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Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Individuals differ in the response to regular exercise. Whether there are people who experience adverse changes in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors has never been addressed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An adverse response is defined as an exercise-induced change that worsens a risk factor beyond measurement error and expected day-to-day variation. Sixty subjects were measured three times over a period of three weeks, and variation in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and in fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and insulin (FI) was quantified. The technical error (TE) defined as the within-subject standard deviation derived from these measurements was computed. An adverse response for a given risk factor was defined as a change that was at least two TEs away from no change but in an adverse direction. Thus an adverse response was recorded if an increase reached 10 mm Hg or more for SBP, 0.42 mmol/L or more for TG, or 24 pmol/L or more for FI or if a decrease reached 0.12 mmol/L or more for HDL-C. Completers from six exercise studies were used in the present analysis: Whites (N = 473) and Blacks (N = 250) from the HERITAGE Family Study; Whites and Blacks from DREW (N = 326), from INFLAME (N = 70), and from STRRIDE (N = 303); and Whites from a University of Maryland cohort (N = 160) and from a University of Jyvaskyla study (N = 105), for a total of 1,687 men and women. Using the above definitions, 126 subjects (8.4%) had an adverse change in FI. Numbers of adverse responders reached 12.2% for SBP, 10.4% for TG, and 13.3% for HDL-C. About 7% of participants experienced adverse responses in two or more risk factors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Adverse responses to regular exercise in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors occur. Identifying the predictors of such unwarranted responses and how to prevent them will provide the foundation for personalized exercise prescription.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Adverse metabolic responses to regular exercise—worsening of systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, or fasting insulin beyond measurement error—occur in a nontrivial minority of adults across six exercise studies. The paper estimates prevalences of roughly 8%–13% per risk factor and about 7% for two or more risk factors.
Key findings
- Across six exercise studies (maximum N = 1,687), adverse responder prevalence was 8.3% for fasting insulin (abstract states 8.4%), 13.3% for HDL-C, 10.3% for triglycerides, and 12.2% for systolic blood pressure.
- In HERITAGE, 6%–9% of Blacks and Whites experienced adverse responses for each of the four risk factors, with no substantive differences between ethnic groups.
- About 7% of participants experienced adverse responses in two or more risk factors; Table 8 reports 6% with exactly two and 0.8% with three or four.
- Adverse response traits appeared independent of cardiorespiratory fitness improvement: only 2 of 56 tested differences in VO2max gain between adverse and non-adverse responders reached p ≤ 0.05, far from a Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.0009. DREW showed no substantive differences in adverse response prevalence across 4, 8, or 12 kcal/kg/week exercise doses.
Methods
- Secondary analysis of completers from six exercise intervention studies: HERITAGE (473 Whites, 250 Blacks), DREW (326), INFLAME (70), STRRIDE (303), MARYLAND (160), and JYVASKYLA (105), for a maximum of 1,687 men and women.
- Adverse response was defined as an exercise-induced change at least 2× the technical error (TE) in an adverse direction: increase ≥10 mm Hg for systolic BP, ≥0.42 mmol/L for triglycerides, ≥24 pmol/L for fasting insulin, or decrease ≤0.12 mmol/L for HDL-C. TE was derived from 60 subjects measured three times over 3 weeks, except fasting insulin, for which assays were performed twice and TE was estimated using other HERITAGE data plus literature.
- Analyses included prevalence tabulations, paired t tests for within-cohort mean changes, general linear models comparing VO2max gains between adverse and non-adverse responders with age, sex, and baseline VO2max as covariates, and a DREW dose comparison.
Limitations
- The paper states that the causes of adverse responses are unknown, that exercise-drug interactions cannot be directly tested with available data, and that it is unknown whether some adverse responders would revert with different exercise doses or modalities; findings also need extension to other risk factors such as LDL-cholesterol, inflammation markers, and adiposity traits.
- Evident from the text: this is a secondary analysis of completers from heterogeneous studies with differing protocols and health statuses, some trait data are unavailable (e.g., STRRIDE systolic BP is N/A), and the fasting insulin TE was not based on three repeated measurements but estimated from other data and literature.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adverse responses to regular exercise in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors occur.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Thus, some individuals experience ARs when exposed to regular exercise, but the causes of the phenomenon are unknown at this time.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Abstract > Conclusions/Significance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Completers of the six exercise studies are representative of sedentary adults generally.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numbers of adverse responders reached 12.2% for SBP, 10.4% for TG, and 13.3% for HDL-C.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Based on a maximum of 1687 subjects, the prevalence of an AR reached 8.3% for the changes in FI, 13.3% for the changes in fasting HDL-C, 10.3% for TG, and 12.2% for resting SBP.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Abstract > Methodology/Principal Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The technical error estimates derived from the HERITAGE ancillary study apply to the other five exercise studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The six exercise studies are sufficiently comparable to pool for estimating overall prevalence of adverse responses.
- Rests on an assumption: Attrition in the six studies did not bias the prevalence estimates of adverse responses.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All gains in VO2max are significant at p<0.05.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet substantial numbers of subjects with or without medication in these cohorts experienced one or more ARs.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Medication use reported in the cohorts is accurate and does not confound the comparison of adverse response prevalence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only a small minority of participants (<1%) exhibited ARs for three or more traits.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The six exercise studies are sufficiently comparable to pool for estimating overall prevalence of adverse responses.
- Rests on an assumption: Attrition in the six studies did not bias the prevalence estimates of adverse responses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of ARs appears to be similar at low and high doses of exercise.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“No substantive differences were observed in the prevalence of ARs among the three levels of exercise energy expenditure, which ranged from 4 to 12 kcal/kg of body weight per week.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numbers of adverse responders reached 12.2% for SBP, 10.4% for TG, and 13.3% for HDL-C.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Based on a maximum of 1687 subjects, the prevalence of an AR reached 8.3% for the changes in FI, 13.3% for the changes in fasting HDL-C, 10.3% for TG, and 12.2% for resting SBP.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Abstract > Methodology/Principal Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The technical error estimates derived from the HERITAGE ancillary study apply to the other five exercise studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The six exercise studies are sufficiently comparable to pool for estimating overall prevalence of adverse responses.
- Rests on an assumption: Attrition in the six studies did not bias the prevalence estimates of adverse responses.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numbers of adverse responders reached 12.2% for SBP, 10.4% for TG, and 13.3% for HDL-C.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Based on a maximum of 1687 subjects, the prevalence of an AR reached 8.3% for the changes in FI, 13.3% for the changes in fasting HDL-C, 10.3% for TG, and 12.2% for resting SBP.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Abstract > Methodology/Principal Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The technical error estimates derived from the HERITAGE ancillary study apply to the other five exercise studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The six exercise studies are sufficiently comparable to pool for estimating overall prevalence of adverse responses.
- Rests on an assumption: Attrition in the six studies did not bias the prevalence estimates of adverse responses.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of ARs for select risk factors varied from 8.3% for the exercise training-induced changes in FI to 13.3% for the changes in HDL-C, with about 7% of participants experiencing adverse changes in two or more risk factors.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though the presence of ARs was first detected among completers in Blacks and Whites of the HERITAGE Family Study, in which subjects were confirmed to be sedentary at baseline, with a rather healthy profile, the phenomenon was confirmed in five other exercise intervention studies.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 6
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although HERITAGE subjects were apparently healthy and not taking medication for blood pressure, glucose, or lipid anomalies and were exposed to the same exercise program, 6% to 9% of Blacks and Whites experienced ARs for each of the four risk factors, with no substantive differences between the two ethnic groups.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the above definitions, 126 subjects (8.4%) had an adverse change in FI.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Based on a maximum of 1687 subjects, the prevalence of an AR reached 8.3% for the changes in FI, 13.3% for the changes in fasting HDL-C, 10.3% for TG, and 12.2% for resting SBP.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Abstract > Methodology/Principal Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The technical error estimates derived from the HERITAGE ancillary study apply to the other five exercise studies.
- Rests on an assumption: The six exercise studies are sufficiently comparable to pool for estimating overall prevalence of adverse responses.
- Rests on an assumption: Attrition in the six studies did not bias the prevalence estimates of adverse responses.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean changes induced by the exercise programs were generally in the expected direction (i.e., decreases in FI, TG, and SBP and increases in HDL-C). There were, however, some statistically nonsignificant exceptions to these general trends.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The four risk factors (systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) are valid indicators of cardiovascular and diabetes risk.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, we did not find any evidence for differences in the prevalence of ARs between Blacks and Whites or between men and women.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the case of FI, the assays were performed only twice, and we used other HERITAGE data plus observations from the literature to develop an estimate of TE for FI (Information S1).”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Methods > Definition of adverse responses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There are strong indications from a baseline skeletal muscle gene expression profile and from a genome-wide association study performed on the Whites of HERITAGE that the genetic component of a response trait can be defined in terms of RNA abundance observed in the sedentary state or by specific genomic variants [31], [32], [33].”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] C Bouchard, 2011, Genomic predictors of the maximal O uptake response to standardized exercise training programs., J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] JA Timmons, 2010, Using molecular classification to predict gains in maximal aerobic capacity following endurance exercise training in humans., J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] T Rankinen, 2012, The heritability of submaximal exercise heart rate response to exercise training is accounted for by nine SNPs., J Appl Physiol source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In fact, the heritability of the changes induced by the exercise program reached about 30% for plasma HDL-C and TG [26] and about 20% to 25% for indicators of insulin metabolism and resting SBP [29], [30].”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] T Rice, 2002, Familial aggregation of blood lipid response to exercise training in the health, risk factors, exercise training, and genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study., Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] P An, 2005, Genome-wide linkage scans for prediabetes phenotypes in response to 20 weeks of endurance exercise training in non-diabetic whites and blacks: the HERITAGE Family Study., Diabetologia source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] T Rice, 2002, Heritability of HR and BP response to exercise training in the HERITAGE Family Study., Med Sci Sports Exerc source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, ARs as defined herein for common cardiometabolic and diabetes risk factors are much more prevalent and become evident with exposure to regular exercise.”
§ Adverse Metabolic Response to Regular Exercise: Is It a Rare or Common Occurrence? > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Completers of the six exercise studies are representative of sedentary adults generally.
“Approximately 7% of sedentary adults experienced ARs for at least two common cardiometabolic and diabetes risk factors following exposure to regular exercise.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The technical error estimates derived from the HERITAGE ancillary study apply to the other five exercise studies.
“An ancillary study designed to quantify TE for several biological traits was undertaken in HERITAGE.”
“These AR definitions are used in the remainder of this report.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The six exercise studies are sufficiently comparable to pool for estimating overall prevalence of adverse responses.
“Based on a maximum of 1687 subjects, the prevalence of an AR reached 8.3% for the changes in FI, 13.3% for the changes in fasting HDL-C, 10.3% for TG, and 12.2% for resting SBP.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attrition in the six studies did not bias the prevalence estimates of adverse responses.
“Completers from six exercise studies were used in the present analysis”
The paper relies on this without support.
The four risk factors (systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) are valid indicators of cardiovascular and diabetes risk.
“with a focus on exercise-induced changes in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting insulin (FI), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Medication use reported in the cohorts is accurate and does not confound the comparison of adverse response prevalence.
“many subjects in DREW, INFLAME, MARYLAND, and STRRIDE were taking medications for high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, or dyslipoproteinemia. Yet substantial numbers of subjects with or without medication in these cohorts experienced one or more ARs.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“It has been previously suggested that for 20% to 25% of participants undertaking an exercise programme there is little to no favourable response (Timmons 2014), while a small percentage (5% to 10%) have adverse events (Bouchard 2012).”
From Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews (2017) · cites this paper as Bouchard 2012
In the citing paper
“7–15% of individuals demonstrated an ‘adverse response’ regarding alterations in systolic blood pressure, as well as in fasting levels of HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin25,26.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, in humans, metabolic non-response or even adverse responses to exercise have been described26.”
From Exerkines in health, resilience and disease (2022) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Fasting-insulin adverse-response prevalence differs
MinorThe abstract reports 8.4% for fasting insulin, while the Results and Table 5 report 8.3% for the same 126 adverse responders.
“126 subjects (8.4%) had an adverse change in FI.”
“| Δ Fasting insulin | 55 | 36 | 12 | 17 | 4 | 2 | 126 | 8.3 |”
Triglyceride adverse-response prevalence differs
MinorThe abstract reports 10.4% for triglycerides, while the Results and Table 5 report 10.3%.
“Numbers of adverse responders reached 12.2% for SBP, 10.4% for TG, and 13.3% for HDL-C.”
“| Δ Triglycerides | 56 | 51 | 9 | 34 | 11 | 11 | 172 | 10.3 |”
Citations
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Individual differences in response to regular physical activity
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“This clear finding of the HERITAGE Family Study has been replicated [3,4,5,6].”
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“It is important to differentiate between ARs for risk factors for common chronic diseases, as referred to in the present study, from other more acute ARs such as cardiac events related to exertion during an exercise bout [20,21,22], sudden cardiac death during or immediately after exercise typically associated with a…”
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Self-citationVariability in Individual Response to Aerobic Exercise Interventions Among Older Adults
Whipple, M. O., Schorr, E. N., Talley, K. M., Lindquist, R. A., Bronas, U. G., & Treat‐Jacobson, D. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0054 · Cited by 42
“The most common definition used is a lack of change of an outcome of interest in the expected direction (Bouchard & Rankinen, 2001; Bouchard, 1995; Bouchard et al., 2012; Scharhag-Rosenberger, Walitzek, Kindermann, & Meyer, 2012).”
LeBlanc, D. R. B., Rioux, B. V., Cody, P., Moffatt, T. L., Kimber, D. E., Duhamel, T. A., Dolinsky, V. W., McGavock, J., & Sénéchal, M. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13539 · Cited by 40
“9% (Bouchard 1995; Bouchard and Rankinen 2001; Bouchard et al. 2012), and reductions in systolic blood pressure vary between -3 mmHg and 13.”
BackgroundInfluentialStatistical Considerations for Exercise Protocols Aimed at Measuring Trainability
Voisin, S. A. C., Jacques, M., Lucía, A., Bishop, D. J., & Eynon, N. (2018) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000176 · Cited by 43
Higgins, T. P., Baker, M. D., Evans, S., Adams, R. A., & Cobbold, C. (2015) · Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation · doi:10.3233/ch-141857 · Cited by 40
“Recent research has demonstrated that around 10–20% of individuals are non-responders to exercise, meaning that some forms of training may not have beneficial effects in reducing certain disease risk factors 6, 26].”
Dietary composition regulates Drosophila mobility and cardiac physiology
Bazzell, B. G., Ginzberg, S. P., Healy, L., & Wessells, R. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.078758 · Cited by 38
“However, the effects of endurance exercise have generally been observed to vary substantially among individuals, with between 8% and 13% of subjects exhibiting adverse reactions to endurance programs (Bouchard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundJohannsen, N. M., Swift, D. L., Lavie, C. J., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0548-3 · Cited by 39
“In addition, emerging data suggest that not all patients can expect to see improvements in all clinical outcomes discussed in this review [71].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIslam, H., Edgett, B. A., Bonafiglia, J. T., Shulman, T., Ma, A., Quadrilatero, J., Simpson, C. A., & Gurd, B. J. (2019) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087401 · Cited by 39
“Inter-individual variability in the observed responses to standardized exercise training suggests that some individuals experience robust improvements in health- and/or performance-related outcomes while others do not (Bouchard et al., 2012; Gurd et al., 2016; Raleigh et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBruneau, M. L., Johnson, B. T., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Larson, K. A., Ash, G. I., & Pescatello, L. S. (2015) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.05.009 · Cited by 37
Potential Mechanisms of Precision Nutrition-Based Interventions for Managing Obesity
Mehta, N. H., Huey, S. L., Kuriyan, R., Peña‐Rosas, J. P., Finkelstein, J. L., Kashyap, S. R., & Mehta, S. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100186 · Cited by 41
“…adverse responses, consisting of exercise-induced worsening of fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, or insulin, following PN interventions, suggesting that study of individualized physical activity pro fi les is needed to identify predictors of intervention response [64].”
BackgroundCaru, M., Samoilenko, M., Drouin, S., Lemay, V., Kern, L., Romo, L., Bertout, L., Lefebvre, G., Andelfinger, G., Krajinović, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2019.0024 · Cited by 39
“60 Studies have reported a high heterogeneity degree in the ability of subjects to improve their cardiorespiratory fitness.”
Individual variation of follicular phase changes in endothelial function across two menstrual cycles
Liu, K. R., Lew, L. A., McGarity‐Shipley, E. C., Byrne, A. C., Islam, H., Fenuta, A. M., & Pyke, K. E. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089482 · Cited by 35
“…the threshold was defined as a positive responder (FMD increased from EF to LF phase), below the threshold was defined as a negative responder (FMDdecreased fromEF to LFphase) andbetween the thresholds was a non-responder (no change in FMD between phases) (Bonafiglia, 2018; Bouchard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundThe effects of exercise training on hypertensive older adults: an umbrella meta-analysis
Sardeli, A. V., Griffith, G., dos Santos, M. V. M. A., Ito, M. S. R., & Chacon‐Mikahil, M. P. T. (2021) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00715-0 · Cited by 40
Malin, S. K., Liu, Z., Barrett, E. J., & WELTMAN, A. L. (2016) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9352-5 · Cited by 35
Franks, P. W., & Poveda, A. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4207-5 · Cited by 36
Zhang, T., Brinkley, T. E., Liu, K., Feng, X., Marsh, A. P., Kritchevsky, S. B., Zhou, X., & Nicklas, B. J. (2017) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101199 · Cited by 33
Individual Variability in Waist Circumference and Body Weight in Response to Exercise
Hammond, B., Stotz, P. J., Brennan, A. M., Lamarche, B., Day, A. G., & Ross, R. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001784 · Cited by 36
Weatherwax, R. M., Harris, N. K., Kilding, A. E., & Dalleck, L. C. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1735-0 · Cited by 34
“More recently, it has been proposed that technical error (TE), the combination of day-to-day biological variability and measurement error, should be applied to categorize response rate [10].”
BackgroundByrd, B. R., Keith, J., Keeling, S. M., Weatherwax, R. M., Nolan, P. B., Ramos, J. S., & Dalleck, L. C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16122088 · Cited by 33
“Indeed, there is considerable individual variability in training adaptations including the so-termed ‘non-responders’ and, in some instances, ‘adverse responders’ [3,4].”
BackgroundBrand, C., Martins, C., Lemes, V. B., Pessoa, M. L. F., Dias, A. F., Cadore, E. L., Mota, J. A. P. S., Gaya, A. C. A., & Gaya, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1725384 · Cited by 38
“individuals experience adverse responses when exposed to regular exercise, but the causes of this phenomenon are still unknown (Bouchard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, K., Hong, S., Kim, K., Han, K., & Park, C. (2023) · Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis · doi:10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.201 · Cited by 31
Song, Y., & Sheykhlouvand, M. (2024) · Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.52082/jssm.2024.672 · Cited by 46
“…validate the idea that individuals who do not respond to a particular exercise regimen may undergo adaptation when exposed to a different protocol (Bouchard et al., 2012), potentially due to different sensitivities to training volume (Sisson et al., 2009) and/or intensity (Ross et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWalsh, J. J., Bonafiglia, J. T., Goldfield, G. S., Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Doucette, S. P., Hadjiyannakis, S., Alberga, A. S., Prud’homme, D., & Gurd, B. J. (2019) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0088 · Cited by 39
Scott, J. P. R., Kramer, A., Petersen, N., & Green, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.614619 · Cited by 36
Curry, S. J., Grossman, D. C., Whitlock, E. P., & Cantu, A. G. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-2128 · Cited by 31
“A recent metaanalysis of physical activity trials reported an increase in risk factors (such as blood pressure or cholesterol level) for as much as 10% of study participants (21).”
BackgroundScott, D. S., Harrison, C. L., Hutchison, S. K., de Courten, B. V., & Stepto, N. K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182412 · Cited by 31
“Nevertheless, an analysis of six exercise interventions with a minimum duration of four months reported substantial proportions of metabolic non-responders in all studies, suggesting increasing the duration of an exercise intervention is not sufficient to overcome exercise non-responsiveness [7].”
BackgroundBonafiglia, J. T., Brennan, A. M., Ross, R., & Gurd, B. J. (2019) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14163 · Cited by 32
“…previously published papers (Hopkins, 2000; Hopkins, 2000; Senn, 2001; Hopkins, 2004; Senn et al., 2010; Scharhag-Rosenberger et al., 2012; Bouchard et al., 2012; Astorino and Schubert, 2014; Leifer et al., 2014; Bentley et al., 2014; Atkinson and Batterham, 2015; Hopkins, 2015;…”
Buford, T. W., Hsu, F., Brinkley, T. E., Carter, C. S., Church, T. S., Dodson, J. A., Goodpaster, B. H., McDermott, M. M., Nicklas, B. J., Yank, V. A., et al. (2014) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00169.2013 · Cited by 32
Self-citationExercise and physical activity in cirrhosis: opportunities or perils
Bellar, A., Welch, N., & Dasarathy, S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00798.2019 · Cited by 33
Petrick, H. L., King, T. J., Pignanelli, C., VANDERLINDE, T. E., Cohen, J. N., Holloway, G. P., & Burr, J. F. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002582 · Cited by 32
“Our relatively small sample size (n=11 END, n=12 SIT) and age range of participants also represents a limitation, particularly given the substantial variability in individual responses that exist in many cardiometabolic parameters following exercise (30).”
BackgroundÁlvarez, C., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Martínez‐Salazar, C., Castro‐Sepúlveda, M., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., & Izquierdo, M. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.177 · Cited by 30
Álvarez, C., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Cristi‐Montero, C., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01443 · Cited by 31
“Including other training methods, such as endurance or resistance training (Bouchard et al., 2012; Moker et al., 2014), would help confirm which training modality is more appropriate for decreasing BP with fewer NRs.”
BackgroundInfluentialNascimento, L., Santos, A. E. M., Lucena, J., Silva, L., Almeida, A., & Brasileiro-Santos, M. S. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1985-5 · Cited by 34
Signals from the Circle: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates as Myometabokines
Maurer, J., Hoene, M., & Weigert, C. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11080474 · Cited by 27
“However, there is a broad range in the improvement of fitness and metabolic parameters between individuals that cannot be fully explained to date [9,10].”
BackgroundCardiorespiratory Adaptations in Elderly Men Following Different Concurrent Training Regimes
Cadore, E. L., Pinto, R. S., Teodoro, J. L., da Silva, L. X. N., Menger, E., Alberton, C. L., Cunha, G. D. S., Schumann, M., Bottaro, M., Zambom-Ferraresi, F., et al. (2017) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0958-4 · Cited by 28
Higher resistance training volume offsets muscle hypertrophy nonresponsiveness in older individuals
Lixandrão, M. E., Bamman, M. M., VECHIN, F. C., Conceição, M. S., Telles, G. D., Longobardi, I., Damas, F., Lavin, K. M., Drummer, D. J., McAdam, J. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2023 · Cited by 27
Rivas, D. A., Peng, F., Benard, T., da Silva, A. S. R., Fielding, R. A., & Margolis, L. M. (2021) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00190.2021 · Cited by 28
The iReAct study – A biopsychosocial analysis of the individual response to physical activity
Thiel, A., Sudeck, G., Gropper, H., Maturana, F. M., Schubert, T., Srismith, D., Widmann, M., Behrens, S. C., Martus, P., Munz, B., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100508 · Cited by 28
Hrubeniuk, T. J., Bouchard, D. R., Goulet, E. D. B., Gurd, B., & Sénéchal, M. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13567 · Cited by 26
Hållmarker, U., Lindbäck, J., Michaëlsson, K., Ärnlöv, J., Åsberg, S., Wester, P. O., Hellberg, D., Lagerqvist, B., & James, S. K. (2018) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcy005 · Cited by 25
Pani, J., Eikenes, L., Reitlo, L. S., Stensvold, D., Wisløff, U., & Haberg, A. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.859383 · Cited by 26
“…an individual variation in the beneficial effect of exercise with some participants experiencing larger benefits than others (Bouchard and Rankinen, 2001; Ahtiainen et al., 2016; Mattioni Maturana et al., 2021), while some experience deleterious effects (Tuan et al., 2008; Bouchard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundExercise for Disease Prevention and Management: A Precision Medicine Approach
Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Lobelo, F., & Izquierdo, M. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.04.012 · Cited by 24
Álvarez, C., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Lucia, A., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13413 · Cited by 28
Iglesias‐Gutiérrez, E., Egan, B., Díaz, Á. E., Peñalvo, J. L., González-Medina, A., Martínez‐Camblor, P., O’Gorman, D. J., & Úbeda, N. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051185 · Cited by 24
“The response to exercise of risk factors for chronic and degenerative diseases needs to be fully characterized before exercise can be most effectively prescribed as a preventive tool [1].”
BackgroundZalouli, V., Rajavand, H., Bayat, M., Khaleghnia, J., Sharifianjazi, F., Jafarinazhad, F., & Beheshtizadeh, N. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115078 · Cited by 27
RetractedDumbell, R. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13133 · Cited by 26
Mitochondrial mutations alter endurance exercise response and determinants in mice
Schaefer, P. M., Rathi, K. S., Butic, A., Tan, W., Mitchell, K. M., & Wallace, D. C. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2200549119 · Cited by 23
Malin, S. K., Hinnerichs, K. R., Echtenkamp, B. G., Evetovich, T. K., & Engebretsen, B. J. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2725-5 · Cited by 23
Gaitán, J. M., Eichner, N. Z. M., Gilbertson, N. M., Heiston, E. M., WELTMAN, A. L., & Malin, S. K. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 22
Inter‐individual variation in response to resistance training in cardiometabolic health indicators
Ahtiainen, J. P., SALLINEN, J. M., Häkkinen, K., & Sillanpää, E. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13650 · Cited by 23
Self-citationShaibi, G. Q., Ryder, J. R., Kim, J. Y., & Barraza, E. (2014) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000034 · Cited by 22
Keogh, J., Grigg, J., & Vertullo, C. J. (2017) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/2325967117694334 · Cited by 22
“Adverse events were defined as “an exercise-induced change that worsens an aspect of your condition that is greater than expected day-to-day variation,” a definition similar to that used previously in a study of 1687 men and women undergoing exercise programs.(5)”
MethodDelgado‐Floody, P., Álvarez, C., Cadore, E. L., Flores‐Opazo, M., Navarrete, F. C., & Izquierdo, M. (2019) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.002 · Cited by 22
“Following the original studies of exercise interventions [10], the participants who failed to respond to exercise training were categorized as non-responders, and their prevalence was calculated using the typical error (TE) measurement by the following equation:”
MethodPatel, K., Polonsky, T. S., Kibbe, M. R., Guralnik, J. M., Tian, L., Ferrucci, L., Criqui, M. H., Sufit, R. L., Leeuwenburgh, C., Zhang, D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2020.04.498 · Cited by 24
Directions for Exercise Treatment Response Heterogeneity and Individual Response Research
Hrubeniuk, T. J., Bonafiglia, J. T., B̀ouchard, D. R., Gurd, B. J., & Sénéchal, M. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1548-7026 · Cited by 30
“Adapting the exercise protocol, choosing an alternative response threshold, or focusing on a different outcome can result in a different categorization [10, 16, 26, 44, 45, 58].”
BackgroundPrecision in Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise With the Overarching Goal of Moving More
Ozemek, C., & Arena, R. A. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.12.001 · Cited by 22
Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk and exercise: is resistin involved?
Cobbold, C. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08258-0 · Cited by 22
Precision Medicine and Exercise Therapy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Kostek, M. C. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7030064 · Cited by 22
“For metabolic factors, exercise is a well-characterized treatment for diabetes, and while some patients who begin a program substantially improve many measures of metabolism, others experience an adverse metabolic response to exercise [57].”
BackgroundLaukkanen, J. A., Kunutsor, S. K., Ozemek, C., Mäkikallio, T. H., Lee, D.-C., Wisløff, U., & Lavie, C. J. (2019) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.09.001 · Cited by 23
Yin, J., Tang, L., & Dishman, R. K. (2021) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100403 · Cited by 30
Medrano, M., Arenaza, L., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., & Labayen, I. (2019) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12949 · Cited by 21
“metabolic outcomes (ie, fasting insulin, triglycerides, blood pressure) from various studies, did not observe greater improvements of CRF in responders than in non-responders.(43) We did not find any study com-”
ResultMito-nuclear interactions modify Drosophila exercise performance
Sujkowski, A. L., Spierer, A. N., Rajagopalan, T., Bazzell, B. G., Safdar, M., Imsirovic, D., Arking, R., Rand, D. M., & Wessells, R. J. (2018) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.005 · Cited by 21
“Substantial individual variation in the response to identical endurance exercise paradigms exists within the human population (Bouchard et al., 2012; Puthucheary et al., 2011) and between strains of model organisms (Britton and Koch, 2001; Mendez et al.”
BackgroundNicotinamide riboside—A missing piece in the puzzle of exercise therapy for older adults?
Custodero, C., Saini, S. K., Shin, M., Jeon, Y. K., Christou, D. D., McDermott, M. M., Leeuwenburgh, C., Anton, S. D., & Mankowski, R. T. (2020) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2020.110972 · Cited by 21
Domaradzki, J., Koźlenia, D., & Popowczak, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134204 · Cited by 26
Denis, G. V., & Hamilton, J. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000433058.78485.b3 · Cited by 19
Weatherwax, R. M., Ramos, J. S., Harris, N. K., Kilding, A. E., & Dalleck, L. C. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112594 · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, it should be noted that investigations thus far have only concentrated on the impact of different ‘short-term’ standardized exercise doses on the interindividual VO2max [4] and individual cardiometabolic responses [5].”
BackgroundResultResponders and non‐responders to aerobic exercise training: beyond the evaluation of
Maturana, F. M., Soares, R. N., Murias, J. M., Schellhorn, P., Erz, G., Burgstahler, C., Widmann, M., Munz, B., Thiel, A., & Niess, A. M. (2021) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14951 · Cited by 19
“Therefore, the question arises: do non- responders (in relation to V̇O2max) to exercise training are also non- responders to other cardiovascular and/or metabolic health endpoints? In addition, are the improvements in V̇O2max in responders accompanied by improvements in other cardiovascular and/or metabolic health par…”
BackgroundYou can’t teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise
Lombardo, M. P., & Deaner, R. O. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.445 · Cited by 19
“…and strength, critical contributors to success in power sports (e.g., American football, weightlifting) (Silventoinen et al., 2008; Stewart & Rittweger, 2006) and for untrained VO2max and VO2max responsiveness, which are vital for endurance sports (Bouchard et al., 2011; Bouchard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialWinett, R. A., Davy, B. M., Savla, J. T., Marinik, E. L., Winett, S. G., Baugh, M. E., & Flack, K. D. (2014) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-014-0263-2 · Cited by 18
“, resistance training, on one outcome measure such as strength, may not be associated with responsiveness to the stimulus for another health-related outcome measure such as blood pressure [10]; and (2) about 6–8 % of people exposed to the stimulus will show an adverse response [11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYin, J., Tang, L., & Dishman, R. K. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100347 · Cited by 18
Hypertension risk: exercise is medicine* for most but not all
Loenneke, J. P., Fahs, C. A., Abe, T., Rossow, L. M., Ozaki, H., Pujol, T. J., & Bemben, M. G. (2013) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12059 · Cited by 18
Are There Negative Responders to Exercise Training among Heart Failure Patients?
Leifer, E., Brawner, C. A., Fleg, J. L., Kraus, W. E., Whellan, D. J., Piña, I. L., & Keteyian, S. J. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a44164 · Cited by 18
Self-citationMarsh, C. E., Thomas, H. J., Naylor, L. H., Scurrah, K. J., & GREEN, D. J. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100584 · Cited by 18
“In spite of the well-established role of exercise and physical activity in prevention of chronic disease, recent studies suggest that up to 30% of individuals may fail to exhibit beneficial physiological responses to exercise interventions that emulate guideline recommendations for health [3].”
BackgroundLemes, V. B., Brand, C., Dias, A. F., Gaya, A. C. A., & Gaya, A. R. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.23e0054 · Cited by 17
Genomic and transcriptomic predictors of triglyceride response to regular exercise
Sarzynski, M. A., Davidsen, P. K., Sung, Y. J., Hesselink, M. K. C., Schrauwen, P., Rice, T., Rao, D. C., Falciani, F., & Bouchard, C. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095179 · Cited by 18
Self-citationBonafiglia, J. T., Ross, R., & Gurd, B. J. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04078-w · Cited by 19
Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics and Precision Nutrition
Meiliana, A., & Wijaya, A. (2020) · The Indonesian Biomedical Journal · doi:10.18585/inabj.v12i3.1158 · Cited by 20
Pierdoná, T. M., Martin, A., Obi, P. O., Seif, S., Bydak, B., Labouta, H. I., Eadie, A. L., Brunt, K. R., McGavock, J., Sénéchal, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2705143 · Cited by 19
Barber, J. L., Ruiz‐Ramie, J. J., Robbins, J., Gerszten, R. E., Leon, A. S., Rao, D. C., Skinner, J. S., Bouchard, C., & Sarzynski, M. A. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-103323 · Cited by 18
Self-citationCastro, A., Duft, R. G., Nunes, S. G. D. O., de Andrade, A. L. L., Cavaglieri, C. R., & Chacon‐Mikahil, M. P. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.756618 · Cited by 16
“Despite this, it is important to highlight that the variability of the interindividual response of CRF or other biochemical health markers is expected to happen regardless of diet (Bouchard et al., 2012; Ross et al., 2015a,b).”
BackgroundAbrahin, O., Abrahin, R. P., de Sousa, E. C., Cortinhas‐Alves, E. A., Nascimento, D. D. C., & Guerreiro, J. F. (2022) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003139 · Cited by 16
“Adverse responses to cardiovascular risk factors have been previously reported in the literature [11,13,25].”
BackgroundRamírez‐Vélez, R., Izquierdo, M., Castro-Astudillo, K., Medrano-Mena, C., Monroy-Díaz, Á. L., Castellanos-Vega, R. D. P., Triana-Reina, H. R., & Correa‐Rodríguez, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082231 · Cited by 21
“[47] and as originally used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [48].”
MethodSponton, C. H., Esposti, R. D., Rodovalho, C. D. M., Ferreira, M. J., Jarrete, A. P., Anaruma, C. P., Bacci, M., & Zanesco, A. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00844.2013 · Cited by 16
“However, some subjects are not responders to the 80 beneficial effects of exercise training, or even show adverse metabolic responses on resting 81 blood pressure, fasting insulin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides (9).”
BackgroundInterindividual responses to different exercise stimuli among insulin‐resistant women
Álvarez, C., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Ito, S., Celis-Morales, C. A., García‐Hermoso, A., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Lucia, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13213 · Cited by 19
Battle of the sexes: Which is better for you, high- or low-intensity exercise?
Cobbold, C. (2018) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.05.004 · Cited by 16
“, systolic pressure may increase (get worse) or insulin sensitivity decrease).(17) There is a wealth of knowledge on how male and female physiology responds differently to exercise; this includes lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism and hormonal changes (e.”
BackgroundReliability of the hyperaemic response to passive leg movement in young, healthy women
Lew, L. A., Liu, K. R., & Pyke, K. E. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep089629 · Cited by 16
“Typical error values can be used to classify individual responses to an intervention, and 2 × TE is one commonly used threshold to identify a meaningful individual change (Bouchard et al., 2012; Hopkins, 2000).”
MethodBarberio, M. D., Huffman, K. M., Giri, M., Hoffman, E. P., Kraus, W. E., & Hubal, M. J. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001041 · Cited by 16
“capacity (35), and various cardiovascular risk factors (3).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAdverse Cardiovascular Response to Aerobic Exercise Training
Leifer, E., Mikus, C. R., Karavirta, L., RESNICK, B. D., Kraus, W. E., HÄKKINEN, K., Earnest, C. P., & Fleg, J. L. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000752 · Cited by 16
Self-citationEvaluating Individual Level Responses to Exercise for Health Outcomes in Overweight or Obese Adults
Ross, L. M., Slentz, C. A., & Kraus, W. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01401 · Cited by 16
“When this extreme distribution is wide, and the lower tail crosses the technical variation of the Frontiers in Physiology | www.frontiersin.org 5 November 2019 | Volume 10 | Article 1401 health outcome variable, it can be termed an adverse or negative response (Bouchard et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological concomitants of crossfit training
Köteles, F. G., Kollsete, M., & Kollsete, H. (2016) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.48.1.13 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., Hagberg, J. M., Häkkinen, K., Jenkins, N. T., Karavirta, L., Kraus, W. E., Leon, A. S., Rao, D. C., Sarzynski, M. A., Skinner, J. S., Slentz, C. A., & Rankinen, T.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bouchard, Claude
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-05-30
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e37887
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3364277
- OpenAlex
- W2085568044
- Cited by
- 404
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 34.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NIH T32)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017474, R01AG015389, NIH T32 AG00068)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL047327, R01HL047317, R01HL057354, R01HL066262, R01HL047323, R01HL045670, R01HL047321)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (T32AR048523)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- diabetes risk factors, fasting insulin, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, within-person variability, exercise prescription, racial differences, HERITAGE Family Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Basal Metabolism, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Exercise Therapy, Fasting, Female, Humans, Insulin, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Metabolism, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Exercise, Epidemiologic Studies
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