Multi-Session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Elicits Inflammatory and Regenerative Processes in the Rat Brain
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly being used in human studies as an adjuvant tool to promote recovery of function after stroke. However, its neurobiological effects are still largely unknown. Electric fields are known to influence the migration of various cell types in vitro, but effects in vivo remain to be shown. Hypothesizing that tDCS might elicit the recruitment of cells to the cortex, we here studied the effects of tDCS in the rat brain in vivo. Adult Wistar rats (n = 16) were randomized to either anodal or cathodal stimulation for either 5 or 10 consecutive days (500 µA, 15 min). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was given systemically to label dividing cells throughout the experiment. Immunohistochemical analyses ex vivo included stainings for activated microglia and endogenous neural stem cells (NSC). Multi-session tDCS with the chosen parameters did not cause a cortical lesion. An innate immune response with early upregulation of Iba1-positive activated microglia occurred after both cathodal and anodal tDCS. The involvement of adaptive immunity as assessed by ICAM1-immunoreactivity was less pronounced. Most interestingly, only cathodal tDCS increased the number of endogenous NSC in the stimulated cortex. After 10 days of cathodal stimulation, proliferating NSC increased by ∼60%, with a significant effect of both polarity and number of tDCS sessions on the recruitment of NSC. We demonstrate a pro-inflammatory effect of both cathodal and anodal tDCS, and a polarity-specific migratory effect on endogenous NSC in vivo. Our data suggest that tDCS in human stroke patients might also elicit NSC activation and modulate neuroinflammation.
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Therapeutic treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial current stimulation in rats are associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia, marked by morphological alterations, and increased MHCII expression and proliferation.
“Interestingly, therapeutic treatments such as, electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial current stimulation, in rats were associated with a pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia, marked by morphological alterations, and increased MHCII expression and proliferation (Jansson et al, 2009;Rueger et al, 2012).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Rueger et al, 2012
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- Authors
- Rueger, M. A., Keuters, M. H., Walberer, M., Braun, R., Klein, R., Sparing, R., Fink, G. R., Graf, R., & Schroeter, M.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research (DE)
- University Hospital Cologne (DE)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Rueger, Maria Adele
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-08-22
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e43776
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3425495
- OpenAlex
- W2012307799
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universität zu Köln
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, neuroinflammation, neural stem cells, microglial activation, cell migration, anodal stimulation, cathodal stimulation, adaptive immunity, ICAM-1, stroke recovery, neurogenesis, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cell Count, Electric Conductivity, Electrodes, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Inflammation, Male, Regeneration, Skull, Rats, Wistar, Microglia, Stroke, Rats, Adaptive Immunity, Neural Stem Cells
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