Effects of creatine supplementation with and without exercise and diet intervention on body composition, cognitive function, and markers of health in middle-aged and older adults
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Theoretically, CrM supplementation during a weight loss and exercise intervention may help older individuals promote more optimal changes in body composition, training adaptations, and cognition. To determine whether CrM affects body composition, cognitive function, and/or markers of health in untrained and trained middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: Seventy-three healthy sedentary adults selected whether to participate in a non-exercise or exercise and diet intervention and were then randomized, in a double-blind and counterbalanced manner, to 2 × 5 g/d of maltodextrin placebo (PLA) or CrM. Sixty-four adults aged 45-65 years (54.5 ± 6.2 years, 84.5 ± 21.3 kg; 40 females and 24 males) completed the 12-week intervention and were analyzed. At 0, 6, and 12 weeks, participants had DXA body composition determined, donated fasting blood samples, and completed a battery of cognitive tests and questionnaires. general linear models (GLMs), multivariate and univariate, with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals, and Chi-squared analyzes were used. RESULTS: CrM supplementation without exercise training and diet intervention increased lean tissue mass, strength, and muscular endurance while promoting favorable changes in selected blood lipids, HbA1c, and selected markers of cognitive function and memory. Creatine supplementation during an exercise and weight-loss diet intervention increased lean tissue mass, promoted a greater reduction in body fat percentage, and improved muscular strength, endurance, and selected markers of cognitive function and memory. Supplementation was well-tolerated. CONCLUSION: ISRCTN83081058.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
The MOS 36-ltem Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual Framework and Item Selection
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002 · Cited by 30,033 · see citing works
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
CRAIG, C. L., MARSHALL, A. L., SJ??STR??M, M., BAUMAN, A. E., BOOTH, M. L., AINSWORTH, B. E., PRATT, M., EKELUND, U., YNGVE, A., SALLIS, J. F., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb · Cited by 21,619 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701 · see citing works
Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion
BORG, G. A. V. (1982) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 · Cited by 16,580 · see citing works
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128 · see citing works
No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.
Rothman, K. J. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199001000-00010 · Cited by 5,965 · see citing works
What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments
Perneger, T. V. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236 · Cited by 5,900 · see citing works
Using Effect Size—or Why the P Value Is Not Enough
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-12-00156.1 · Cited by 5,553 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, it provides an assessment of the clinical significance of findings [88,91–96].”
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500 · see citing works
The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review
Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x · Cited by 5,152 · see citing works
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Rachel Lu, J. F., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199401000-00004 · Cited by 4,458 · see citing works
Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires
Shephard, R. J. (2003) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.3.197 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Table of nonprotein respiratory quotient: an update.
Péronnet, F., & Massicotte, D. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation
Harris, R. C., Söderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1992) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0830367 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
The Corsi Block-Tapping Task: Standardization and Normative Data
Kessels, R. P. C., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., Postma, A., Kappelle, L. J., & de Haan, E. H. F. (2000) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an0704_8 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Validation of Wearable Monitors for Assessing Sedentary Behavior
Keadle, S. K., Libertine, A., Lyden, K. A., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., & Freedson, P. S. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820ce174 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Kreider, R. B., Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., Candow, D. G., Kleiner, S. M., Almada, A. L., & Lopez, H. L. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z · Cited by 854 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Participant-reported side effects were recorded using a validated subjective questionnaire adapted from prior supplementation trials [71–73].”
Self-citationMuscle creatine loading in men
Hultman, E., Soderlund, K., Timmons, J. A., Cederblad, G., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.232 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Assessment of Memory Complaint in Age-Associated Memory Impairment: The MAC-Q
Crook, T. H., Feher, E. P., & Larrabee, G. J. (1992) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610292000991 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance
KREIDER, R. B., FERREIRA, M., WILSON, M., GRINDSTAFF, P., PLISK, S., REINARDY, J., CANTLER, E., & ALMADA, A. L. (1998) · Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199801000-00011 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond statistical significance: clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature.
Page, P. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Rae, C., Digney, A. L., McEwan, S. R., & Bates, T. C. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2492 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Faubert, J. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01154 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The Effects of L-Theanine, Caffeine and Their Combination on Cognition and Mood
Haskell, C. F., Kennedy, D. O., Milne, A. L., Wesnes, K. A., & Scholey, A. B. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.008 · Cited by 275 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Digit Vigilance task gauged attentional control and sustained concentration through the identification of target digits among distractors while recording both reaction times and error rates [53].”
Creatine in health and disease
Kreider, R. B., & Stout, J. R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020447 · Cited by 227 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, Since only about 20% of creatine crosses the blood–brain barrier, it has been suggested that higher daily doses of CrM may be needed to increase and maintain elevated brain creatine content and thereby more consistently affect cognitive function measures [16,104,108,137].”
Self-citationMetabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review
Bonilla, D. A., Kreider, R. B., Stout, J. R., Forero, D. A., Kerksick, C. M., Roberts, M. D., & Rawson, E. S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041238 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationIncrease of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate
Dechent, P., Pouwels, P. J. W., Wilken, B., Hanefeld, F., & Frahm, J. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r698 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Creatine Supplementation Enhances Muscular Performance During High-Intensity Resistance Exercise
VOLEK, J. S., KRAEMER, W. J., BUSH, J. A., BOETES, M., INCLEDON, T., CLARK, K. L., & LYNCH, J. M. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00189-2 · Cited by 219 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Creatine supplementation has been consistently reported to increase muscle mass in response to resistance-exercise training in younger and older populations [102–106].”
Matarese, L. E. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00754-2 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Aging, obesity, sarcopenia and the effect of diet and exercise intervention
Colleluori, G., & Villareal, D. T. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111561 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Effects of creatine on mental fatigue and cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation
Watanabe, A., Kato, N., & Kato, T. (2002) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00007-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations
Wax, B., Kerksick, C. M., Jagim, A. R., Mayo, J. J., Lyons, B. C., & Kreider, R. B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061915 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine
Jäger, R., Purpura, M., Shao, A., Inoue, T., & Kreider, R. B. (2011) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-011-0874-6 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationCreatine Supplementation and Brain Health
Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Ostojic, S. M., & Rawson, E. S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020586 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health
Forbes, S. C., Cordingley, D. M., Cornish, S. M., Gualano, B., Roschel, H., Ostojić, S. M., Rawson, E. S., Roy, B. D., Prokopidis, K., Giannos, P., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14050921 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Dolan, E., Gualano, B., & Rawson, E. S. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1500644 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
McMorris, T., Harris, R. C., Swain, J., Corbett, J., Collard, K., Dyson, R. J., Dye, L., Hodgson, C., & Draper, N. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0269-z · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Avgerinos, K. I., Spyrou, N., Bougioukas, K. I., & Kapogiannis, D. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Schulze, A., Ebinger, F., Rating, D., et al. (2001) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1006/mgme.2001.3257 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Human Muscle GLUT4 Protein Content After Immobilization
Eijnde, B. O. '., Ursø, B., Richter, E. A., Greenhaff, P. L., & Hespel, P. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.1.18 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The relative validity of a food record using the smartphone application MyFitnessPal
Teixeira, V., Voci, S. M., Mendes-Netto, R. S., & da Silva, D. G. (2017) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12401 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Turner, C. E., Byblow, W. D., & Gant, N. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3113-14.2015 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Sharma, H. (2021) · Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/sja.sja_158_21 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Creatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fuld, J. P. (2005) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2004.030452 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Lyoo, I. K., Kong, S. W., Sung, S. M., Hirashima, F., Parow, A., Hennen, J., Cohen, B. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2003) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(03)00046-5 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Kennedy, D. O., Scholey, A. B., & Wesnes, K. A. (2001) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2001.11747370 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Creatine Supplementation and Cognitive Performance in Elderly Individuals
McMorris, T., Mielcarz, G., Harris, R. C., Swain, J. P., & Howard, A. (2007) · Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825580600788100 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Improved Reperfusion and Neuroprotection by Creatine in a Mouse Model of Stroke
Prass, K., Royl, G., Lindauer, U., Freyer, D., Megow, D., Dirnagl, U., Stöckler-Ipsiroglu, G., Wallimann, T., & Priller, J. (2007) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600351 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Kondo, D. G., Sung, Y. H., Hellem, T., Fiedler, K. K., Shi, X., Jeong, E.-K., & Renshaw, P. F. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Creatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behavior
McMorris, T., Harris, R. C., Howard, A. N., Langridge, G., Hall, B., Corbett, J., Dicks, M., & Hodgson, C. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.024 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Enhancing Cognitive Function Using Perceptual-Cognitive Training
Parsons, B., Magill, T., Boucher, A., Zhang, M., Zogbo, K., Bérubé, S., Scheffer, O., Beauregard, M., & Faubert, J. (2014) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059414563746 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Alves, C. R. R., Merege Filho, C. A. A., Benatti, F. B., Brucki, S., Pereira, R. M. R., de Sá Pinto, A. L., Lima, F. R., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076301 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cook, C. J., Crewther, B. T., Kilduff, L. P., Drawer, S., & Gaviglio, C. M. (2011) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-8-2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Kreider, R. B., Jäger, R., & Purpura, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14051035 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationLeuzzi, V., Bianchi, M. C., Tosetti, M., Carducci, C., Cerquiglini, A., Cioni, G., & Antonozzi, I. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.9.1407 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores
Benton, D., & Donohoe, R. (2011) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510004733 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Creatine in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
GUALANO, B., DE SALLES PAINNELI, V., ROSCHEL, H., ARTIOLI, G. G., NEVES, M., DE SÁ PINTO, A. L., DA SILVA, M. E. R., CUNHA, M. R., OTADUY, M. C. G., DA COSTA LEITE, C., et al. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181fcee7d · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Test-Retest Reliability of Different Versions of the Stroop Test
Siegrist, M. (1997) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223989709603516 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dietary creatine intake and depression risk among U.S. adults
Bakian, A. V., Huber, R. S., Scholl, L., Renshaw, P. F., & Kondo, D. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0741-x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Indirect calorimetry: From bench to bedside
Thomas, N., Gupta, R., Ramachandran, R., Venkatesan, P., Shajith Anoop, S., & Joseph, M. (2017) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_484_16 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Earnest, C. P., Almada, A. L., & Mitchell, T. L. (1996) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0910113 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Derave, W., Eijnde, B. O., Verbessem, P., Ramaekers, M., Van Leemputte, M., Richter, E. A., & Hespel, P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00977.2002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kerksick, C. M., Wismann-Bunn, J., Fogt, D., Thomas, A. R., Taylor, L., Campbell, B. I., Wilborn, C. D., Harvey, T., Roberts, M. D., La Bounty, P., et al. (2010) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-59 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow
Arciero, P. J., Hannibal, N. S., Nindl, B. C., Gentile, C. L., Hamed, J., & Vukovich, M. D. (2001) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2001.28159 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Tsoi, K. K. F., Chan, J. Y. C., Hirai, H. W., Wong, A., Mok, V., LAM, L. C. W., Kwok, T. C. Y., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.016 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Greenwood, M., Kreider, R. B., Melton, C., Rasmussen, C., Lancaster, S., Cantler, E., Milnor, P., & Almada, A. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1022413202549 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasured and predicted resting energy expenditure in clinically stable patients*
Feurer, I. D., Crosby, L. O., & MULLEN, J. (1984) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(84)80019-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kondo, D. G., Forrest, L. N., Shi, X., Sung, Y.-H., Hellem, T. L., Huber, R. S., & Renshaw, P. F. (2016) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2194-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Creatine supplementation does not improve cognitive function in young adults
Rawson, E. S., Lieberman, H. R., Walsh, T. M., Zuber, S. M., Harhart, J. M., & Matthews, T. C. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.009 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Beneficial effect of creatine supplementation in knee osteoarthritis
NEVES, M., GUALANO, B., ROSCHEL, H., FULLER, R., BENATTI, F. B., DE SÁ PINTO, A. L., LIMA, F. R., PEREIRA, R. M., LANCHA, A. H., & BONFÁ, E. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182118592 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Creatine for the Treatment of Depression
Kious, B. M., Kondo, D. G., & Renshaw, P. F. (2019) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom9090406 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ensenauer, R., Thiel, T., Schwab, K. O., Tacke, U., Stöckler-Ipsiroglu, S., Schulze, A., Hennig, J., & Lehnert, W. (2004) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.04.005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Prokopidis, K., Giannos, P., Triantafyllidis, K. K., Kechagias, K. S., Forbes, S. C., & Candow, D. G. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac064 · Cited by 71 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Beyond alterations in brain energetics, creatine supplementation has been reported to improve selected measures of cognitive performance across a range of populations and experimental conditions [22,23,83,116,122–130], including during sleep deprivation [126–128 ,131 ,132].”
Rabchevsky, A. G., Sullivan, P. G., Fugaccia, I., & Scheff, S. W. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503322144572 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Gordji-Nejad, A., Matusch, A., Kleedörfer, S., Patel, H., Drzezga, A. E., Elmenhorst, D., Binkofski, F., & Bauer, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Roschel, H., Hayashi, A. P., Fernandes, A. L., Filho, J. C. J., Hevia-Larraín, V., de Capitani, M. D., de Santana, D. A., Gonçalves, L. D. S., de Sá‐Pinto, A. L., Lima, F. R., et al. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.024 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Effect of age, diet, and tissue type on PCr response to creatine supplementation
Solis, M. Y., Artioli, G. G., Otaduy, M. C. G., Leite, C. D. C., Arruda, W., Veiga, R. R., & Gualano, B. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2017 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cerebral energetic effects of creatine supplementation in humans
Pan, J. W., & Takahashi, K. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00717.2006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“ P < 0.05” Might Not Mean What You Think: American Statistical Association Clarifies P Values
Grabowski, B. (2016) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djw194 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Memory complaint scale (MCS): Proposed tool for active systematic search
Vale, F. A. C., Balieiro, A. P., & da Silva-Filho, J. H. (2012) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642012dn06040004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
de Paula, J. J., Malloy‐Diniz, L. F., & Romano‐Silva, M. A. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1879 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Tachikawa, M., Fujinawa, J., Takahashi, M., Kasai, Y., Fukaya, M., Sakai, K., Yamazaki, M., Tomi, M., Watanabe, M., Sakimura, K., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05652.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wesnes, K. A., Brooker, H. J., Ballard, C. G., McCambridge, L. J. E., Stenton, R., & Corbett, A. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4659 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Amiri, E., & Sheikholeslami‐Vatani, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1062832 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Jung, Y. P., Earnest, C. P., Koozehchian, M., Galvan, E., Dalton, R., Walker, D., Rasmussen, C., Murano, P. S., Greenwood, M., & Kreider, R. B. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0159-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationGalbreath, M., Campbell, B. I., Bounty, P. L., Bunn, J. A., Dove, J., Harvey, T. M., Hudson, G. M., Gutierrez, J. L., Levers, K. S., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081070 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationCreatine supplementation improves muscle strength in patients with congestive heart failure.
Kuethe, F., Krack, A., Richartz, B. M., & Figulla, H. R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Treatment monitoring of brain creatine deficiency syndromes: a 1H- and 31P-MR spectroscopy study.
Bianchi, M. C., Tosetti, M., Battini, R., Leuzzi, V., Alessandri, M., Carducci, C., Antonozzi, I., & Cioni, G. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cornelissen, V., Defoor, J., Stevens, A., Schepers, D., Hespel, P., Decramer, M., Mortelmans, L., Dobbels, F., Vanhaecke, J., Fagard, R., et al. (2010) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215510367995 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation
Harmon, K. K., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., Pabian, P. S., Rawson, E. S., & Stock, M. S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061825 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Toniolo, R. A., Fernandes, F. D. B. F., Silva, M., Dias, R. D. S., & Lafer, B. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.029 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C., Campbell, B. I., Roberts, M. D., Rasmussen, C. J., Greenwood, M. P., & Kreider, R. B. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a00baf · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationCreatine as a Novel Treatment for Depression in Females Using Methamphetamine: A Pilot Study
Hellem, T. L., Sung, Y.-H., Shi, X.-F., Pett, M. A., Latendresse, G., Morgan, J., Huber, R. S., Kuykendall, D., Lundberg, K. J., & Renshaw, P. F. (2015) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2015.1100471 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Solis, M. Y., Painelli, V. D. S., Artioli, G. G., Roschel, H., Otaduy, M. C. G., & Gualano, B. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513003802 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effects of Acute Ashwagandha Ingestion on Cognitive Function
Xing, D., Yoo, C., Gonzalez, D. E., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Ko, J., Faries, M. B., Kephart, W. C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911852 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationForbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Ferreira, L. H. B., & de Souza, T. P. (2021) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1877232 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kreider, R. B., Rasmussen, C. J., Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C., Taylor, L. W., Campbell, B. I., Magrans-Courtney, T., Fogt, D. L., Ferreira, M. P., Li, R., et al. (2011) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2011.05.1893 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSubjective memory complaints and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy elderly
Caramelli, P., & Beato, R. (2008) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642009dn20100009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Physical exercise, nutrition and hormones: three pillars to fight sarcopenia
Sgrò, P., Sansone, M., Sansone, A., Sabatini, S., Borrione, P., Romanelli, F., & Luigi, L. D. (2018) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2018.1439004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Acute and Repeated Ashwagandha Supplementation Improves Markers of Cognitive Function and Mood
Leonard, M., Dickerson, B. L., Estes, L., Gonzalez, D. E., Jenkins, V. M., Johnson, S., Xing, D., Yoo, C., Ko, J., Purpura, M., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16121813 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes brain creatine content rely on exogenous creatine in healthy youth? A proof-of-principle study
Merege-Filho, C. A. A., Otaduy, M. C. G., de Sá-Pinto, A. L., de Oliveira, M. O., de Souza Gonçalves, L., Hayashi, A. P. T., Roschel, H., Pereira, R. M. R., Silva, C. A., Brucki, S. M. D., et al. (2017) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0406 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
DAWSON, B., VLADICH, T., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-200211000-00001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jung, Y. P., Earnest, C. P., Koozehchian, M., Cho, M., Barringer, N., Walker, D., Rasmussen, C., Greenwood, M., Murano, P. S., & Kreider, R. B. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0158-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary supplementation of creatine monohydrate reduces the human fMRI BOLD signal
Hammett, S. T., Wall, M. B., Edwards, T. C., & Smith, A. T. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.054 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Krentz, J. R., Roberts, M. D., & Young, K. C. (2019) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk4030062 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dietary creatine and cognitive function in U.S. adults aged 60 years and over
Ostojić, S. M., Korovljev, D., & Štajer, V. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01857-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Solis, M. Y., Hayashi, A. P., Artioli, G. G., Roschel, H., Sapienza, M. T., Otaduy, M. C., De Sã Pinto, A. L., Silva, C. A., Sallum, A. M. E., Pereira, R. M. R., et al. (2016) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24681 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
An Overview of Sarcopenia: Focusing on Nutritional Treatment Approaches
Barone, M., Baccaro, P., & Molfino, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071237 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hayashi, A. P., Solis, M. Y., Sapienza, M. T., Otaduy, M. C. G., de Sá Pinto, A. L., Silva, C. A., Sallum, A. M. E., Pereira, R. M. R., & Gualano, B. (2014) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203314546017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations
Candow, D. G., Ostojić, S. M., Chilibeck, P. D., Longobardi, I., Gualano, B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Wallimann, T., Moriarty, T. A., Kreider, R. B., Forbes, S. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationIs It Time for a Requiem for Creatine Supplementation-Induced Kidney Failure? A Narrative Review
Longobardi, I., Gualano, B., Seguro, A. C., & Roschel, H. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061466 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Cerebral White Matter in Competitive Sportsmen
Wilkinson, I. D., Mitchel, N., Breivik, S., Greenwood, P., Griffiths, P. D., Winter, E., & van Beek, E. J. R. (2005) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jsm.0000176372.67398.c8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kreider, R. B., Gonzalez, D. E., Hines, K., Gil, A., & Bonilla, D. A. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationJo, E., Worts, P. R., Elam, M. L., Brown, A. F., Khamoui, A. V., Kim, D.-H., Yeh, M.-C., Ormsbee, M. J., Prado, C. M., Cain, A., et al. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.12.015 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yoo, C., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D. E., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Ko, J., Faries, M. B., Kephart, W. C., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113980 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationCreatine Supply Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Lung Transplantation in Rats
de Almeida, F. M., Battochio, A. D. S., Napoli, J. P., Alves, K. A., Balbin, G. S., Oliveira‐Junior, M. C., Moriya, H. T., Pêgo‐Fernandes, P. M., Vieira, R. P., & Pazetti, R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092765 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Leonard, M., Maury, J., Dickerson, B. L., Gonzalez, D. E., Kendra, J. A., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Yoo, C., Xing, D., Ko, J., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15081918 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationXing, D., Yoo, C., Gonzalez, D. E., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Ko, J., Faries, M. B., Kephart, W. C., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124478 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationSowinski, R. J., Gonzalez, D. E., Xing, D., Yoo, C., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B. L., Humphries, M., Leonard, M., Ko, J., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113758 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationApplications of Confidence Limits and Effect Sizes in Sport Research
Drinkwater, E. J. (2008) · The Open Sports Sciences Journal · doi:10.2174/1875399x00801010003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Supplemental creatine monohydrate loading improves cognitive function in experienced mountain bikers
Borchio, L., Machek, S. B., & Machado, M. (2020) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10589-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chu, S.-F., Liou, T., Chen, H., Huang, S., & Liao, C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061992 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
van der Veen, Y., Post, A., Kremer, D., Koops, C. A., Marsman, E. M., Appeldoorn, T. Y. J., Touw, D. J., Westerhuis, R., Heiner-Fokkema, M. R., Franssen, C. F. M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082709 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Dickerson, B. L., Maury, J., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D. E., Leonard, M., Kendra, J. A., Ko, J., Yoo, C., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070990 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationKo, J., Yoo, C., Xing, D., Chun, J., Gonzalez, D. E., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Jenkins, V. M., van der Merwe, M., Slupsky, C. M., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193387 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationTurner, C. E., Russell, B. R., & Gant, N. (2015) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2015.06.018 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Reporting Characteristics in Sports Nutrition
Earnest, C. P., Roberts, B. M., Harnish, C., Kutz, J. L., Cholewa, J. M., & Johannsen, N. M. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6040139 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yoo, C., Maury, J., Gonzalez, D. E., Ko, J., Xing, D., Jenkins, V. M., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Estes, L., Johnson, S., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16172999 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationDover, S., Stephens, S., Schneiderman, J. E., Pullenayegum, E., Wells, G. D., Levy, D. M., Marcuz, J.-A., Whitney, K., Schulze, A., Tein, I., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.191375 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Creatine monohydrate pilot in Alzheimer's: Feasibility, brain creatine, and cognition
Smith, A. N., Choi, I., Lee, P., Sullivan, D. K., Burns, J. M., Swerdlow, R. H., Kelly, E., & Taylor, M. K. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70101 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gonzalez, D. E., Dickerson, B. L., Johnson, S. E., Woodruff, K. E., Leonard, M., Yoo, C., Ko, J., Xing, D., Martinez, V., Kendra, J. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2427751 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary creatine and kidney function in adult population: NHANES 2017–2018
Ostojić, S. M. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2200 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Furtado, E. T. F., Oliveira, J. D. D., Pereira, I. S. B., Veiga, E. P., da Silva, S. D., & de Abreu, W. C. (2024) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202420230559 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Rusterholz, F., Campbell, B. I., & Ostojić, S. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204343 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Larsen, M. S., Witard, O. C., Holm, L., Scaife, P. J., Hansen, R., Smith, K., Tipton, K. D., Mose, M., Bengtsen, M. B., Lauritsen, K. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Picture Recognition Memory: A Review of Research and Theory
Levie, W. H., & Hathaway, S. N. (1988) · Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging · doi:10.1080/23796529.1988.11674426 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yoo, C., Xing, D., Gonzalez, D. E., Jenkins, V. M., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B. L., Leonard, M., Ko, J., Lewis, M. H., Faries, M. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2352779 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, B., Hong, M., Jin, L., & Ling, K. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2364762 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Creatine supplementation and muscle-brain axis: a new possible mechanism?
Ribeiro, F., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Perim, P., Lira, F. S., Lancha, A. H., & Neto, J. C. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1579204 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
McMath, A. L., & Gallagher, D. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.70041 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Choice Reaction Time and Learning
Trueman, R. C., Brooks, S. P., & Dunnett, S. B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_594 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dietary creatine is associated with lower serum neurofilament light chain levels
Ostojić, S. M., Grasaas, E., Baltic, S., & Cvejić, J. (2024) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2024-0064 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wang, J., Lin, C., Cai, X., Wang, Y., Wei, T., Wang, Y., Tie, C., Yang, Y., Lv, F., Yang, W., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16552 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wu, J., Qiu, P., & Li, Y. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2542369 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sarcopenia in Aging: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Frontiers
Jeyaraman, M., Jeyaraman, N., Nallakumarasamy, A., Ramasubramanian, S., Muthu, S., Murugan, S., Rajendran, S. N. S., Rajendran, R. L., Ahn, B., & Gangadaran, P. (2025) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-025-02071-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ashtary‐Larky, D., Mohammadi, S., Hajizadeh, L., Mousavi, S. A. H., Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., & António, J. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2586523 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gordji-Nejad, A., Matusch, A., Kleedörfer, S., Patel, H., Drzezga, A. E., Elmenhorst, D., Binkofski, F., & Bauer, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1515761 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of changes in body composition on cardiometabolic diseases by sex and presence of sarcopenia
Park, J., Shin, H. E., Kim, M., & Won, C. W. (2025) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108207 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Santo, R. C. D. E., de Moraes, D. N., Dória, L. D., dos Santos, L. P., Pena, É., Pilotti, S., Mallmann, A. L. S., Hax, V., de Andrade, N. P. B., Spritzer, P. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s41927-025-00593-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nedeljkovic, D., Baltic, S., Todorović, N., & Ostojić, S. M. (2025) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/27697061.2024.2432484 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rethinking sarcopenia and frailty of the elderly
Blumer, J., & Le, B. (2025) · Post Reproductive Health · doi:10.1177/20533691251337173 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gonzalez, D. E., Hines, K. E., Sowinski, R., Estes, L., Johnson, S. E., Chun, J.-S., Lee, H., Leon, S., Gil, A., Ko, J., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17121995 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation on Lipid Profile in Older Adults
Clarke, H. E., Akhavan, N. S., Hickner, R. C., Kraeher, K., & Angel, V. (2022) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzac047.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- [21]Roschel HGB, Ostojic SM, Rawson ES. Creatine supplementation and brain health. Nutrients. 2021; 13(2): 588. doi: 10.3390/nu13020586 33578876 PMC7916590 · DOI · Paper page
- [35]Green MS. Resting cardiovascular assessment protocols in exercise trials. Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology. 2020; 9(1): 45– 52.
- [36]Laquatra I. Validation of dietary tracking applications in free-living adults. Journal of Nutrition Research. 2021; 75(2): 123– 131.
- [46]Almada A, Kreider R, Ransom J, et al. Comparison of the reliability of repeated whole body dexa scans to repeated spine and hip scans. J Bone Miner Res. 1999; 14: S369.
- [48]Liguori G, ACoS M. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020
- [50]Kennedy DO. Cognitive performance outcomes in nutritional intervention research. Nutr Rev. 2017; 75: 61– 74.27974600
- [51]Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. Effects of panax ginseng on cognition, mood and physical performance in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2005; 172: 374– 382.
- [61]Parsons B, Magill N, Bérubé S, et al. The role of Perceptual–Cognitive training in developing expertise in soccer. Cogn Process. 2016; 17: 241– 249.
- [62]Grove JR, Prapavessis H. Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states. Int J Sport Psychol. 1992; 23: 93– 109.
- [90]Schafer JL. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999.
- [111]Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Salomons GS. Creatine deficiency syndromes In: Adam MP, Bisck S, Mirzaa GM, et al., editors. GeneReviews(R). Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 2009. pp. 1993– 2026.
- [162]Gualano B, Roschel H, Lancha Jr AH, et al. Ingestion of creatine and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Amino Acids. 2008; 35(1): 29– 37.18008028
- Authors
- Chun, J., Liu, Y., Kibler, G. L., Lee, H., Babakhani, K., Rhoades, N., Bivins, I., Ko, J., Dickerson, B., Gonzalez, D. E., Sowinski, R. J., Rasmussen, C. J., & Kreider, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kreider, Richard B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2026-08-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- sup1
- Pages
- 2716273-2716273
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC13463452
- OpenAlex
- W7202183709
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 155
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Woodnext Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Keywords
- creatine supplementation, creatine monohydrate, body composition, lean body mass, fat-free mass, muscle strength, muscular endurance, cognitive function, memory, weight loss diet, exercise training, middle-aged and older adults, sedentary adults, serum lipids, HbA1c
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Enhancement, Aged, Body Composition, Cognition, Creatine, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Biomarkers, Exercise, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review