Effect of High- versus Low-Intensity Supervised Aerobic and Resistance Training on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes; The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)

Balducci, Stefano; Zanuso, Silvano; Cardelli, Patrizia; Salvi, Laura; Bazuro, Alessandra; Pugliese, Luca; Maccora, Carla; Iacobini, Carla; Conti, Francesco G.; Nicolucci, Antonio; Pugliese, Giuseppe; for the Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Investigators

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049297

Cited by 123Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Effect of High- versus Low-Intensity Supervised Aerobic and Resistance Training on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes; The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)

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Balducci, Stefano, Zanuso, Silvano, Cardelli, Patrizia, Salvi, Laura, Bazuro, Alessandra, Pugliese, Luca, Maccora, Carla, Iacobini, Carla +4 more·2012·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0049297PMC PMC3504024

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: While current recommendations on exercise type and volume have strong experimental bases, there is no clear evidence from large-sized studies indicating whether increasing training intensity provides additional benefits to subjects with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of moderate-to-high intensity (HI) versus low-to-moderate intensity (LI) training of equal energy cost, i.e. exercise volume, on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: Pre-specified sub-analysis of the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES), a randomized multicenter prospective trial comparing a supervised exercise intervention with standard care for 12 months (2005-2006). SETTING: Twenty-two outpatient diabetes clinics across Italy. PATIENTS: Sedentary patients with type 2 diabetes assigned to twice-a-week supervised progressive aerobic and resistance training plus exercise counseling (n = 303). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomized by center to LI (n = 142, 136 completed) or HI (n = 161, 152 completed) progressive aerobic and resistance training, i.e. at 55% or 70% of predicted maximal oxygen consumption and at 60% or 80% of predicted 1-Repetition Maximum, respectively, of equal volume. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Hemoglobin (Hb) A(1c) and other cardiovascular risk factors; 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk scores. RESULTS: Volume of physical activity, both supervised and non-supervised, was similar in LI and HI participants. Compared with LI training, HI training produced only clinically marginal, though statistically significant, improvements in HbA(1c) (mean difference -0.17% [95% confidence interval -0.44,0.10], P = 0.03), triglycerides (-0.12 mmol/l [-0.34,0.10], P = 0.02) and total cholesterol (-0.24 mmol/l [-0.46, -0.01], P = 0.04), but not in other risk factors and CHD risk scores. However, intensity was not an independent predictor of reduction of any of these parameters. Adverse event rate was similar in HI and LI subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the large IDES cohort indicate that, in low-fitness individuals such as sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes, increasing exercise intensity is not harmful, but does not provide additional benefits on cardiovascular risk factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.ISRCTN.org ISRCTN-04252749.

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In the IDES trial, after 1 year the high-intensity training group had a 0.17% greater improvement in A1c than the low-intensity training group.
“After 1 year, those in the highintensity training group had a 0.17% greater improvement in A1c compared to those in the lowintensity training group.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [41]
Progressively increasing the duration and intensity of aerobic exercise can lead to further improvements in A1c.
“Progressively increasing the duration and intensity of aerobic exercise can lead to further improvements in A1c.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [41]

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[15]Boulé NG, Kenny GP, Haddad E, Wells GA, Sigal RJ (2003) Meta-analysis of the effect of structured exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 46: 1071– 1081. 12856082
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Background
Anthropometric, Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Benefits of the High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate, Low-Intensity or Control for Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“and >36-weeks (15-studies [77, 89, 91, 100-111], group size: 53±46.”
Physical Exercise on Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Melo, L. C., Dativo-Medeiros, J., Menezes-Silva, C. E., Barbosa, F. T., de Sousa‐Rodrigues, C. F., & Rabelo, L. A. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/8523728 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Prevalence of Non-responders for Glucose Control Markers after 10 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training in Adult Women with Higher and Lower Insulin Resistance
Álvarez, C., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00479 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In this regard, combining RT and endurance training is an effective intervention to promote overall physical fitness in T2DM patients (Balducci et al., 2012).”
Background
Impact of a community-based exercise programme on physical fitness in middle-aged and older patients with type 2 diabetes
Mendes, R., Sousa, N., Themudo-Barata, J. L., & Reis, V. M. (2016) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.01.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Exercise Strategies to Optimize Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Continuing Glucose Monitoring Perspective
van Dijk, J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.28.1.24 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“, lower intensity compensated by a longer duration) found no surplus benefit of high-intensity as opposed to moderate-intensity exercise training for A1C levels (55,56).”
Background
Physical Activity Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Northern Chinese Adults
Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Fang, L., Guan, Q., Gao, L., & Li, Q. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2018/7198274 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Impact of Leisure-Time Physical Activity on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Fukuoka Diabetes Registry
Kaizu, S., Kishimoto, H., Iwase, M., Fujii, H., Ohkuma, T., Ide, H., Jodai, T., Kikuchi, Y., Idewaki, Y., Hirakawa, Y., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098768 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dietary Restriction and Exercise for Diabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review
Huffel, L. V., Tomson, C., Ruige, J. B., Nistor, I., Biesen, W. V., & Bolignano, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113667 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“These results are after the intervention, but the absolute changes were again small [39].”
Drop-out ratio between moderate to high-intensity physical exercise treatment by patients with, or at risk of, type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jabardo-Camprubí, G., Roca, R. D., Sitjà‐Rabert, M., Milà, R., & Roig, J. B. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112786 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Volume-dependent effect of supervised exercise training on fatty liver and visceral adiposity index in subjects with type 2 diabetes The Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES)
Balducci, S., Cardelli, P., Pugliese, L., D’Errico, V., Haxhi, J., Alessi, E., Iacobini, C., Menini, S., Bollanti, L., Conti, F., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.033 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dietary program and physical activity impact on biochemical markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Barreira, E., Novo, A., Vaz, J. A., & Pereira, A. J. B. C. (2017) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2017.06.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Implementing Low-Cost, Community-Based Exercise Programs for Middle-Aged and Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: What Are the Benefits for Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk?
Mendes, R., Sousa, N., Reis, V. M., & Themudo-Barata, J. L. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14091057 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Vigorous-intensity exercises are associated with higher benefits in glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2D [39,40], and a HIIT program seems to induce greater benefits in HbA1c than a continuous training program of moderate intensity [41].”
Background
Exercise and Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Brief Guide for Exercise Professionals
Batrakoulis, A., Jamurtas, A. Z., & Fatouros, I. G. (2022) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000731 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, and body satisfaction. An application of the transtheoretical model in older adults
Guicciardi, M., Lecis, R., Anziani, C., Corgiolu, L., Porru, A., Pusceddu, M. M., & Spanu, F. (2014) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2014.924858 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…aerobic, and resistance training on top of exercise counselling is superior to counselling alone in promoting PA, improving physical fitness, haemoglobin (Hb) A1c, and CVD risk profile, and reducing medication number and/or dosage in sedentary patients with Type 2 diabetes (Balducci et al., 2012).”
Background
Effects of different exercise modalities on novel hepatic steatosis indices in overweight women with type 2 diabetes
Banitalebi, E., Faramarzi, M., Nasiri, S., Ghahfarrokhi, M. M., & Rabiee, V. (2019) · Clinical and Molecular Hepatology · doi:10.3350/cmh.2018.0086 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Interconnection Between Muscle and Bone: A Common Clinical Management Pathway
Smith, C., Sim, M., Via, J. D., Levinger, I., & Duque, G. (2023) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-023-01146-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Beyond just muscle and bone, PRT and exercise are also shown to improve cardio-metabolic risk factors [79], memory and cognitive function [80, 81], and quality of life [82] in older adult and clinical populations.”
Impact of lifestyle-based interventions on absolute cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kariuki, J., Imes, C., Engberg, S., Scott, P., Klem, M., & Cortés, Y. I. (2023) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-22-00356 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Phone Messaging to Prompt Physical Activity and Social Support Among Low-Income Latino Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Pilot Study
Ramirez, M., & Wu, S. (2017) · JMIR Diabetes · doi:10.2196/diabetes.7063 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval Training Is Equivalent to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training for Short- and Medium-Term Outcomes of Glucose Control, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Microvascular Complication Markers in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Wormgoor, S. G., Dalleck, L. C., Zinn, C., Borotkanics, R., & Harris, N. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00475 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Similarly, to ensure that the resistance of the isotonic strength exercises were prescribed appropriately according to the strength progressions of each participant, predicted 1RMs (48) were tested and calculated regularly (on the participants’ first and last training day and the Monday of Week 5 and 9).”
Method
New insights about the putative role of myokines in the context of cardiac rehabilitation and secondary cardiovascular prevention
Raimondo, D. D., Miceli, G., Musiari, G., Tuttolomondo, M., & Pinto, A. V. (2017) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2017.07.30 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Low-intensity regimens are effective as high-intensity programs in different pathologic conditions such as type 2 diabetes (14) and 5 to 10 minutes of running/day also at slow speed (<6 miles/hour) has been associated with markedly reduced risk of death from all causes and CVD (148), while 92 minutes per week or 15 mi…”
Background
Un mayor nivel de actividad física se asocia a una menor prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en Chile: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010
Celis-Morales, C. A., Salas, C., Álvarez, C., Aguilar-Farías, N., Campillos, R. R., Leppe, J., Cristi‐Montero, C., Díaz-Martínez, X., Durán, E., Labraña, A. M., et al. (2015) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872015001100009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes: In Search of a Personalized Approach to Improving β-Cell Function
Murro, E. D., Giuseppe, G. D., Soldovieri, L., Moffa, S., Improta, I., Capece, U., Nista, E. C., Cinti, F., Ciccarelli, G., Brunetti, M., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194202 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition, it should be considered that the extent of the beneficial effects—such as the improvement of glucose homeostasis and the reduction in cardiometabolic risk factors in people with diabetes—is dependent on the total energy expenditure of training rather than exercise duration or intensity [72,73].”
Background
Can Active Aerobic Exercise Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Prehypertensive Elderly Women by Improving HDL Cholesterol and Inflammatory Markers?
Ahn, N., & Kim, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165910 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Fallucca, F. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i3.403 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Contemporary Lifestyle Modification Interventions to Improve Metabolic Comorbidities in HIV
Fitch, K. V. (2019) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-019-00467-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“These findings agree with other studies [57] that increasing exercise intensity does not appear to provide added benefit to improve CVD risk factors.”
Result
The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Bassin, S. R., & Srinath, R. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231180541 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Identifying exercise and cognitive intervention parameters to optimize executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials
Chen, W., Leuk, J. S.-P., Wu, Y., Huang, N., & Teo, W. (2024) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-024-00357-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Like exercise type, all three exercise intensities significantly improved executive function, with moderate-intensity showing the greatest effect [70, 100].”
Background
[Glycemic control through physical exercise in type 2 diabetes systematic review].
Llopiz, P. Q., & García-Galbis, M. R. (2015) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2015.31.4.7907 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comprehensive assessment of the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on lipid profile, glycemic control, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Sun, Y., Lu, B., Su, W., Song, X., Shang, X., Zheng, J., Wang, J., & Yun, H. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037494 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Why exercise may never be effective medicine: an evolutionary perspective on the efficacy versus effectiveness of exercise in treating type 2 diabetes
MacDonald, C., Bennekou, M., Midtgaard, J., Langberg, H., & Lieberman, D. E. (2024) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-108396 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“46 47 However, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis found that high-intensity training was more effective in reducing HbA1c levels compared with moderate-intensity training.”
Effectiveness of high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Kourek, C., Karatzanos, E., Raidou, V., Papazachou, O., Philippou, Α., Nanas, S., & Dimopoulos, S. K. (2023) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v15.i4.184 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The effect of aerobic vs. resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Silva, A. D. S. E., Lacerda, F. V., & Mota, M. P. (2020) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00596-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Prediabetes: how pathophysiology drives potential intervention on a subclinical disease with feared clinical consequences
Giuseppe, G. D., Ciccarelli, G., CEFALO, C. M. A., Cinti, F., Moffa, S., Impronta, F., Capece, U., Pontecorvi, A., Giaccari, A., & Mezza, T. (2021) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03405-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Low-Force Muscle Activity Regulates Energy Expenditure after Spinal Cord Injury
Woelfel, J. R., Kimball, A., Yen, C.-L., & Shields, R. K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001187 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Simple low-intensity activities such as standing throughout the day or engaging in very light-intensity activity to interrupt periods of sitting have improved the metabolic profiles of sedentary individuals (5,14,23,35).”
The analysis of the skeletal muscle metabolism is crucial for designing optimal exercise paradigms in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Akar, E. A., Weill, L., Khoury, M. E., Caradeuc, C., Bertho, G., Boutary, S., Bézier, C., Clerc, Z., Sapaly, D., Bendris, S., et al. (2024) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-024-00850-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Physical activity is recommended as one first-line treatment in T2DM adults, but with widely varying even contrasting results non-resolved yet (Honkola et al. 1997; Dunstan et al. 2002, 2005; Cas-taneda et al. 2002; Kadoglou et al. 2012; Balducci et al. 2012; Krause et al. 2014; Amanat et al. 2020).”
Result
Impact of BMI, Physical Activity, and Sitting Time Levels on Health-Related Outcomes in a Group of Overweight and Obese Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Pippi, R., Cugusi, L., Bergamin, M., Bini, V., Fanelli, C. G., Bullo, V., Gobbo, S., & Blasio, A. D. (2022) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk7010012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“[46,47] reported positive changes in VO2 max, upper- and lower-body strength, and flexibility.”
Background
Respuestas metabólicas inducidas por ejercicio físico de alta intensidad en mujeres sedentarias con glicemia basal alterada e hipercolesterolemia
Álvarez, C., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Flores‐Opazo, M., Henríquez‐Olguín, C., Campos‐Jara, C., Carrasco, V., Cristian Martínez, S., & Celis-Morales, C. A. (2013) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872013001000008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Physical activity recommendations for patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional survey
Hou, L., Ge, L., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Li, H., He, J., Cao, C., Li, R., Tian, J., Chen, Y., et al. (2020) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-020-01480-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vigorous vs. moderate exercise to improve glucose metabolism in inactive women with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance: a pilot randomized controlled trial of two home-based exercise routines
Wang, A., Noel, M., Christ, J. P., Corley, J., Lenhart, N. J., Cedars, M. I., & Huddleston, H. G. (2023) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2023.12.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“High-intensity interval training has also been compared with moderate-intensity exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and has shown a reduction in hyperglycemia, although these data have been controversial in terms of clinical signi ﬁ cance (20, 21).”
Background
Cardiovascular autonomic function in coronary artery disease patients with and without type 2 diabetes : significance of physical activity and exercise capacity
Karjalainen, J. J. (2013) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Influence of a physical activity program on the use of Primary Care services in the city of Rio Claro, SP
Giraldo, A., Gomes, G. A. D. O., Serafim, T. H. S., Zorzeto, L., Aquino, D., & Kokubun, E. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.v.18n2p186 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Self-Motivated Patients: Optimized Diet, Exercise, and Medication for Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Fitness
Nadeau, D. A. (2014) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2014.11.2091 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Body Composition and Health
Wilhelm, E. N., & Pinto, R. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75547-2_19 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Single and Concurrent Effects of Endurance and Resistance Training on Plasma Visfatin, Insulin, Glucose and Insulin Resistance of Non-Athlete Men with Obesity
Tayebi, S. M., Saeidi, A., & Khosravi, M. (2016) · Annals of Applied Sport Science · doi:10.18869/acadpub.aassjournal.4.4.21 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In fact, meta-analysis studies showed that exercise under supervision is effective in improving cardio respiratory fitness and also in controlling blood sugar levels and other cardiovascular risk factors (16).”
Background
Chronic effect of aerobic exercise on anthropometric, biochemical and hemodynamic variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review
Sá, C. A. D., Heizen, P. G., Corralo, V. S., dos Santos, G. A. G., & Soares, N. M. M. (2016) · Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte · doi:10.1016/j.ramd.2015.09.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Short-term circuit resistance training improves insulin resistance probably via increasing circulating Adropin
Rezaeinezhad, N., Alizadeh, R., & Ghanbari–Niaki, A. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-022-01020-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The role of resistance training intensities on glycemic control have been approved [28, 29].”
Background
High-Intensity Interval Training Decreases Circulating HMGB1 in Individuals with Insulin Resistance: Plasma Lipidomics Correlate with Associated Cardiometabolic Benefits
Bravo, G. M., Paramasivam, P., Bellissimo, G. F., Jacquez, Q., Zheng, H., Amorim, F. T., Kovell, L. C., & Mota, R. I. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl31396 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“HIIT involves short bursts of intense exercise followed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise [10,11].”
Intervention effect of combined resistance and aerobic exercise on type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis
Ma, J., Shu, S., Chen, T., Bai, H., Yang, Y., & Ding, X. (2025) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.108121 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effect of 8 Weeks Aerobic Interval Training on Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Insulin Resistance Index in Diabetic Mellitus Type 2 Women
motallebi, F., Shakerian, S., & Ranjbar, R. (2016) · Quarterly of Horizon of Medical Sciences · doi:10.18869/acadpub.hms.22.2.137 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
CardioDiabetes: Core Competencies for Cardiovascular Clinicians in a Rapidly Evolving Era of Type 2 Diabetes Management
Mancini, G. B. J., CHENG, A. Y. Y., Connelly, K. A., FITCHETT, D. H., Goldenberg, R., Goodman, S. G., Leiter, L. A., Lonn, E., Paty, B. W., Poirier, P., et al. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.07.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Resistance and Aerobic Training in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Nunes, R. B. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes Metabolic Disorders & Control · doi:10.15406/jdmdc.2017.04.00126 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“303 patients (HI and LW intensities groups) improved exercise capacity (VO2MAX), insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), glycemic control (HbA1C), lipid profile (HDL-c) and strength (1RM), besides reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and becoming more physical active after 12 months of treatment [10].”
Background
The effects of 10-week different exercise interventions on Framingham risk score and metabolic syndrome severity scores in overweight women with type 2 diabetes
Banitalebi, E., Ghahfarrokhi, M. M., Faramarzi, M., & Nasiri, S. (2018) · Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.34172/jsums.2019.01 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It was revealed that SIT and combined training programs that had been performed 3 days a week (for 10 weeks) were safe and well-tolerated by patients afflicted with T2D.”
BackgroundInfluential
Supervised Exercise Patterns among Diabetic and Non-diabetic Portuguese Adults
Esteves, M., Gouveia, A., Rodrigues, R. G., Pinheiro, P. G., Brás, R. M. M., O’Hara, K., & Duarte, P. (2019) · Annals of Applied Sport Science · doi:10.29252/aassjournal.2626 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease
Weiler, A. A., & Alvar, B. A. (2013) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e31829a6ab7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effect of a Training Program on Hepatic Fat Content and Cardiometabolic Risk in Postmenopausal Women: The Randomized Controlled Trial
Masià, J. R., Pano-Rodríguez, Á., Beltrán-Garrido, J. V., Lecube, A., Sánchez, E., & Hernández‐González, V. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11146409 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In addition, some studies reported the effect of vigorous exercise training interventions in reducing fatty liver [18,19].”
Background
Helping people with diabetes to exercise 帮助糖尿病患者运动
Bloomgarden, Z. T., & Li, X. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12234 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Separate and Combined Effects of Resistance Training and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Juice Consumption on the Diabetic Indicators and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Lotfi, M., Behpoor, N., Rahimi, M., & Jafari, A. (2023) · Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5812/jkums-137856 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Acute effect of moderate-intensity concentric and eccentric exercise on cardiac effort, perceived exertion and interleukin-6 level in physically inactive males
Agarwal, M., Singh, S., Sharma, P., & Saini, R. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08002-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exercise and Diet Improve Cardiometabolic Risk in Overweight and Obese Individuals Without Weight Loss
Gaesser, G. A., Angadi, S. S., Sawyer, B. J., Tucker, W. J., & Jarrett, C. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800093-9.00029-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
THE INFLUENCE OF AEROBIC TRAINING ON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF OBESE WOMEN
Pelemiš, V. M., Macura, M., Andrevski-Krivokuća, N., Ujsasi, D., Pelemiš, M., & Lalić, S. (2016) · SCIndeks · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pengaruh durasi senam diabetes pada penurunan glukosa darah penderita diabetes mellitus tipe II
Kurdanti, W., & Khasana, T. M. (2018) · Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia · doi:10.22146/ijcn.45498 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ergotherapie, Kunst-, Musik-, Sport- und Bewegungstherapie bei psychischen Störungen
Reuster, T., von Spreti, F., Martius, P., Unterberger, J., & Broocks, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_51 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Affective Variables and Cognitive Performances During Exercise in a Group of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Guicciardi, M., Fadda, D., Fanari, R., Doneddu, A., & Crisafulli, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611558 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metabolism
Saghiv, M. S., & Sagiv, M. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48806-2_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval Training Decreases Circulating HMGB1 in Individuals with Insulin Resistance; Plasma Lipidomics Identifies Associated Cardiometabolic BenefitsPreprint
Bravo, G. M., Paramasivam, P., Bellissimo, G. F., Jacquez, Q., Zheng, H., Amorim, F. T., & Mota, R. I. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.21.608998 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Estudio observacional sobre la evaluación del estado físico en una muestra de mexicanos durante el 2014
Matuk, A. L., Palacios, J. J., Hun, K. H. D., & Amador-Hernández, A. G. (2015) · European journal of health research · doi:10.30552/ejhr.v1i2.6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effectiveness of combined aerobic and resistance training circuit on daily physical activity among community-dwelling older people
Obuchi, S. P., Kawai, H., Mitsutake, S., Anzai, S., Inomata, T., Saito, H., Tsuda, H., & Nakajima, T. (2015) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.64.305 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurobiologische Effekte körperlicher Aktivität
Rieckmann, P., & Broocks, A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-31610-4.00002-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effect of Resistance Activity on Diabetes Indicators in Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Fathi, M., Rahmani, M., Rahmati, M., & Dehnou, V. V. (2018) · Qom Univ Med Sci J · doi:10.29252/qums.12.7.41 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exercise Intensities as Factors of Metabolic Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review
Moxley, E., & Bugaieski, T. (2018) · Home Health Care Management & Practice · doi:10.1177/1084822318815446 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
O EFEITO DO TREINAMENTO DE ALTA INTENSIDADE NOS NÍVEIS GLICÊMICOS EM PESSOAS COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2
de Souza, D. R., & Toigo, A. M. (2018) · Revista de Atenção à Saúde · doi:10.13037/ras.vol16n57.4161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Exercise on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Diabetes Mellitus
Colberg, S. R., & Niederseer, D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35374-2_38 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diabetes as a Metabolic Disease and Translational Exercise Medicine Informatics
Bao, T., & Shen, B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9162-1_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ergotherapie, Kunst-, Musik-, Sport- und Bewegungstherapie bei psychischen Störungen
Reuster, T., von Spreti, F., Martius, P., Unterberger, J., & Broocks, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_51-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurobiologische Effekte körperlicher Aktivität
Rieckmann, P., & Broocks, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24255-7.00006-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exercise Prescription for Chronic Disease Management
Hovanec, N. (2015) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Neurobiologische Effekte körperlicher Aktivität
Rieckmann, P., & Broocks, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24265-6.00001-9
Sex-Differences of Low to Moderate Leisure-Time Physical Activity on Metabolic Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Hui-I, Y. (2015) · Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.15226/2374-6890/2/2/00118
“adequate exercise volume improved metabolic control even with low intensity exercise [13].”
Background

Effect of an Intensive Exercise Intervention Strategy on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<subtitle>A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)</subtitle><alt-title>Intensive Exercise and Modifiable CV Risk Factors</alt-title>
Balducci, S. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.380 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of exercise characteristics on HbA1c and other cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Michielsen, M., Yagiz, J. I., Hanssens, M., Claes, J., Geuns, L., Gojevic, T., Hansen, D., Claessen, G., Craemer, M. D., & Cornelissen, V. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-03048-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Is isoenergetic high‐intensity interval exercise superior to moderate‐intensity continuous exercise for cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus? A single‐blinded randomized controlled study
Fιndıkoğlu, G., Altinkapak, A., & Yaylalı, G. F. (2023) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2023.2167238 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effect Of High Versus Low-intensity Supervised Aerobic And Resistance Training On Modifiable CVD Risk Factors In T2DM Subjects
Zanuso, S., Nicolucci, A., Balducci, S., Benvenuti, P., Bertiato, F., Senni, S., & Pugliese, G. (2012) · Florence Research (University of Florence)
Self-citation
Low-volume interval training improves cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Revdal, A. (2014) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway))

Authors: Balducci, S., Zanuso, S., Cardelli, P., Salvi, L., Bazuro, A., Pugliese, L., Maccora, C., Iacobini, C., Conti, F. G., Nicolucci, A., Pugliese, G., & for the Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) Investigators
Affiliations: Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea (IT)
University of Greenwich (GB)
Associazione Fitness Metabolica O.N.L.U.S. (IT)
Mario Negri Sud Foundation (IT)
Corresponding author: Pugliese, Giuseppe
ORCID: Balducci, Stefano
Zanuso, Silvano
Cardelli, Patrizia
Pugliese, Luca
Maccora, Carla
Iacobini, Carla
Conti, Francesco G.
Nicolucci, Antonio
Pugliese, Giuseppe
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2012-11-21
Volume: 7
Issue: 11
Pages: e49297
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049297
PMC: PMC3504024
OpenAlex: W1985621733
Cited by: 123
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10
FWCI: 7.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Bristol-Myers Squibb
Novo Nordisk
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, exercise intensity, high-intensity training, low-intensity training, supervised exercise, aerobic exercise, resistance training, cardiovascular risk factors, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, coronary heart disease risk, sedentary patients, physical activity counseling, adverse events, exercise adherence, physical activity volume
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Fitness, Risk Factors, Resistance Training

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Effect of High- versus Low-Intensity Supervised Aerobic and Resistance Training on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes; The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)

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