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Ancient Dispersal of the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus gattii from the Amazon Rainforest
Open accessAbstract
Over the past two decades, several fungal outbreaks have occurred, including the high-profile 'Vancouver Island' and 'Pacific Northwest' outbreaks, caused by Cryptococcus gattii, which has affected hundreds of otherwise healthy humans and animals. Over the same time period, C. gattii was the cause of several additional case clusters at localities outside of the tropical and subtropical climate zones where the species normally occurs. In every case, the causative agent belongs to a previously rare genotype of C. gattii called AFLP6/VGII, but the origin of the outbreak clades remains enigmatic. Here we used phylogenetic and recombination analyses, based on AFLP and multiple MLST datasets, and coalescence gene genealogy to demonstrate that these outbreaks have arisen from a highly-recombining C. gattii population in the native rainforest of Northern Brazil. Thus the modern virulent C. gattii AFLP6/VGII outbreak lineages derived from mating events in South America and then dispersed to temperate regions where they cause serious infections in humans and animals.
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“All three isolates are characterized by diminished virulence relative to the VGIIa clonal outbreak strains (Fraser et al., 2005; Byrnes et al., 2010; Hagen et al., 2013).”
From Natural mismatch repair mutations mediate phenotypic diversity and drug resistance in Cryptococcus deuterogattii (2017) · cites this paper as Hagen et al., 2013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hagen, F., Ceresini, P. C., Polacheck, I., Ma, H., Nieuwerburgh, F. V., Gabaldón, T., Kagan, S., Pursall, E. R., Hoogveld, H. L., van Iersel, L. J. J., Klau, G. W., Kelk, S. M., Stougie, L., Bartlett, K. H., Voelz, K., Pryszcz, L. P., Castañeda, E., Lazera, M., Meyer, W., Deforce, D., Meis, J. F., May, R. C., Klaassen, C. H. W., & Boekhout, T.
- Affiliations
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (NL)
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) (BR)
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (ES)
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NL)
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (NL)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Instituto Nacional de Salud (CO)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis (NL)
- Second Military Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Boekhout, Teun
- ORCID
- Hagen, Ferry
- Ceresini, Paulo C.
- Polacheck, Itzhack
- Ma, Hansong
- Nieuwerburgh, Filip van
- Gabaldón, Toni
- Klau, Gunnar W.
- Kelk, Steven M.
- Stougie, Leen
- Bartlett, Karen H.
- Voelz, Kerstin
- Pryszcz, Leszek P.
- Castañeda, Elizabeth
- Meyer, Wieland
- Deforce, Dieter
- Meis, Jacques F.
- May, Robin C.
- Klaassen, Corné H. W.
- Boekhout, Teun
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-08-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e71148
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3737135
- OpenAlex
- W2152772772
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 19.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- Qatar Foundation
- Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Qatar National Research Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
- Keywords
- Cryptococcus gattii, fungal outbreak, human fungal infections, Amazon rainforest, population dispersal, recombination, phylogenetics, multilocus sequence typing, Northern Brazil, fungal genotypes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brazil, British Columbia, Cells, Cultured, Cryptococcosis, Disease Outbreaks, Genes, Fungal, Humans, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length, Trees, Tropical Climate, Virulence, Northwestern United States, Likelihood Functions, Mycological Typing Techniques, Mice, Cryptococcus gattii, Multilocus Sequence Typing
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