The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gut Microbiota Composition Is Correlated to Grid Floor Induced Stress and Behavior in the BALB/c Mouse
Open accessAbstract
Stress has profound influence on the gastro-intestinal tract, the immune system and the behavior of the animal. In this study, the correlation between gut microbiota composition determined by Denaturing Grade Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and tag-encoded 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing (454/FLX) and behavior in the Tripletest (Elevated Plus Maze, Light/Dark Box, and Open Field combined), the Tail Suspension Test, and Burrowing in 28 female BALB/c mice exposed to two weeks of grid floor induced stress was investigated. Cytokine and glucose levels were measured at baseline, during and after exposure to grid floor. Stressing the mice clearly changed the cecal microbiota as determined by both DGGE and pyrosequencing. Odoribacter, Alistipes and an unclassified genus from the Coriobacteriaceae family increased significantly in the grid floor housed mice. Compared to baseline, the mice exposed to grid floor housing changed the amount of time spent in the Elevated Plus Maze, in the Light/Dark Box, and burrowing behavior. The grid floor housed mice had significantly longer immobility duration in the Tail Suspension Test and increased their number of immobility episodes from baseline. Significant correlations were found between GM composition and IL-1α, IFN-γ, closed arm entries of Elevated Plus Maze, total time in Elevated Plus Maze, time spent in Light/Dark Box, and time spent in the inner zone of the Open Field as well as total time in the Open Field. Significant correlations were found to the levels of Firmicutes, e.g. various species of Ruminococccaceae and Lachnospiraceae. No significant difference was found for the evaluated cytokines, except an overall decrease in levels from baseline to end. A significant lower level of blood glucose was found in the grid floor housed mice, whereas the HbA1c level was significantly higher. It is concluded that grid floor housing changes the GM composition, which seems to influence certain anxiety-related parameters.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Other modifying factors (Figure 1) include psychological stress33,34, physical activity35, tobacco use36, alcohol consumption37, and antibiotic exposure38, 39,40.”
From The gut Microbiome in adult and pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Muyzer, G., de Waal, E. C., & Uitterlinden, A. G. (1993) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.59.3.695-700.1993 · Cited by 11,490
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,526
Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome
MetaHIT Consortium (additional members), Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. R., Tap, J., Bruls, T., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09944 · Cited by 7,548
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176
Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., Bienenstock, J., & Cryan, J. F. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108 · Cited by 3,888
Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR ampliconsPreprint
Haas, B. J., Gevers, D., Earl, A. M., Feldgarden, M., Ward, D. V., Giannoukos, G., Ciulla, D., Tabbaa, D., Highlander, S. K., Sodergren, E. J., et al. (2011) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.112730.110 · Cited by 3,527
PyNAST: a flexible tool for aligning sequences to a template alignment
Caporaso, J. G., Bittinger, K. L., Bushman, F. D., DeSantis, T. Z., Andersen, G. L., & Knight, R. D. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp636 · Cited by 3,449
The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review.
Prut, L., & Belzung, C. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01272-x · Cited by 3,190
Sudo, N., Chida, Y., Aiba, Y., Sonoda, J., Oyama, N., Yu, X., Kubo, C., & Koga, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388 · Cited by 2,735
An overview of the immune system
Parkin, J., & Cohen, B. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04904-7 · Cited by 1,593
High-Fat Diet Determines the Composition of the Murine Gut Microbiome Independently of Obesity
Hildebrandt, M. A., Hoffmann, C., Sherrill–Mix, S. A., Keilbaugh, S. A., Hamady, M., Chen, Y., Knight, R., Ahima, R. S., Bushman, F., & Wu, G. D. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.042 · Cited by 1,576
Bourin, M., & Hascoët, M. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01274-3 · Cited by 1,440
Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior
Dantzer, R., & Kelley, K. W. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.006 · Cited by 1,420
Neufeld, K. M., Kang, N., Bienenstock, J., & Foster, J. A. (2011) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x · Cited by 1,392
Cytokines and major depression
Schiepers, O. J. G., Wichers, M. C., & Maes, M. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.003 · Cited by 1,235
A review of the validity and variability of the Elevated Plus-Maze as an animal model of anxiety
Hogg, S. (1996) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)02126-4 · Cited by 1,169
Bailey, M. T., Dowd, S. E., Galley, J. D., Hufnagle, A. R., Allen, R. G., & Lyte, M. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.023 · Cited by 1,123
O'Mahony, S. M., Marchesi, J. R., Scully, P., Codling, C., Ceolho, A.-M., Quigley, E. M. M., Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.026 · Cited by 1,069
Anxiety, defence and the elevated plus-maze.
Rodgers, R., & Dalvi, A. (1997) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00058-9 · Cited by 1,028
Desbonnet, L., Garrett, L., Clarke, G., Bienenstock, J., & Dinan, T. G. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009 · Cited by 952
Ubeda, C., Taur, Y., Jenq, R. R., Equinda, M. J., Son, T., Samstein, M., Viale, A., Socci, N. D., van den Brink, M. R. M., Kamboj, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci43918 · Cited by 943
Zoetendal, E. G., von Wright, A., Vilpponen-Salmela, T., Ben-Amor, K., Akkermans, A. D. L., & de Vos, W. M. (2002) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.68.7.3401-3407.2002 · Cited by 868
Stress Hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, Pro/Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Susceptibility to Disease
Elenkov, I. J., & Chrousos, G. P. (1999) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(99)00188-5 · Cited by 805
Cytokine, Sickness Behavior, and Depression
Dantzer, R. (2009) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2009.02.002 · Cited by 789
Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Saulnier, D. M., Riehle, K., Mistretta, T., Diaz, M., Mandal, D., Raza, S., Weidler, E. M., Qin, X., Coarfa, C., Milosavljevic, A., et al. (2011) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.072 · Cited by 672
Collins, S. M., & Bercik, P. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.075 · Cited by 612
Animal models of anxiety and depression: how are females different?
Palanza, P. (2001) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00010-0 · Cited by 559
Linkage of gut microbiome with cognition in hepatic encephalopathy
Bajaj, J. S., Ridlon, J. M., Hylemon, P. B., Thacker, L. R., Heuman, D. M., Smith, S., Sikaroodi, M., & Gillevet, P. M. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00190.2011 · Cited by 547
Hansen, C. H. F., Krych, Ł., Nielsen, D. S., Vogensen, F. K., Hansen, L. H., Sørensen, S. J., Buschard, K., & Hansen, A. K. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2564-7 · Cited by 507
Self-citationRole of the gut microbiota in defining human health
Fujimura, K. E., Slusher, N. A., Cabana, M. D., & Lynch, S. V. (2010) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/eri.10.14 · Cited by 421
Martínez, I., Wallace, G., Zhang, C., Legge, R. M., Benson, A. K., Carr, T. P., Moriyama, E. N., & Walter, J. (2009) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00380-09 · Cited by 360
Beneficial Effects of Soy Phytoestrogen Intake in Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Jayagopal, V., Albertazzi, P., Kilpatrick, E. S., Howarth, E., Jennings, P. E., Hepburn, D. A., & Atkin, S. L. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1709 · Cited by 346
Burrowing in rodents: a sensitive method for detecting behavioral dysfunction
Deacon, R. M. J. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.19 · Cited by 314
Walk, S. T., Blum, A. M., Ewing, S., Weinstock, J. V., & Young, V. B. (2010) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21299 · Cited by 313
Effects of intestinal microbiota on anxiety-like behavior
Neufeld, K.-A. M., Kang, N., Bienenstock, J., & Foster, J. A. (2011) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.15702 · Cited by 311
Martı́, O., Martı́, J., & Armario, A. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90055-8 · Cited by 305
The Role of Stress on Physiologic Responses and Clinical Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chang, L. (2011) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.032 · Cited by 281
Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: present state and perspectives
Salonen, A., de Vos, W. M., & Palva, A. (2010) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/mic.0.043257-0 · Cited by 264
Hedrich, H. J. (2012) · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-60982-x · Cited by 260
Hufeldt, M. R., Nielsen, D. S., Vogensen, F. K., Midtvedt, T., & Hansen, A. K. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 202
Self-citationAntidepressant-like effects in various mice strains in the tail suspension test
Ripoll, N., David, D. J. P., Dailly, É., Hascoët, M., & Bourin, M. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00034-2 · Cited by 181
Ramos, A., Pereira, E. C., Martins, G. C. A., Wehrmeister, T. D., & Izídio, G. S. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.007 · Cited by 172
The importance of the development of the intestinal microbiota in infancy
Vael, C., & Desager, K. (2009) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e328332351b · Cited by 158
Matthies, A., Clavel, T., Gütschow, M., Engst, W., Haller, D., Blaut, M., & Braune, A. (2008) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00555-08 · Cited by 141
Erratum: Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome
Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, É., Paslier, D. L., Yamada, T., Mende, D. R., Fernandes, G. D. R., Tap, J., Brüls, T., Batto, J.-M., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10187 · Cited by 138
Burrowing: A sensitive behavioural assay, tested in five species of laboratory rodents
Deacon, R. M. J. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.007 · Cited by 129
Caso, J. R., Leza, J. C., & Menchen, L. A. (2008) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652408784533751 · Cited by 127
Nagai, F., Morotomi, M., Watanabe, Y., Sakon, H., & Tanaka, R. (2009) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijs.0.014571-0 · Cited by 116
A protocol for high-throughput phenotyping, suitable for quantitative trait analysis in mice
Solberg, L. C., Valdar, W. S. J., Gauguier, D., Nunez, G., Taylor, A. M., Heyes, S. B., Arboledas-Hita, C., Hernandez-Pliego, P., Davidson, S. I., Burns, P., et al. (2006) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-005-0112-1 · Cited by 114
Husum, H., Termeer, E. H., Mathé, A. A., Bolwig, T. G., & Ellenbroek, B. A. (2002) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00038-2 · Cited by 93
Measuring anxiety- and locomotion-related behaviours in mice: a new way of using old tests
Fraser, L. M., Brown, R. E., Hussin, A. T., Fontana, M., Whittaker, A., O’Leary, T. P., Lederle, L. I., Holmes, A., & Ramos, A. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1873-0 · Cited by 87
Metabolites of Daidzein and Genistein and Their Biological Activities
Chang, Y., Nair, M. G., & Nitiss, J. L. (1995) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np50126a016 · Cited by 85
Interleukin-23 and Th17 Cells in the Control of Gut Inflammation
Monteleone, I., Pallone, F., & Monteleone, G. (2009) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2009/297645 · Cited by 84
Time to include the gut microbiota in the hygienic standardisation of laboratory rodents
Bleich, A., & Hansen, A. K. (2012) · Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.006 · Cited by 82
Self-citationEffects of gut microbiota on the brain: implications for psychiatry
Neufeld, K. M., & Foster, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0931 · Cited by 77
Quantitative aspects of stress-induced immunomodulation
Pruett, S. B. (2001) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00030-8 · Cited by 74
Wolin, M. J., Miller, T. L., Collins, M. D., & Lawson, P. A. (2003) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.69.10.6321-6326.2003 · Cited by 70
Isolation rearing-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition
Weiss, I. C., Feldon, J., & Domeney, A. M. (1999) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199903000-00003 · Cited by 69
Telemetry as a Method for Measuring the Impact of Housing Conditions on Rats' Welfare
Krohn, T. C., Hansen, A. K., & Dragsted, N. (2003) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600025379 · Cited by 48
Self-citationFaecal and caecal microbiota profiles of mice do not cluster in the same way
Pang, W., Vogensen, F. K., Nielsen, D. S., & Hansen, A. K. (2012) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/la.2012.011128 · Cited by 43
Self-citationHufeldt, M. R., Nielsen, D. S., Vogensen, F. K., Midtvedt, T., & Hansen, A. K. (2010) · Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1258/la.2010.010058 · Cited by 42
Self-citationSim, Y., Park, S.-H., Kang, Y.-J., Kim, S., Lee, J.-K., Jung, J., & Suh, H. (2010) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-010-1018-3 · Cited by 34
Cytokines, Sickness Behavior, and Depression
Dantzer, R., Bluthé, R.-M., Castanon, N., Kelley, K. W., Konsman, J. P., Layé, S., Lestage, J., & Parnet, P. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50019-8 · Cited by 32
Comparison of fecal biota from specific pathogen free and feral mice
Wilson, K. H., Brown, R. S., Andersen, G. L., Tsang, J., & Sartor, R. B. (2006) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2006.09.002 · Cited by 31
Mouse Models for Studying Depression-Like States and Antidepressant Drugs
Bergner, C., Smolinsky, A. N., Hart, P. C., Dufour, B. D., Egan, R. J., LaPorte, J. L., & Kalueff, A. V. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3661-8_15 · Cited by 27
Mouse Models for Studying Depression-Like States and Antidepressant Drugs
Bergner, C., Smolinsky, A. N., Hart, P. C., Dufour, B. D., Egan, R. J., LaPorte, J. L., & Kalueff, A. V. (2009) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-058-8_16 · Cited by 22
Wolin, M. J., Miller, T. L., & Lawson, P. A. (2008) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65850-0 · Cited by 21
Ritskes‐Hoitinga, M. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012336425-8/50081-9 · Cited by 17
Fluctuating Asymmetry in Relation to Stress and Social Status in Inbred Male Lewis Rats
̧rensen, D. B. S., Jegstrup, I. M., Ritskes-Hoitinga, M. J., & Hansen, A. K. (2005) · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [21]Stub C, Sorensen DB, Jegstrup IM, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Hansen AK (2002) Fluctuating asymmetry of teeth is not a reliable indicator for assessing stress in rats. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 29: 149– 153.
- [37]Hansen CHF, Nielsen DS, Kverka M, Zakostelka Z, Klimesova K, et al. (2012) Customizing laboratory mice by modifying gut microbiota and immune system development in the early postnatal period. PLoS One (In Press).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder
Jiang, H., Ling, Z., Zhang, Y., Mao, H., Ma, Z., Yin, Y., Wang, W., Tang, W., Tan, Z., Shi, J., et al. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016 · Cited by 2,275
Zheng, P., Zeng, B., Zhou, C., Liu, M., Fang, Z., Xu, X., Zeng, L., Chen, J., Fan, S., Du, X., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.44 · Cited by 2,023
Parker, B. J., Wearsch, P. A., Veloo, A. C. M., & Rodriguez‐Palacios, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00906 · Cited by 1,771
Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic
Dinan, T. G., Stanton, C., & Cryan, J. F. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 · Cited by 1,287
Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression
Naseribafrouei, A., Hestad, K., Avershina, E., Sekelja, M., Linløkken, A., Wilson, R., & Rudi, K. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12378 · Cited by 1,044
Metadata
- Authors
- Bangsgaard Bendtsen, K. M., Krych, L., Sørensen, D. B., Pang, W., Nielsen, D. S., Josefsen, K., Hansen, L. H., Sørensen, S. J., & Hansen, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-10-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e46231
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3462757
- OpenAlex
- W2041032345
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 6.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Villum Fonden
- Copenhagen Graduate School for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, housing stress, anxiety-like behavior, cecal microbiota, cytokines, blood glucose, HbA1c, elevated plus maze, light-dark box, open field, tail suspension test, burrowing behavior, Odoribacter, Alistipes, Coriobacteriaceae, Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, BALB/c mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Blood Glucose, Female, Hemoglobins, Intestines, Mice, Inbred BALB C, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Stress, Physiological, Cytokines, Maze Learning, Mice, Metagenome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
