Brain dopamine transporter levels in treatment and drug naive adults with ADHD
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequent psychiatric disorder in children, yet data are sparse on its pathophysiology. Particularly relevant are the dopamine transporters since these are the main targets of stimulant medications used for ADHD treatment. Though some imaging studies have shown increases in dopamine transporters in ADHD others have not and their role in the neurobiology of ADHD remains unclear. Here we investigate dopamine transporters in ADHD subjects with control of potentially confounding factors (previous medication and/or drug histories, comorbidity) and their association with clinical symptoms. Positron emission tomography and [11C]cocaine were used to measure dopamine transporters in 20 never medicated adults with ADHD and 25 controls. Dopamine transporters were lower in left caudate (13%, p < 0.05) and in left nucleus accumbens (p < 0.005) in ADHD subjects than in controls. In putamen dopamine transporters did not differ between groups but were associated with scores of inattention (Conners Adult Attention Rating Scale) both in ADHD subjects (p < 0.005) and in controls (p < 0.005). Thus, for a given transporter level the scores for inattention were on average five times greater in ADHD subjects than in controls. These results do not corroborate increases in dopamine transporters in ADHD subjects and show that in some they are reduced. It also provides evidence that dopamine transporter levels modulate attention but suggest that additional pathology (e.g., prefrontal or cingulostriatal pathways, noradrenergic neurotransmission) is necessary to account for the large differences in inattention observed between controls and ADHD subjects.
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A number of studies have shown that ADHD is associated with a motivational deficit due to a dopamine dysfunction in the basal ganglia.
“A number of studies have shown that ADHD is associated with a motivational deficit due to a dopamine dysfunction in the basal ganglia [71–73].”
From The brain anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults—a magnetic resonance imaging study (2017) · cites this paper as [72]
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“This hypothesis is supported by studies showing differences in dopamine transporter (DAT) density in relevant striatal areas in ADHD patients compared to controls (Cheon et al. 2003; Dougherty et al. 1999; Dresel et al. 2000; Krause et al. 2000, 2002, 2003; Larisch et al. 2006; Spencer et al. 2005; Volkow et al. 2007).”
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- Authors
- Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Newcorn, J., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F., Solanto, M. V., Logan, J., Wong, C., Ma, Y., Swanson, J. M., Schulz, K., & Pradhan, K.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (US)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Volkow, Nora D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1182-1190
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082738856
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH66961-02, R01MH066961)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dopamine transporter, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, putamen, inattention, adult ADHD, neurobiology of ADHD, noradrenergic neurotransmission
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Carbon Radioisotopes, Cocaine, Female, Humans, Male, Tissue Distribution, Radiopharmaceuticals, Positron-Emission Tomography, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
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