Cited by 256Personality Traits and PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality

Open access

Del Giudice, Marco, Booth, Tom, Irwing, Paul·2012·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0029265PMC PMC3251566

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Sex differences in personality are believed to be comparatively small. However, research in this area has suffered from significant methodological limitations. We advance a set of guidelines for overcoming those limitations: (a) measure personality with a higher resolution than that afforded by the Big Five; (b) estimate sex differences on latent factors; and (c) assess global sex differences with multivariate effect sizes. We then apply these guidelines to a large, representative adult sample, and obtain what is presently the best estimate of global sex differences in personality. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Personality measures were obtained from a large US sample (N = 10,261) with the 16PF Questionnaire. Multigroup latent variable modeling was used to estimate sex differences on individual personality dimensions, which were then aggregated to yield a multivariate effect size (Mahalanobis D). We found a global effect size D = 2.71, corresponding to an overlap of only 10% between the male and female distributions. Even excluding the factor showing the largest univariate ES, the global effect size was D = 1.71 (24% overlap). These are extremely large differences by psychological standards. SIGNIFICANCE: The idea that there are only minor differences between the personality profiles of males and females should be rejected as based on inadequate methodology.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0029265

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Parental Investment and Sexual Selection
Trivers, R. L. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129266-7 · Cited by 10,902
Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129266 · Cited by 7,287
The psychology of sex differences
Maccoby, E. E. (1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80031-1 · Cited by 5,714
Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance
Meredith, W. (1993) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294825 · Cited by 4,536
The gender similarities hypothesis.
Hyde, J. S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.6.581 · Cited by 3,084
Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings.
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322 · Cited by 2,986
The Mahalanobis distance
Maesschalck, R. D., Jouan-Rimbaud, D., & Massart, D. L. (2000) · Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems · doi:10.1016/s0169-7439(99)00047-7 · Cited by 2,336

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 82 references

1 of the 82 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

A Fausto-Sterling, 1992, Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men (2nd ed.)
1994, The 16PF fifth edition technical manual

Sorted by citations

Gender Similarities and Differences
Hyde, J. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057 · Cited by 1,262
Evaluating gender similarities and differences using metasynthesis.
Zell, E., Križan, Z., & Teeter, S. R. (2015) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0038208 · Cited by 465
Personality and gender differences in global perspective
Schmitt, D. P., Long, A. E., McPhearson, A., O'Brien, K., Remmert, B., & Shah, S. H. (2016) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12265 · Cited by 429
Recommendations for sex/gender neuroimaging research: key principles and implications for research design, analysis, and interpretation
Rippon, G., Jordan-Young, R. M., Kaiser, A., & Fine, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00650 · Cited by 266
The Ape That Thought It Was a Peacock: Does Evolutionary Psychology Exaggerate Human Sex Differences?
Stewart‐Williams, S., & Thomas, A. G. (2013) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2013.804899 · Cited by 253
Sex differences in academic achievement are not related to political, economic, or social equality
Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.11.006 · Cited by 227
Women and Suicidal Behavior
Canetto, S. S., & Chen, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.042 · Cited by 194
How Sexually Dimorphic Are Human Mate Preferences?
Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Pham, M. N., & Shackelford, T. K. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215590987 · Cited by 187
Trusting Virtual Agents: The Effect of Personality
Zhou, M. X., Mark, G., Li, J., & Yang, H. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3232077 · Cited by 176
Cognitive sex differences and hemispheric asymmetry: A critical review of 40 years of research
Hirnstein, M., Hugdahl, K., & Hausmann, M. (2018) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2018.1497044 · Cited by 183
Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality
DeCasien, A. R., Guma, E., Liu, S., & Raznahan, A. (2022) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-022-00448-w · Cited by 149
Gender differences in implicit and explicit personality traits
Vianello, M., Schnabel, K., Sriram, N., & Nosek, B. A. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.008 · Cited by 141
Stepping Out of the Caveman’s Shadow: Nations’ Gender Gap Predicts Degree of Sex Differentiation in Mate Preferences
Zentner, M., & Mitura, K. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612441004 · Cited by 151
Sex differences in 30 facets of the five factor model of personality in the large public (N = 320,128)
Kajonius, P., & Johnson, J. A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.026 · Cited by 118
The Evolution of Culturally-Variable Sex Differences: Men and Women Are Not Always Different, but When They Are…It Appears Not to Result from Patriarchy or Sex Role Socialization
Schmitt, D. P. (2014) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09384-0_11 · Cited by 111
Sex differences in HEXACO personality characteristics across countries and ethnicities
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12551 · Cited by 95
Gender differences in adolescents’ academic motivation and classroom behaviour
Bugler, M., McGeown, S. P., & Clair‐Thompson, H. S. (2013) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2013.849325 · Cited by 120
Cognitive sex differences in reasoning tasks: Evidence from Brazilian samples of educational settings
Flores-Mendoza, C. E., Widaman, K. F., Rindermann, H., Primi, R., Alves, M. M., & Pena, C. C. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.11.002 · Cited by 90
Sex differences in orthorexic eating behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analytical integration
Strahler, J. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.06.015 · Cited by 83
Great ape origins of personality maturation and sex differences: A study of orangutans and chimpanzees.
Weiß, A., & King, J. E. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000022 · Cited by 87
Same mindset, different goals and motivational frameworks: Profiles of mindset-based meaning systems
Yu, J., & McLellan, R. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101901 · Cited by 99
Vocational interests in the United States: Sex, age, ethnicity, and year effects.
Morris, M. L. (2016) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000164 · Cited by 87
Test Development
Paul Irwing, B., & Hughes, D. J. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118489772.ch1 · Cited by 82
Big five personality traits and common mental disorders within a hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology: A longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth.
Mann, F. D., Atherton, O. E., DeYoung, C. G., Krueger, R. F., & Robins, R. W. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000633 · Cited by 72
Overcoming protein-energy malnutrition in older adults in the residential care setting: A narrative review of causes and interventions
Mathewson, S. L., Azevedo, P. S., Gordon, A. L., Phillips, B. E., & Greig, C. A. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101401 · Cited by 60
Understanding the Magnitude of Psychological Differences Between Women and Men Requires Seeing the Forest and the Trees
Eagly, A. H., & Revelle, W. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211046006 · Cited by 60
Early—but modest—gender differences in focal aspects of childhood temperament
Gagne, J. R., Miller, M. M., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.006 · Cited by 64
Pandemic Leadership: Sex Differences and Their Evolutionary–Developmental Origins
Luoto, S., & Varella, M. A. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633862 · Cited by 60
Personality traits, gender differences and symptoms of anhedonia: What does the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ( HADS ) measure in nonclinical settings?
Langvik, E., Hjemdal, O., & Nordahl, H. M. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12272 · Cited by 53
Confiding in and Listening to Virtual Agents
Li, J. J., Zhou, M. X., Yang, H., & Mark, G. J. (2017) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3025171.3025206 · Cited by 53
Does Positivity Mediate the Relation of Extraversion and Neuroticism with Subjective Happiness?
Lauriola, M., & Iani, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121991 · Cited by 50
Women on Board: Female Board Membership as a Form of Elite Democratization
Heemskerk, E. M., & Fennema, M. (2014) · Enterprise & Society · doi:10.1093/es/kht136 · Cited by 49
Sex differences in biological response to peer rejection and performance challenge across development: A pilot study
Stroud, L. R., Papandonatos, G. D., D’Angelo, C. M., Brush, B., & Lloyd‐Richardson, E. E. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.005 · Cited by 53
Sex‐specific effects of subjective memory complaints with respect to cognitive impairment or depressive symptoms
Tomita, T., Sugawara, N., Kaneda, A., Okubo, N., Iwane, K., Takahashi, I., Kaneko, S., & Yasui‐Furukori, N. (2013) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12102 · Cited by 48
Things versus People: Gender Differences in Vocational Interests and in Occupational Preferences
Kühn, A., & Wolter, S. C. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.09.003 · Cited by 55
Sex-specific strategy use and global-local processing: a perspective toward integrating sex differences in cognition
Pletzer, B. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00425 · Cited by 46
Global sex differences in personality: Replication with an open online dataset
Kaiser, T., Giudice, M. D., & Booth, T. (2019) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12500 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Equal ≠ the same: sex differences in the human brain.
Cahill, L. F. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 45
Crypto cravings: Gender differences in crypto investment intentions and the mediating roles of financial overconfidence and personality
Nyhus, E. K., Frank, D., Król, M. K., & Otterbring, T. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21921 · Cited by 53
Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
Giudice, M. D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.25100-3 · Cited by 55
Pandemic prevention and personality psychology: Gender differences in preventive health behaviors during COVID-19 and the roles of agreeableness and conscientiousness
Otterbring, T., & Festila, A. (2021) · Journal of Safety Science and Resilience · doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2021.11.003 · Cited by 50
Measuring Sex Differences and Similarities
Giudice, M. D. (2022) · Focus on sexuality research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_1 · Cited by 43
Personality and Sexual Orientation: Extension to Asexuality and the HEXACO Model
Bogaert, A. F., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1287844 · Cited by 40
Nature and evoked culture: Sex differences in personality are uniquely correlated with ecological stress
Kaiser, T. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.011 · Cited by 41
Self-reported personality traits in forensic populations: a meta-analysis
Spaans, M., Molendijk, M. L., de Beurs, E., Rinne, T., & Spinhoven, P. (2016) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2016.1220555 · Cited by 34
Occupational segregation and psychological gender differences: How empathizing and systemizing help explain the distribution of men and women into (some) occupations
Wright, D. B., Eaton, A. A., & Skagerberg, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.06.004 · Cited by 32
Personality and facial morphology: Links to assertiveness and neuroticism in capuchins (Sapajus [Cebus] apella)
Wilson, V., Lefevre, C., Morton, F., Brosnan, S., Paukner, A., & Bates, T. C. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.008 · Cited by 35
A theory and methodology to quantify knowledge
Fanelli, D. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181055 · Cited by 37
Genetic Influences on Response to Novel Objects and Dimensions of Personality in Papio Baboons
Johnson, Z. P., Brent, L., López-Alvarenga, J. C., Comuzzie, A. G., Shelledy, W. R., Ramirez, S. M., Cox, L. A., Mahaney, M. C., Huang, Y.-Y., Mann, J. J., et al. (2015) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9702-6 · Cited by 30
Sex differences on g and non-g intellectual performance reveal potential sources of STEM discrepancies
Lemos, G. C., Abad, F. J., Almeida, L. S., & Colom, R. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.10.009 · Cited by 30
Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Service Robots in the Hospitality Industry: Gender Differences
Lee, K., & Yen, C.-L. A. (2022) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/19389655221102381 · Cited by 29
(Not just) Intelligence stratifies the occupational hierarchy: Ranking 360 professions by IQ and non-cognitive traits
Wolfram, T. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101755 · Cited by 35
Sex differences in romantic attachment: A facet-level analysis
Giudice, M. D. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.004 · Cited by 29
Multivariate Misgivings: Is D a Valid Measure of Group and Sex Differences?
Giudice, M. D. (2013) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491301100511 · Cited by 29
The Relationship between Adult Occupational Preferences and Childhood Gender Nonconformity among Samoan Women, Men, and Fa’afafine
Semenyna, S. W., & Vasey, P. L. (2016) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-016-9258-7 · Cited by 28
Heterogeneity Coefficients for Mahalanobis' D as a Multivariate Effect Size
Giudice, M. D. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2016.1262237 · Cited by 26
Sex-specific academic ability and attitude patterns in students across developed countries
Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101453 · Cited by 27
Political Bias in the Social Sciences: A Critical, Theoretical, and Empirical Review
Honeycutt, N., & Jussim, L. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29148-7_5 · Cited by 27
Sobrevida de dez anos e fatores prognósticos para o câncer de mama na região Sudeste do Brasil
Fayer, V. A., Guerra, M. R., Cintra, J. R. D., & Bustamante-Teixeira, M. T. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia · doi:10.1590/1980-5497201600040007 · Cited by 26
Brain network disintegration during sedation is mediated by the complexity of sparsely connected regions
Pappas, I., Adapa, R., Menon, D. K., & Stamatakis, E. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.078 · Cited by 27
Fish Need Bicycles: An Exploration of the Perceptions of Male Social Work Students on a Qualifying Course
Parker, J., & Crabtree, S. A. (2012) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcs117 · Cited by 25
The sexes do not differ in general intelligence, but they do in some specifics
Reynolds, M. R., Hajovsky, D. B., & Caemmerer, J. M. (2022) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2022.101651 · Cited by 26
Mindset profiles of secondary school students: Associations with academic achievement, motivation and school burnout symptoms
Altikulaç, S., Janssen, T. W. P., Yu, J., Nieuwenhuis, S., & van Atteveldt, N. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12676 · Cited by 33
Social stress and psychiatric disorders: Evolutionary reflections on debated questions
Troisi, A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.016 · Cited by 26
Are Whites and minorities more similar than different? Testing the cultural similarities hypothesis on psychopathology with a second-order meta-analysis
Causadías, J. M., Korous, K. M., & Cahill, K. M. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000895 · Cited by 25
Using Personality Questionnaires for Selection
Hughes, D. J., & Batey, M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118972472.ch8 · Cited by 27
Comedians’ Trait Level and Stage Personalities: Evidence for Goal-Directed Personality Adaptation
Paul Irwing, B., Cook, C., Pollet, T. V., & Hughes, D. J. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219867963 · Cited by 24
Individual Differences in Personality Masculinity-Femininity: Examining the Effects of Genes, Environment, and Prenatal Hormone Transfer
Verweij, K. J. H., Mosing, M. A., Ullén, F., & Madison, G. (2016) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2016.8
The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716 · Cited by 24
Watch-wearing as a marker of conscientiousness
Ellis, D. A., & Jenkins, R. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1210 · Cited by 22
The Association between Religiosity, Well-Being, and Mental Health among College Students from Malaysia
Abdel‐Khalek, A. M., & Tekke, M. (2019) · DSpace - Düzce (Duzce University) · Cited by 20
Mild cognitive impairment: A concept analysis
Domínguez-Chávez, C. J., Murrock, C. J., & Salazar-González, B. C. (2018) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12299 · Cited by 22
Sex differences in personality scores on six scales: Many significant, but mostly small, differences
Furnham, A. F., & Treglown, L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01675-x · Cited by 21
Describing the male registered nursing workforce toward increasing male representation in professional nursing
Martsolf, G. R., Gigli, K. H., Case, B., Dill, J., & Dierkes, A. M. (2023) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2023.102081 · Cited by 19
Sociable, Mentally Disturbed Women and Angry, Rejected Men: Cultural Scripts for the Suicidal Behavior of Women and Men in the Austrian Print Media
Eisenwort, B., Till, B., Hinterbuchinger, B., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0395-3 · Cited by 18
Individual and group differences in multivariate domains: What happens when the number of traits increases?
Giudice, M. D. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112282 · Cited by 18
An evolutionary look at oddity and schizotypy: How the rise of social brain informs clinical practice
Cheli, S. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100993 · Cited by 19
Ideological Bias in the Psychology of Sex and Gender
Giudice, M. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29148-7_28 · Cited by 18
Women engagement, psychological traits, and gender gaps in the small‐scale seaweed aquaculture in Chile
Salazar, C., Jaime, M., Cárdenas‐Retamal, R., & Baquedano-Rodríguez, M. (2023) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12793 · Cited by 16
Comparison of the Personality Traits of Male and Female BASE Jumpers
Monasterio, E., Mei-Dan, O., Hackney, A. C., & Cloninger, R. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01665 · Cited by 15
Sex differences and occupational choice Theorizing for policy informed by behavioral science✰
Stern, C., & Madison, G. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.08.032 · Cited by 16
How do avatar characteristics affect applicants' interactional justice perceptions in artificial intelligence‐based job interviews?
Min, Q., Sun, H., Wang, X., & Zhang, C. (2024) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12472 · Cited by 19
A predictive psychometric model to identify personality and gender differences of college majors
Noël, N. M., Trocchia, P. J., & Luckett, M. G. (2016) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2016.05.004 · Cited by 14
Gender and Accuracy in Decoding Affect Cues: A Meta-Analysis
Hall, J. A., Gunnery, S. D., & Schlegel, K. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13030038 · Cited by 17
Confiding in and Listening to Virtual Agents: The Effect of PersonalityPreprint
Li, J., Zhou, M. X., Yang, H., & Mark, G. J. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.00746 · Cited by 13
Sex-related variability of white matter tracts in the whole HCP cohort
Herlin, B., Uszynski, I., Chauvel, M., Dupont, S., & Poupon, C. (2024) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-024-02833-0 · Cited by 14
Sex Differences in Early Life
Wong, W. I., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.009 · Cited by 12
Weak associations between personality and contraceptive choice
Pletzer, B. A., Lang, C., Derntl, B., & Grikšienė, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.898487 · Cited by 15
Interpersonal Mistreatment, Organizational Attitudes and Well-Being: The Impact of Instigator’s Hierarchical Position and Demographic Characteristics
Abas, N. A. H., & Otto, K. (2016) · Organization Management Journal · doi:10.1080/15416518.2015.1129307 · Cited by 11
Addendum to: Heterogeneity Coefficients for Mahalanobis' D as a Multivariate Effect Size
Giudice, M. D. (2018) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2018.1462138 · Cited by 11
Temperament and character in transsexuals
Gómez‐Gil, E., Gutiérrez, F., Cañizares, S., Zubiaurre‐Elorza, L., Monràs, M., Esteva, I., Salamero, M., & Guillamón, A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.040 · Cited by 11
Sex Differences in Personality Traits
Booth, T., & Murray, A. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1265-1 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Dark Triad personality traits, second-to-forth digit ratio (2D:4D) and circulating testosterone and cortisol levels
South, A., Barkus, E., Walter, E. E., Mendonca, C. J., & Thomas, S. J. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108567 · Cited by 10
Opinions and options about COVID-19: Personality correlates and sex differences in two European countries
Brito‐Costa, S., Jonason, P. K., Tosi, M., Antunes, R., Silva, S., & Castro, F. V. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268193 · Cited by 10
A multimethod approach to measuring mental representations of threatening others.
Michalak, N. M., & Ackerman, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000781 · Cited by 12
The Not So Subtle and Status Quo Maintaining Nature of Everyday Sexism
Vescio, T. K., & Kosakowska‐Berezecka, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.019 · Cited by 10
No Evidence That Siblings’ Gender Affects Personality Across Nine Countries
Dudek, T., Brenøe, A., Feld, J., & Rohrer, J. M. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221094630 · Cited by 13
How Do Adolescent Students Perceive Aging Teachers' Voices?
Gampel, D., & Ferreira, L. P. (2017) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.11.021 · Cited by 10
Testosterone, gender identity and gender-stereotyped personality attributes
Casto, K. V., Cohen, D. J., Akinola, M., & Mehta, P. H. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105540 · Cited by 10
Sexual Dimorphism in Language, and the Gender Shift Hypothesis of Homosexuality
Luoto, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639887 · Cited by 11

Authors: Del Giudice, M., Booth, T., & Irwing, P.
Affiliations: University of Manchester (GB)
ORCID: Booth, Tom
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2012-01-04
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: e29265
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029265
PMC: PMC3251566
OpenAlex: W2156603052
Cited by: 256
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 16.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Regione Piemonte (L.R.n.4./2006, 4/2006)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: sex differences in personality, Big Five personality traits, 16PF, latent variable models, multigroup analysis, methodological limitations
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Inventory, Personality Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Mars, Venus

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks