Relationship between blockade of dopamine transporters by oral methylphenidate and the increases in extracellular dopamine: therapeutic implications
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Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is an effective drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the doses required therapeutically vary significantly between subjects and it is not understood what determines these differences. Since methylphenidate's therapeutic effects are in part due to increases in extracellular DA secondary to blockade of dopamine transporters (DAT), the variability could reflect differences in levels of DAT blockade. Here we used PET to assess if for a given dose of methylphenidate the differences in DAT blockade account for the variability in methylphenidate-induced increases in extracellular DA. Ten healthy adult subjects were tested before and 60 min after oral methylphenidate (60 mg) with PET to estimate DAT occupancy (with [(11)C]cocaine as the radioligand) and levels of extracellular DA (with [(11)C]raclopride as the D2 receptor radioligand that competes with endogenous DA for binding to the receptor). Methylphenidate significantly blocked DAT (60 +/- 11%) and increased extracellular DA in brain (16 +/- 8% reduction in [(11)C]raclopride binding in striatum). However, the correlation between methylphenidate-induced DAT blockade and DA increases was not significant. These results indicate that for a given dose of methylphenidate, individual differences in DAT blockade are not the main source for the intersubject variability in MP-induced increases in DA. This finding suggests that individual differences in response to MP are due in part to individual differences in DA release, so that for an equivalent level of DAT blockade, MP would induce smaller DA changes in subjects with low than with high DA cell activity.
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Clinical doses of methylphenidate in adults and adolescents increased extrasynaptic levels of dopamine in the striatum due to potent blockade of dopamine transporters.
“Studies using positron emission tomography show that clinical doses of methylphenidate in adults (Volkow et al., 2002) and adolescents (Neto et al., 2002) increased (rather than decreased, as proposed by some theories) extrasynaptic levels of dopamine in the striatum due to potent blockade of dopamine transporters”
From Effects of Stimulant Medication on Growth Rates Across 3 Years in the MTA Follow-up (2007) · cites this paper as Volkow et al., 2002
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Franceschi, D., Maynard, L., Ding, Y., Gatley, S. J., Gifford, A., Zhu, W., & Swanson, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Volkow, Nora D.
- Venue
- Synapse
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-12-14
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 181-187
- ISSN
- 0887-4476 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2396
- OpenAlex
- W2169328132
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Synapse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da009490-08)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 09490-01, DA-06278, R01DA006278)
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, extracellular dopamine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug response variability, striatum, D2 receptor binding, dopamine release
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior, Brain, Carbon Radioisotopes, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Cocaine, Dopamine, Extracellular Space, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Methylphenidate, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neurons, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Up-Regulation, Neostriatum, Dopamine Antagonists, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Raclopride, Membrane Transport Proteins, Membrane Transport Modulators, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
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