Disability Mediates the Impact of Common Conditions on Perceived Health
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: We examined the extent to which disability mediates the observed associations of common mental and physical conditions with perceived health. METHODS AND FINDINGS: WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys carried out in 22 countries worldwide (n = 51,344 respondents, 72.0% response rate). We assessed nine common mental conditions with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and ten chronic physical with a checklist. A visual analog scale (VAS) score (0, worst to 100, best) measured perceived health in the previous 30 days. Disability was assessed using a modified WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS), including: cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, role functioning (life activities), family burden, stigma, and discrimination. Path analysis was used to estimate total effects of conditions on perceived health VAS and their separate direct and indirect (through the WHODAS dimensions) effects. Twelve-month prevalence was 14.4% for any mental and 51.4% for any physical condition. 31.7% of respondents reported difficulties in role functioning, 11.4% in mobility, 8.3% in stigma, 8.1% in family burden and 6.9% in cognition. Other difficulties were much less common. Mean VAS score was 81.0 (SD = 0.1). Decrements in VAS scores were highest for neurological conditions (9.8), depression (8.2) and bipolar disorder (8.1). Across conditions, 36.8% (IQR: 31.2-51.5%) of the total decrement in perceived health associated with the condition were mediated by WHODAS disabilities (significant for 17 of 19 conditions). Role functioning was the dominant mediator for both mental and physical conditions. Stigma and family burden were also important mediators for mental conditions, and mobility for physical conditions. CONCLUSIONS: More than a third of the decrement in perceived health associated with common conditions is mediated by disability. Although the decrement is similar for physical and mental conditions, the pattern of mediation is different. Research is needed on the benefits for perceived health of targeted interventions aimed at particular disability dimensions.
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Major depressive disorder is a prevalent and disabling condition with a high frequency of non-recovery and recurrence, leading to substantial mortality and morbidity.
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition with a high frequency of non-recovery and recurrence, leading to substantial mortality and morbidity [1–3].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Role impairment mediates the impact of mental disorders on perceived health outcomes.
“Since role impairment mediates the impact of mental disorders on perceived health outcomes (Alonso et al., 2013)”
From Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (2018) · cites this paper as Alonso et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Adroher, N. D., Chatterji, S., He, Y., Andrade, L. H., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., Fayyad, J., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Hinkov, H., Hu, C., Iwata, N., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Lépine, J. P., Matschinger, H., Medina-Mora, M. E., O'Neill, S., Hormel, J., Posada-Villa, J. A., Ismet Taib, N., Xavier, M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (ES)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- State University of New York (US)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Saint George Hospital (LB)
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development (RO)
- University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- Shenzhen KangNing Hospital (CN)
- Hiroshima International University (JP)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Alonso, Jordi
- Vilagut, Gemma
- Adroher, Núria D.
- Chatterji, Somnath
- He, Yanling
- Andrade, Laura Helena
- Bromet, Evelyn
- Bruffaerts, Ronny
- Fayyad, John
- Florescu, Silvia
- Gureje, Oye
- Haro, Josep Maria
- Hinkov, Hristo
- Hu, Chiyi
- Iwata, Noboru
- Lee, Sing
- Levinson, Daphna
- Matschinger, Herbert
- Hormel, J.
- Xavier, Miguel
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-06-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e65858
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3675077
- OpenAlex
- W2005503424
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-09-19)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708, Grant 044708)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558, R13-MH066849)
- John W. Alden Trust (R01-MH069864, R13-MH066849)
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- World Health Organization (R03 TW006481)
- European Commission (EAHC 20081308, 20081308, 1999-01042, QLG5–1999-01042, SANCO2004123, 2004123)
- Public Health Agency (RES/4792/13)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (01042, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, CB06/02/0046)
- Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
- National Insurance Institute of Israel (H13-SHOGAI-023, H16-KOKORO-013, H14-TOKUBETSU-026)
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (H16-KOKORO-013, H14-TOKUBETSU-026, H13-SHOGAI-023)
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Regione Piemonte (00/0028)
- Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu
- Fundação Champalimaud (R01 MH070884)
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (044708)
- Pfizer Foundation (R01‐MH069864, R01-DA016558, R13-MH066849, R03-TW006481)
- Pan American Health Organization (FIRCA R03-TW006481)
- Executive Agency for Health and Consumers
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/02/0046, CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP, RETICS RD06/0011, RD06/0011, FIS 00/0028, CIBER CB06/02/0046)
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, NIMH R01MH070884, RO1-MH61905, R01‐MH070884, MH61905, R01MH061905, MH60220, MH070884, MH069864, MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03TW006481, R03TW006481)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- disability, health perception, mediation, mental illness, chronic physical illness, role functioning, stigma, family burden, mobility (physical function), WHODAS, depression, bipolar disorder, neurological disorders, health-related quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Self-Assessment, Self Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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