J., Abi-Dargham, A., van Dyck, C., Kegeles, L., Innis, R., & Laruelle, M. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00216-5 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Dopamine Transporter Genetic Variants and Pesticides in Parkinson’s Disease
Ritz, B. R., Manthripragada, A. D., Costello, S., Lincoln, S., Farrer, M. J., Cockburn, M., & Bronstein, J. M. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800277 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Yang, B., Chan, R., Jing, J., Li, T., Sham, P., & Chen, R. Y. L. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30453 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter mRNA content in human substantia nigra decreases precipitously with age.
Bannon, M. J., Poosch, M. S., Xia, Y., Goebel, D. J., Cassin, B., & Kapatos, G. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.15.7095 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Kang, A. M., Palmatier, M. A., & Kídd, K. K. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00101-8 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A dopamine transporter gene functional variant associated with cocaine abuse in a Brazilian sample
Guindalini, C., Howard, M., Haddley, K., Laranjeira, R., Collier, D. A., Ammar, N., Craig, I., OʼGara, C., Bubb, V. J., Greenwood, T. A., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504789103 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Ball, E. V., Stenson, P. D., Abeysinghe, S. S., Krawczak, M., Cooper, D. N., & Chuzhanova, N. A. (2005) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.20212 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
van de Giessen, E. M., de Win, M. M. L., Tanck, M. W. T., van den Brink, W., Baas, F., & Booij, J. (2009) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.053652 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Eriksen, J., Jørgensen, T. N., & Gether, U. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06599.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Vandenbergh, D., Thompson, M. D., Cook, E., Bendahhou, E., Nguyen, T., Krasowski, M., Zarrabian, D., Comings, D., Sellers, E., Tyndale, R., et al. (2000) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000701 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Age‐related and regional differences in dopamine transporter mRNA expression in human midbrain
Bannon, M. J., & Whitty, C. W. M. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.4.969 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Asherson, P., Brookes, K., Franke, B., Chen, W., Gill, M., Ebstein, R. P., Buitelaar, J., Banaschewski, T., Sonuga-Barke, E., Eisenberg, J., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.674 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Simple sequence repeats: genetic modulators of brain function and behavior
Fondon, J. W., Hammock, E. A. D., Hannan, A. J., & King, D. G. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.03.006 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Fast uptake and long-lasting binding of methamphetamine in the human brain: Comparison with cocaine
Fowler, J. S., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Alexoff, D. L., Telang, F., Wang, G., Wong, C., Ma, Y., Kriplani, A., Pradhan, K., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.020 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationBrookes, K. J., Neale, B. M., Sugden, K., Khan, N., Asherson, P. J., & D’Souza, U. M. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30572 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Vernier, P., Moret, F., Callier, S., Snapyan, M., Wersinger, C., & Sidhu, A. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1332.015 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Shumay, E., Fowler, J. S., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011067 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationFowler, J. S., Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Gatley, S. J., & Logan, J. (2001) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/s0969-8051(01)00211-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationReliability of race assessment based on the race of the ascendants: a cross-sectional study
Fuchs, S. C. P. C., Guimarães, S. M., Sortica, C., et al. (2002) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-2-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Monuteaux, M. C., Biederman, J., Doyle, A. E., Mick, E. O., & Faraone, S. V. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181a5661b · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Tomasi, D. G., Wang, G., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Wang, R. L., Logan, J., Wong, C., Jayne, M. C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationGenro, J., Polanczyk, G. V., Zeni, C., Oliveira, A. S., Román, T., Rohde, L., & Hutz, M. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30863 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A review and analysis of the relationship between neuropsychological measures and DAT1 in ADHD
Rommelse, N., Altink, M., Arias-Vásquez, A., Buschgens, C., Fliers, E., Faraone, S., Buitelaar, J., Sergeant, J., Franke, B., & Oosterlaan, J. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30848 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Elena, S. F., & Sanjuán, R. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093165 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mattei, J., Parnell, L. D., Lai, C., García‐Bailo, B., Adiconis, X., Shen, J., Arnett, D. K., Demissie, S., Tucker, K. L., & Ordovás, J. M. (2009) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-45 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
D'Souza, U., & Craig, I. (2008) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00904-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dopamine Transporter Genotype as a Risk Factor for Obesity in African‐American Smokers
Epstein, L. H., Jaroni, J. L., Paluch, R. A., Leddy, J. J., Vahue, H. E., Hawk, L. W., Wileyto, E. P., Shields, P. G., & Lerman, C. E. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.168 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Brookes, K., Xu, X.-H., Anney, R., Franke, B., Zhou, K., Chen, W., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Ebstein, R., Eisenberg, J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30782 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lafuente, A., Bernardo, M., Mas, S., Crescenti, A., Aparici, M., Gassó, P., Catalán, R., Mateos, J. J., Lomeña, F., & Parellada, E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.031 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Common Human 5′ Dopamine Transporter (SLC6A3) Haplotypes Yield Varying Expression Levels In Vivo
Drgon, T., Lin, Z., Wang, G., et al. (2006) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-006-9014-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fuke, S. (2005) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvi020 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ballon, N., Leroy, S., Roy, C., Bourdel, M., Olié, J., Charles‐Nicolas, A., Krebs, M., & Poirier, M. F. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30540 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter, gender, and number of sexual partners among young adults
Guo, G., Tong, Y., Xie, C.-W., & Lange, L. A. (2007) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201763 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Benedek, G., Paperna, T., Avidan, N., Lejbkowicz, I., Oksenberg, J. R., Wang, J., Brautbar, C., Israel, S., Miller, A., & for the Israeli MS Genetics group (2010) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/gene.2010.20 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gene action in the aging brain: an evolutionary biological perspective
MARTIN, G. (2002) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00341-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hill, M., Anney, R., Gill, M., & Hawi, Z. (2009) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2009.66 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tan, I. K. L., Mackin, L., Wang, N., Papenfuss, A. T., Elso, C. M., Ashton, M. P., Quirk, F., Phipson, B., Bahlo, M., Speed, T. P., et al. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.101881.109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Influence of genotype on dopamine transporter availability in human striatum and sleep architecture
Guindalini, C., Martins, R. C. S., Andersen, M. L., & Tufik, S. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.07.017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
[Population-genetic structure of Chuvashia (from data on eight DNA loci in the nuclear genome)].
Хуснутдинова, Э. К., Viktorova, T. V., Akhmetova, V. R., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Хуснутдинова, Э. К., Victorova, T. V., Akhmetova, V. R., et al. (2003) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:ruge.0000004147.09917.b7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Applicability of multiple covariance analysis in caries studies
Cohen, M. E., & Cecil, J. C. (1983) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1983.tb01364.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [60]Júlia PG Guilherme VP Cristian Z Angélica SO Tatiana R 2008 A common haplotype at the dopamine transporter gene 5prime region is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147B 1568 1575 18802919
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Striatal sensitivity during reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Paloyelis, Y., Mehta, M. A., Faraone, S. V., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shumay, E., Chen, J., Fowler, J. S., & Volkow, N. D.
- Affiliations
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shumay, Elena
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-08-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e22754
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3149615
- OpenAlex
- W2020233785
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (KO1 DA025280, K01DA025280, KO1 DA025280-01A1, K05DA020001, K05 DA20001)
- Biological and Environmental Research
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Keywords
- dopamine transporter, dopamine transporter availability, genotype-phenotype correlation, haplotypes, ethnic ancestry, age-related changes, midbrain, dopamine signaling
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Female, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Genetic, Positron-Emission Tomography, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
