Understanding the Magnitude of Psychological Differences Between Women and Men Requires Seeing the Forest and the Trees

Eagly, Alice H.; Revelle, William

doi:10.1177/17456916211046006

Cited by 61Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesSex and Gender in Healthcare

Understanding the Magnitude of Psychological Differences Between Women and Men Requires Seeing the Forest and the Trees

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Eagly, Alice H., Revelle, William·2022·Perspectives on Psychological Science

DOI 10.1177/17456916211046006PMC PMC9442632

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Abstract

Whether women and men are psychologically very similar or quite different is a contentious issue in psychological science. This article clarifies this issue by demonstrating that larger and smaller sex/gender differences can reflect differing ways of organizing the same data. For single psychological constructs, larger differences emerge from averaging multiple indicators that differ by sex/gender to produce scales of a construct’s overall typicality for women versus men. For example, averaging self-ratings on personality traits more typical of women or men yields much larger sex/gender differences on measures of the femininity and masculinity of personality. Sex/gender differences on such broad-gauge, thematic variables are large relative to differences on their component indicators. This increased effect magnitude for aggregated scales reflects gains in both their reliability and validity as indicators of sex/gender. In addition, in psychological domains such as vocational interests that are composed of many variables, at least some of which differ by sex/gender, the multivariate distance between women and men is typically larger than the differences on the component variables. These analyses encourage recognition of the interdependence of sex/gender similarity and difference in psychological data.

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Several small sex differences in fundamental areas of psychological functioning may generate larger differences in everyday composite behaviors.
“Although many of the psychological sex differences are minor, several small sex differences in fundamental areas of psychological functioning may generate larger differences in everyday composite behaviors (Eagly & Revelle, 2022).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Eagly & Revelle, 2022

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Authors: Eagly, A. H., & Revelle, W.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Eagly, Alice H.
Revelle, William
ORCID: Eagly, Alice H.
Revelle, William
Venue: Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2022-05-09
Volume: 17
Issue: 5
Pages: 1339-1358
ISSN: 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
1745-6924
DOI: 10.1177/17456916211046006
PMC: PMC9442632
OpenAlex: W4229452583
Cited by: 60
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 18.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Keywords: sex differences, gender differences, masculinity and femininity, personality traits, career interest, scale reliability and validity, men and women
MeSH terms: Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Personality, Reproducibility of Results, Masculinity

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Understanding the Magnitude of Psychological Differences Between Women and Men Requires Seeing the Forest and the Trees

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