Synthesis and Propagation of Complement C3 by Microglia/Monocytes in the Aging Retina
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Complement activation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which may be mediated in part by para-inflammatory processes. We aimed to investigate the expression and localization of C3, a crucial component of the complement system, in the retina during the course of aging. METHODS: SD rats were born and reared in low-light conditions, and euthanized at post-natal (P) days 100, 450, or 750. Expression of C3, IBA1, and Ccl- and Cxcl- chemokines was assessed by qPCR, and in situ hybridization. Thickness of the ONL was assessed in retinal sections as a measure of photoreceptor loss, and counts were made of C3-expressing monocytes. RESULTS: C3 expression increased significantly at P750, and correlated with thinning of the ONL, at P750, and up-regulation of GFAP. In situ hybridization showed that C3 was expressed by microglia/monocytes, mainly from within the retinal vasculature, and occasionally the ONL. The number of C3-expressing microglia increased significantly by P750, and coincided spatiotemporally with thinning of the ONL, and up-regulation of Ccl- and Cxcl- chemokines. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that recruited microglia/monocytes contribute to activation of complement in the aging retina, through local expression of C3 mRNA. C3 expression coincides with age-related thinning of the ONL at P750, although it is unclear whether the C3-expressing monocytes are a cause or consequence. These findings provide evidence of activation of complement during natural aging, and may have relevance to cellular events underling the pathogenesis of age-related retinal diseases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Retinal inflammation and degeneration have been reported to commence earlier than 24 months in rodents.
“Retinal inflammation and degeneration have been reported to commence earlier than 24 months in rodents”
From Fecal microbiota transfer between young and aged mice reverses hallmarks of the aging gut, eye, and brain (2022) · cites this paper as [103]
Increasing expression of inflammatory complement protein C3 in the aging rodent retina is associated with progressive extracellular deposits between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane (BM), which contribute to retinal degeneration.
“Increasing expression of inflammatory complement protein C3 in the aging rodent retina is associated with progressive extracellular deposits between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch’s membrane (BM), which contribute to retinal degeneration”
From Fecal microbiota transfer between young and aged mice reverses hallmarks of the aging gut, eye, and brain (2022) · cites this paper as [103]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Origin and physiological roles of inflammation
Medzhitov, R. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07201 · Cited by 6,618 · see citing works
Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration
Klein, R. J., Zeiss, C., Chew, E. Y., Tsai, J.-Y., Sackler, R. S., Haynes, C., Henning, A. K., SanGiovanni, J. P., Mane, S. M., Mayne, S. T., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1109557 · Cited by 4,492 · see citing works
Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration
Edwards, A. O., Ritter, R., Abel, K. J., Manning, A., Panhuysen, C., & Farrer, L. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110189 · Cited by 2,449 · see citing works
Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration
Haines, J. L., Hauser, M. A., Schmidt, S., Scott, W. K., Olson, L. M., Gallins, P., Spencer, K. L., Kwan, S. Y., Noureddine, M., Gilbert, J. R., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110359 · Cited by 2,424 · see citing works
Hageman, G. S., Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., Hancox, L. S., Taiber, A. J., Hardisty, L. I., Hageman, J. L., Stockman, H. A., Borchardt, J. D., Gehrs, K. M., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501536102 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
Harman, D. (1981) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Walport, M. J. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200104123441506 · Cited by 1,480 · see citing works
Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies
Ambati, J., Ambati, B. K., Yoo, S. H., Ianchulev, S., & Adamis, A. P. (2003) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00030-4 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Complement C3 variant and the risk of age-related macular degeneration
Yates, J. R. W., Sepp, T., Matharu, B. K., Khan, J. C., Thurlby, D. A., Shahid, H., Clayton, D. G., Hayward, C., Morgan, J., Wright, A. F., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa072618 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Anderson, D. H., Radeke, M. J., Gallo, N. B., Chapin, E. A., Johnson, P. T., Curletti, C. R., Hancox, L. S., Hu, J., Ebright, J. N., Malek, G., et al. (2010) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.11.003 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Taylor, P. R., Carugati, A., Fadok, V. A., Cook, H. T., Andrews, M., Carroll, M. C., Savill, J., Henson, P. M., Botto, M., & Walport, M. J. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.3.359 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Oxidative damage-induced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration
Hollyfield, J. G., Bonilha, V. L., Rayborn, M. E., Yang, X., Shadrach, K. G., Lu, L., Ufret, R. L., Salomon, R. G., & Perez, V. L. (2008) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1709 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Korb, L. C., & Ahearn, J. M. (1997) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.158.10.4525 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Para-Inflammation in the Aging Retina
Xu, H., Chen, M., & Forrester, J. V. (2009) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.001 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Gupta, N., Brown, K. E., & Milam, A. H. (2003) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(02)00332-9 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Complement: a unique innate immune sensor for danger signals
GASQUE, P. (2004) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.011 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Macrophage Depletion Inhibits Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization
Sakurai, E., Anand, A., Ambati, B. K., van Rooijen, N., & Ambati, J. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0097 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Complement in Immune and Inflammatory Disorders: Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Ricklin, D., & Lambris, J. D. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1203487 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Age-related Macular Degeneration
Donoso, L. A., Kim, D. S., Frost, A. T., Callahan, A., & Hageman, G. S. (2006) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.001 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Immunological and Aetiological Aspects of Macular Degeneration
Penfold, P. L., Madigan, M. C., Gillies, M. C., & Provis, J. M. (2001) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s1350-9462(00)00025-2 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in complement factor 3 is associated with risk of age-related macular degeneration
Maller, J. B., Fagerness, J. A., Reynolds, R. C., Neale, B. M., Daly, M. J., & Seddon, J. M. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2131 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Espinosa‐Heidmann, D. G., Suñer, I. J., Hernandez, E. P., Monroy, D. C., Csaky, K. G., & Cousins, S. W. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0038 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Lipofuscin of the retinal pigment epithelium: A review
Kennedy, C. J., Rakoczy, P. E., & Constable, I. J. (1995) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.1995.192 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Forecasting Age-Related Macular Degeneration Through the Year 2050
Rein, D. B. (2009) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.58 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Complement components of the innate immune system in health and disease in the CNS
Gasque, P., Dean, Y. D., McGreal, E. P., VanBeek, J., & Morgan, B. P. (2000) · Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0162-3109(00)80302-1 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Sennlaub, F., Auvynet, C., Calippe, B., Lavalette, S., Poupel, L., Hu, S. J., Dominguez, E., Camelo, S., Levy, O., Guyon, E., et al. (2013) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201302692 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Senile macular degeneration: The involvement of immunocompetent cells
Penfold, P. L., Killingsworth, M. C., & Sarks, S. H. (1985) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/bf02150948 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Klein, R. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-26977-0_5 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Païdassi, H., Tacnet‐Delorme, P., Garlatti, V., Darnault, C., Ghebrehiwet, B., Gaboriaud, C., Arlaud, G. J., & Frachet, P. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2329 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Newman, A. M., Gallo, N., Hancox, L. S., Miller, N. J., Radeke, C. M., Maloney, M. A., Cooper, J. B., Hageman, G. S., Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., et al. (2012) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm315 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Bruch's membrane and choroidal macrophages in early and advanced age-related macular degeneration
Cherepanoff, S., McMenamin, P. G., Gillies, M. C., Kettle, E., & Sarks, S. H. (2009) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.165563 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Complement factor H deficiency in aged mice causes retinal abnormalities and visual dysfunction
Coffey, P. J., Gias, C., McDermott, C. J., Lundh, P., Pickering, M. C., Sethi, C., Bird, A., Fitzke, F. W., Maass, A., Chen, L. L., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705079104 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Luhmann, U. F. O., Robbie, S. J., Munro, P., Barker, S. E., Durán, Y., Luong, V., Fitzke, F. W., Bainbridge, J. W., Ali, R. R., & MacLaren, R. E. (2009) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3462 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Aging and degeneration of the human macula. 1. Outer nuclear layer and photoreceptors.
Gartner, S., & Henkind, P. (1981) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.65.1.23 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Role of complement and complement regulators in the removal of apoptotic cells
Trouw, L. A., Blom, A. M., & Gasque, P. (2007) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Chen, M., Forrester, J. V., & Xu, H. (2007) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.11.015 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Immunopathological aspects of age-related macular degeneration
Patel, M. M., & Chan, C. (2008) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-008-0112-9 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Differential expression of GFAP in early v late AMD: a quantitative analysis
Wu, K. H. C. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.87.9.1159 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Joly, S., Francke, M., Ulbricht, E., Beck, S. C., Seeliger, M. W., Hirrlinger, P. G., Hirrlinger, J., Lang, K. S., Zinkernagel, M. S., Odermatt, B., et al. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.090023 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Senile macular degeneration. Clinicopathologic correlations of a case in the predisciform stage.
Frank, R. N., Green, W. R., & Pollack, I. P. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Immune Activation in Retinal Aging: A Gene Expression Study
Chen, M., Muckersie, E., Forrester, J. V., & Xu, H. (2010) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.09-5103 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
C3 R102G polymorphism increases risk of age-related macular degeneration
Spencer, K. L., Olson, L. M., Anderson, B. M., Schnetz‐Boutaud, N. C., Scott, W. K., Gallins, P. J., Agarwal, A., Postel, E. A., Pericak‐Vance, M. A., & Haines, J. L. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn075 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Complement activation in the injured central nervous system: another dual-edged sword?
Brennan, F. H., Anderson, A. J., Taylor, S. M., Woodruff, T. M., & Ruitenberg, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-137 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Rutar, M., Natoli, R., & Provis, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-221 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationMPhil, P. P., BSppSc, M. K., & Sarks, S. H. (1984) · Australian Journal of Opthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1984.tb01120.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Microarray analysis of gene expression in the aging human retina.
Yoshida, S., Yashar, B. M., Hiriyanna, S., & Swaroop, A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Penfold, P. L., Provis, J. M., & Billson, F. A. (1987) · Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/bf02155808 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, W., Cojocaru, R. I., Gotoh, N., Gieser, L. M., Villasmil, R., Cogliati, T., Swaroop, A., & Wong, W. T. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.022 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gullstrand, B., Mårtensson, U., Sturfelt, G. K., Bengtsson, A. A., & Truedsson, L. (2009) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03896.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Development of microglial topography in human retina
Díaz, C., Provis, J. M., Penfold, P. L., & Billson, F. A. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903630106 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationPenfold, P. L., Killingsworth, M. C., & Sarks, S. H. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 100 · see citing works
C1q Knock-Out Mice for the Study of Complement Deficiency in Autoimmune Disease
Botto, M. (1998) · Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics · doi:10.1159/000019076 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Rutar, M., Natoli, R., Kozulin, P., Valter, K., Gatenby, P. A., & Provis, J. M. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-7119 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacteristics of Bone Marrow–Derived Microglia in the Normal and Injured Retina
Kaneko, H., Nishiguchi, K. M., Nakamura, M., Kachi, S., & Terasaki, H. (2008) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1738 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
C2 and CFB Genes in Age-Related Maculopathy and Joint Action with CFH and LOC387715 Genes
Jakobsdóttir, J., Conley, Y. P., Weeks, D. E., Ferrell, R. E., & Gorin, M. B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002199 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Rutar, M., Natoli, R., Valter, K., & Provis, J. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6010 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationComplement Component C3 and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Despriet, D. D. G., van Duijn, C. M., Oostra, B. A., Uitterlinden, A. G., Hofman, A., Wright, A. F., ten Brink, J. B., Bakker, A., de Jong, P. T. V. M., Vingerling, J. R., et al. (2009) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.055 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Complement deficiency and immune complex disease
Davies, K. A., Schifferli, J. A., & Walport, M. J. (1994) · Springer Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/bf01837367 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A2E accumulation influences retinal microglial activation and complement regulation
Ma, W., Coon, S., Zhao, L., Fariss, R. N., & Wong, W. T. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hollyfield, J. G. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4478 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Bonnel, S., Mohand-Said, S., & Sahel, J.-A. (2003) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(03)00093-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Rutar, M., Provis, J. M., & Valter, K. (2010) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713681003682925 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationComplement Component 3 ( C3 ) Haplotypes and Risk of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Park, K. H., Fridley, B. L., Ryu, E., Tosakulwong, N., & Edwards, A. O. (2009) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3231 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Immune cells in the human choroid
Ezzat, M.-K., Hann, C. R., Vuk‐Pavlović, S., & Pulido, J. S. (2008) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.129742 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Slagboom, P. E., de Leeuw, W. J. F., & Vijg, J. (1990) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(90)90042-e · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Chen, M., Zhao, J., Luo, C., Pandi, S. P. S., Peñalva, R. G., Fitzgerald, D. C., & Xu, H. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22315 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Navratil, J. S., Korb, L. C., & Ahearn, J. M. (1999) · Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00018-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cornish, E. E., Madigan, M. C., Natoli, R., et al. (2005) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523805224069 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationC1q binding and complement activation by prions and amyloids
Sim, R. B., Kishore, U., VILLIERS, C. L., Marche, P. N., & Mitchell, D. A. (2007) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2007.04.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Expression of Complement Component 3 (C3) from an Adenovirus Leads to Pathology in the Murine Retina
Cashman, S. M., Desai, A., Ramo, K., & Kumar‐Singh, R. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Błasiak, J., Janik-Papis, K., Rewerska, A., Zaraś, M., Szaflik, J. P., & Szaflik, J. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Lau, L.-I., Chiou, S., Liu, C. J.-L., Yen, M., & Wei, Y. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7815 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and the Other Double Helix The Cogan Lecture
Ambati, J. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7328 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gene regulation induced in the C57BL/6J mouse retina by hyperoxia: a temporal microarray study.
Natoli, R., Provis, J. M., Valter, K., & Stone, J. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Case for Complement and Inflammation in AMD: Open Questions
Karagianni, N., & Adamis, A. P. (2010) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [15]Walport MJ (2001) Complement. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 344: 1140– 1144. 11297706
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery
del Amo, E. M., Rimpelä, A.-K., Heikkinen, E., Kari, O. K., Ramsay, E., Lajunen, T., Schmitt, M., Pelkonen, L., Bhattacharya, M., Richardson, D., et al. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Lian, H., Litvinchuk, A., Chiang, A. C.-A., Aithmitti, N., Jankowsky, J. L., & Zheng, H. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2117-15.2016 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Parker, A., Romano, S., Ansorge, R., Aboelnour, A., Le Gall, G., Savva, G. M., Pontifex, M. G., Telatin, A., Baker, D., Jones, E., et al. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01243-w · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Wendimu, M. Y., & Hooks, S. B. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132091 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rutar, M., Valter, K., Natoli, R., & Provis, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Rutar, Matt
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-04-04
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e93343
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3976274
- OpenAlex
- W1982513873
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (CE0561903)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- complement C3, complement activation, retinal aging, microglia, monocytes, age-related macular degeneration, photoreceptor loss, outer nuclear layer thinning, chemokines, glial fibrillary acidic protein, retinal vasculature
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Complement C3, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Monocytes, Retina, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Microglia, Chemokines, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
