Efficacy of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Patients with Posttraumatic-Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Chen, Ying-Ren; Hung, Kuo-Wei; Tsai, Jui-Chen; Chu, Hsin; Chung, Min-Huey; Chen, Su-Ru; Liao, Yuan-Mei; Ou, Keng-Liang; Chang, Yue-Cune; Chou, Kuei-Ru

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103676

Cited by 222Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Efficacy of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Patients with Posttraumatic-Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Chen, Ying-Ren, Hung, Kuo-Wei, Tsai, Jui-Chen, Chu, Hsin, Chung, Min-Huey, Chen, Su-Ru, Liao, Yuan-Mei, Ou, Keng-Liang +2 more·2014·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0103676PMC PMC4125321

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: We performed the first meta-analysis of clinical studies by investigating the effects of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy on the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and subjective distress in PTSD patients treated during the past 2 decades. METHODS: We performed a quantitative meta-analysis on the findings of 26 randomized controlled trials of EMDR therapy for PTSD published between 1991 and 2013, which were identified through the ISI Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature electronic databases, among which 22, 20, 16, and 11 of the studies assessed the effects of EMDR on the symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and subjective distress, respectively, as the primary clinical outcome. RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed that the EMDR treatments significantly reduced the symptoms of PTSD (g = -0.662; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.887 to -0.436), depression (g = -0.643; 95% CI: -0.864 to -0.422), anxiety (g = -0.640; 95% CI: -0.890 to -0.390), and subjective distress (g = -0.956; 95% CI: -1.388 to -0.525) in PTSD patients. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that EMDR therapy significantly reduces the symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and subjective distress in PTSD patients. The subgroup analysis indicated that a treatment duration of more than 60 min per session was a major contributing factor in the amelioration of anxiety and depression, and that a therapist with experience in conducting PTSD group therapy was a major contributing factor in the reduction of PTSD symptoms.

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EMDR is an efficacious therapeutic approach for PTSD.
“Additionally, multiple studies have established EMDR as an efficacious therapeutic approach for PTSD.”
From Clinical Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as [71]

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Wagenmans, A., van Minnen, A., Sleijpen, M., & de Jongh, A. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1430962 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
EMDR in Telemental Health Counseling for Healthcare Workers Caring for COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study
Tarquinio, C., Brennstuhl, M., Rydberg, J. A., Bassan, F., Peter, L., Tarquinio, C., Auxéméry, Y., Rotonda, C., & Tarquinio, P. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1818014 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“EMDR therapy’s effectiveness in the treatment of PTSD has been clearly confirmed by several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses (Bisson & Andrex, 2007; Bradley et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2014; Cuijpers et al., 2020; Lee & Cuijpers, 2013; Maxfield & Hyer, 2002; Seidler & Wagner, 2006; Van Etten & Taylor, 199…”
Method
Meta-Analysis of Trauma-Focused Therapies for Treating the Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Lenz, A. S., Haktanır, A., & Callender, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12148 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Treatment Interventions for Individuals With Intellectual Disability and Trauma Symptoms: A Review of the Recent Literature
Byrne, G. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020960219 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Proposing a population-specific intervention approach to treat trauma among men during and after incarceration.
Pettus‐Davis, C., Renn, T., Lacasse, J. R., & Motley, R. (2018) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/men0000171 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The EMDR Recent Birth Trauma Protocol: a pilot randomised clinical trial after traumatic childbirth
Chiorino, V., Cattaneo, M. C., Macchi, E. A., Salerno, R., Roveraro, S., Bertolucci, G. G., Mosca, F., Fumagalli, M., Cortinovis, I., Carletto, S., et al. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1699088 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Slow Wave Sleep: A Putative Mechanism of Action
Pagani, M., Amann, B. L., Landín-Romero, R., & Carletto, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01935 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it has shown its efficacy in reducing anxiety levels in PTSD patients (Högberg et al., 2007, 2008; Bisson et al., 2013; Capezzani et al., 2013; McGuire et al., 2014; Faretta et al., 2016) and trauma-associated and psychiatric symptoms in various comorbid psychiatric diseases (Novo et al., 2014; Hase et al…”
Influential
Stress Reduction Using Bilateral Stimulation in Virtual Reality
Kamińska, D., Smółka, K., Zwoliński, G., Wiak, S., Merecz‐Kot, D., & Anbarjafari, G. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3035540 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Eye movement desentization and reprocessing (EMDR) – as it was mentioned earlier, EMDR is a relatively youngmode of psychotherapy with many studies on its usefulness for different health conditions [20], [46], [52]–[54] The theoretical framework for EMDR is Adaptive Information Processing”
Background
Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as Adjunctive Treatments for Recurrent Depression: The European Depression EMDR Network (EDEN) Randomized Controlled Trial
Ostacoli, L., Carletto, S., Cavallo, M., Baldomir, P., Lorenzo, G. D., Fernández, I., Hase, M., Justo-Alonso, A., Lehnung, M., Migliaretti, G., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00074 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
EMDR therapy in children and adolescents who have post-traumatic stress disorder: a six-week follow-up study
Karadağ, M., Gökçen, C., & Sarp, A. S. (2019) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2019.1682171 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“EMDR is shown as an effective method in the treatment of both single and multiple traumas (Chen et al., 2014) and is also effective for both old and recent traumas according to literature (Gillies et al.”
MethodResult
25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): The EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
Novo, P., Landín-Romero, R., Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe, R., Moreno‐Alcázar, A., Valiente-Gómez, A., Lupo, W., García, F., Fernández, I., Pérez, V., & Amann, B. L. (2018) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2015.12.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Trauma-informed care for the pediatric nurse
Goddard, A., Janicek, E., & Etcher, L. (2021) · Journal of pediatric nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.11.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The effects of eye movements on emotional memories: using an objective measure of cognitive load
van Veen, S. C., Engelhard, I., & van den Hout, M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.30122 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as a treatment for PTSD: current neurobiological theories and a new hypothesis
Calancie, O. G., Khalid‐Khan, S., Booij, L., & Munoz, D. P. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13882 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its efficacy and safety
Slotema, C. W., Wilhelmus, B., Arends, L. R., & Franken, I. H. A. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1796188 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Desensitizing Addiction: Using Eye Movements to Reduce the Intensity of Substance-Related Mental Imagery and Craving
Littel, M., van den Hout, M., & Engelhard, I. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry (2008) 39(2):177–86.”
BackgroundInfluential
EMDR as Add-On Treatment for Psychiatric and Traumatic Symptoms in Patients with Substance Use Disorder
Carletto, S., Oliva, F., Barnato, M., Antonelli, T., Cardia, A., Mazzaferro, P., Raho, C., Ostacoli, L., Fernández, I., & Pagani, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02333 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
EMDR for children with medically related subthreshold PTSD: short-term effects on PTSD, blood-injection-injury phobia, depression and sleep
Meentken, M. G., van der Mheen, M., van Beynum, I. M., Aendekerk, E. W. C., Legerstee, J. S., van der Ende, J., del Canho, R., Lindauer, R., Hillegers, M. H. J., Moll, H. A., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1705598 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Clinical Efficacy of Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Analysis.
Gkintoni, E., Kourkoutas, E., Yotsidi, V., Stavrou, P. D., & Prinianaki, D. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050579 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“This process ultimately results in a substantial amelioration of symptoms associated with PTSD [71].”
Background
A randomized controlled trial comparing the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and integrated EMDR-Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid (Sub)clinical borderline personality disorder: study design
Snoek, A., Beekman, A. T. F., Dekker, J., Aarts, I., van Grootheest, G., Blankers, M., Vriend, C., van den Heuvel, O., & Thomaes, K. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02713-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“0) was estimated for the integrated EMDRDBT condition, in patients with PTSD and (sub)clinical BPD [11, 28].”
BackgroundMethod
Double Trouble: Treatment Considerations for Patients with Comorbid PTSD and Depression
Rosen, V., Ortiz, N. F., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-020-00213-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Neurobiological features and response to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with breast cancer
Carletto, S., Porcaro, C., Settanta, C., Vizzari, V., Stanizzo, M. R., Oliva, F., Torta, R., Fernández, I., Moja, M. C., Pagani, M., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1600832 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Neither EMDR nor TAU were effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, in contrast with previous research on PTSD (Chen et al., 2014).”
Result
EMDR for Depression: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Sepehry, A. A., Lam, K., Sheppard, M., Guirguis-Younger, M., & Maglio, A.-S. T. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00038 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Evidence emerging from several meta-analyses (Benish et al., 2008; Bradley et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2014; Davidson & Parker, 2001; Jonas et al., 2013; Seidler & Wagner, 2006; Van Etten & Taylor, 1998) shows that EMDR is an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress…”
Background
EMDR Therapy as a Transdiagnostic Psychotherapy
Dominguez, S. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192898357.013.18 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Stress Enhances the Memory-Degrading Effects of Eye Movements on Emotionally Neutral Memories
Littel, M., Remijn, M., Tinga, A. M., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616687292 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“An abundance of research demonstrates that EMDR is effective (e.g., Bisson et al., 2007; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; Chen et al., 2014), and that this dual-task approach has significant additional value, over and above mere exposure to the traumatic memory (Lee & Cuijpers, 2013).”
Auditory and Visual Memories in PTSD Patients Targeted with Eye Movements and Counting: The Effect of Modality-Specific Loading of Working Memory
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Verhoeven, L. C. M., van den Hout, M., & Heitland, I. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01937 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated the effectiveness of EMDR in treating PTSD (for meta-analyses, see, e.g., Bradley et al., 2005; Seidler and Wagner, 2006; Bisson et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2014; Cusack et al., 2016).”
Background
Efficacy of EMDR Therapy for Children With PTSD: A Review of the Literature
Beer, R. (2018) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.12.4.177 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Efficacy of EMDR in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Pintado, I. S., & Rasines-Laudes, P. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.309 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Similarly, effect size reported for depressive symptoms was small and therefore differed from the results found in other meta-analyses ( Chen et al., 2014; Cusack et al., 2016).”
Influential
What do clients say about their experiences of EMDR in the research literature? A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research papers
Whitehouse, J. (2019) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2019.03.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lost in Transition? Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescents and Young Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Results of an Uncontrolled Feasibility Trial Evaluating Cognitive Processing Therapy
Vogel, A., & Rosner, R. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00305-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A survey of evidence-based practice, training, supervision and clinician confidence relating to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) therapies in UK child and adolescent mental health professionals
Finch, J., Ford, C. E. L., Lombardo, C., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1815281 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In addition to TF-CBT, promising evidence has been found for interventions including Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR; Chen et al., 2014) and Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET; Robjant & Fazel, 2010).”
Background
Disrupted topological organization in the whole-brain functional network of trauma-exposed firefighters: A preliminary study
Jung, W. H., Chang, K. J., & Kim, N. H. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.03.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“EMDR is an evidence-based effective psychotherapy and currently recommended as the treatment of choice for trauma by international guidelines (Bradley et al., 2005; Ponniah and Hollon, 2009; Bisson et al., 2013; World Health Organization, 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Cusack et al., 2016).”
Background
Managing women‐specific bleeding in inherited bleeding disorders: A multidisciplinary approach
Mauser‐Bunschoten, E. P., Kadir, R. A., Laan, E. T. M., Elfvinge, P., Haverman, L., Teela, L., Degenaar-Dujardin, M. E. L., van de Putte, D. E. F., d’Oiron, R., & van Galen, K. P. M. (2020) · Haemophilia · doi:10.1111/hae.14221 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in German Armed Forces Soldiers With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Under Routine Inpatient Care Conditions
Köhler, K., Eggert, P., Lorenz, S., Herr, K., Willmund, G., Zimmermann, P. L., & Alliger‐Horn, C. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00307 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Effects of β-Adrenergic Blockade on the Degrading Effects of Eye Movements on Negative Autobiographical Memories
Littel, M., Kenemans, J. L., Baas, J. M. P., Logemann, H. N. A., Rijken, N., Remijn, M., Hassink, R. J., Engelhard, I. M., & van den Hout, M. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Toward Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Yan, S., Shan, Y., Zhong, S., Miao, H., Luo, Y., Ran, H., & Jia, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.700458 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Emergency and Remote Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Group Therapy With Adolescents and Young Adults: Overcoming Lockdown With the Butterfly Hug
Lazzaroni, E., Invernizzi, R., Fogliato, E., Pagani, M., & Maslovaric, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701381 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The results point to a post-intervention reduction in anxiety levels and post-traumatic symptomatology in line with previous studies (de Roos et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2014; Wilson et al., 2018; Yunitri et al., 2020).”
Result
Exploring expectation effects in EMDR: does prior treatment knowledge affect the degrading effects of eye movements on memories?
Littel, M., van Schie, K., & van den Hout, M. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1328954 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been extensively validated as an effective psychological treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Bisson et al., 2007; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; Chen et al., 2014).”
A Non-randomized Controlled Trial of EMDR on Affective Symptoms in Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme
Szpringer, M., Oledzka, M., & Amann, B. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00785 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The efficacy of EMDR for PTSD has undergone the scrutiny of various metaanalyses (Van Etten and Taylor, 1998; Davidson and Parker, 2001; Bradley et al., 2005; Seidler and Wagner, 2006; Bisson and Andrew, 2007; Benish et al., 2008; Jonas et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014, 2015; Cusack et al., 2016).”
Background
Childhood trauma, dissociation, alexithymia, and anger in people with autoimmune diseases: A mediation model
Macarenco, M.-M., Opariuc‐Dan, C., & Nedelcea, C. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105322 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Using collaboration networks to identify authorship dependence in meta‐analysis results
Moulin, T. C., & Amaral, O. B. (2020) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1430 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Experimental Therapeutics: Opportunities and Challenges Stemming From the National Institute of Mental Health Workshop on Novel Target Discovery and Psychosocial Intervention Development
Zucker, N. L., Strauss, G. P., Smyth, J. M., Scherf, K. S., Brotman, M. A., Boyd, R. C., Choi, J., Davila, M. I., Ajilore, O., Gunning, F. M., et al. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231197980 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Take, for example, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), a treatment that has shown efficacy in reducing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder across numerous randomized controlled trials (for review, see Chen et al., 2014).”
Memory as Prediction
Vecchi, T., & Gatti, D. (2020) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13543.001.0001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for the treatment and early intervention of trauma among first responders: A systematic review
Morris, H., Hatzikiriakidis, K., Savaglio, M., Dwyer, J., Lewis, C., Miller, R., & Skouteris, H. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22792 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The predictive value of trauma-related coping self-efficacy for posttraumatic stress symptoms: Differences between treatment-seeking and non–treatment-seeking victims.
Bosmans, M. W. G., van der Knaap, L. M., & van der Velden, P. G. (2015) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000088 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It is expected that, given the proven effectiveness of treatment (Bisson, Roberts, Andrew, Cooper, & Lewis, 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; Ehring et al., 2014), most patients will recover or at least experience a significant reduction in symptom levels.”
Background
A Clinician's Guide to the Efficacy of EMDR Therapy
Maxfield, L. (2019) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.13.4.239 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Using EMDR Therapy to Treat Clients Remotely
Fisher, N. (2021) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00041 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Several meta-analyses and reviews have shown that EMDR is an effective treatment for PTSD in adults (Bisson et al., 2013; Bradley et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2014 ; Khan et al., 2018; Novo Navarro et al., 2018; Seidler & Wagner, 2006) and children (Barron et al.”
Background
Addressing mental health need after COVID-19: a systematic review of remote EMDR therapy studies as an emerging option
Kaptan, S. K., Kaya, Z. M., & Akan, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1336569 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Role of Slow Wave Sleep in Memory Pathophysiology: Focus on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Carletto, S., Borsato, T., & Pagani, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02050 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was initially proposed in the late 80’s by Francine Shapiro (Shapiro, 1989) and it’s now a well-established psychological treatment for PTSD (Bradley et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2014).”
Background
The Effect of modality specific interference on working memory in recalling aversive auditory and visual memories
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., van Schie, K., & van den Hout, M. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1547271 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is an evidence-based therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; e.g. Bisson et al., 2007; Bradley, Greene, Russ, Dutra, & Westen, 2005; Chen et al., 2014; Lee & Cuijpers, 2013; Seidler & Wagner, 2006).”
Background
A Mixed Methods Evaluation of EMDR for Treating Female Survivors of Sexual and Domestic Violence
Schwarz, J. E., Baber, D., Barter, A., & Dorfman, K. (2019) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/21501378.2018.1561146 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Large effect sizes were found across each measure, indicating EMDR produced stronger change in these participants’ mental health than found in recent studies with moderate effect sizes (Chen et al., 2014; Moreno-Alc azar et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Poor Quality in Systematic Reviews on PTSD and EMDR – An Examination of Search Methodology and Reporting
Opheim, E., Andersen, P. N., Jakobsen, M., Aasen, B., & Kvaal, K. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01558 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cognitive therapy and EMDR for reducing psychopathology in bereaved people after the MH17 plane crash: Findings from a randomized controlled trial.
Lenferink, L., de Keijser, J., Smid, G., & Boelen, P. (2020) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1037/trm0000253 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Participant experiences of Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing vs. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for grief: similarities and differences
Cotter, P., Meysner, L., & Lee, C. W. (2017) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1375838 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This therapeutic process has been found to result in a reduction in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, such as the frequency of intrusive symptoms (Chen et al., 2014), and a reduction in the vividness and emotional intensity of distressing memories (Lee & Cuijpers, 2013).”
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial on the Provision of the EMDR-PRECI to Female Minors Victims of Sexual and/or Physical Violence and Related PTSD Diagnosis
Jiménez, G., Becker, Y., Varela, C., García, P., Nuño, M. A., Pérez, M. C., Osorio, A., Jarero, I., & Givaudan, M. (2020) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20200902.12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adaptive Information Processing Theory: Origins, Principles, Applications, and Evidence
Hill, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2020.1748155 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Interventions and Insights from Clinical Trials
Saccenti, D., Lodi, L., Moro, A. S., Scaini, S., Forresi, B., Lamanna, J., & Ferro, M. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14030210 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exploring the evidence for Internal Family Systems therapy: a scoping review of current research, gaps, and future directions
Buys, M. E. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2533127 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Involvement of the cerebellum in EMDR efficiency: a metabolic connectivity PET study in PTSD
Verger, A., Rousseau, P., Malbos, É., Chawki, M. B., Nicolas, F., Lançon, C., Khalfa, S., & Guedj, É. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1767986 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is now a well-established treatment for PTSD (Chen et al., 2014).”
Background
Long-term effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in children and adolescents with medically related subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial.
Meentken, M. G., van der Mheen, M., van Beynum, I. V., Aendekerk, E. W. C., Legerstee, J., van der Ende, J., del Canho, R., Lindauer, R., Hillegers, M., Helbing, W., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvaa006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses show that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective psychotherapy to reduce PTSD symptoms in adults.(18,19) EMDR has also been found to be effective in reducing depression, anxiety, and sleep problems, and in improving quality of life in adults.”
Background
The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Indonesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Susanty, E., Sijbrandij, M., Srisayekti, W., Suparman, Y., & Huizink, A. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845520 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reducing the Emotionality of Auditory Hallucination Memories in Patients Suffering From Auditory Hallucinations
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Heitland, I., Verhoeven, L. C. M., & van den Hout, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00637 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Provision of online eye movement and desensitisation therapy (EMDR) for people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a multi-method service evaluation
Strelchuk, D., Turner, K. M., Smith, S., Bisson, J. I., Wiles, N., & Zammit, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2281182 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For example, comparisons of EMDR with waiting list and usual care have consistently shown that EMDR is superior to these in treating PTSD (Bisson JI et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Roberts et al., 2019).”
Effects of "Visual Schema Displacement Therapy" (VSDT), an abbreviated EMDR protocol and a control condition on emotionality and vividness of aversive memories: Two critical analogue studies.
Matthijssen, S., van Beerschoten, L. M., de Jongh, A., Klugkist, I., & van den Hout, M. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.11.006 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of EMDR for Medically Unexplained Symptoms: A Systematic Literature Review
Staton, A., Wilde, S., & Dawson, D. L. (2022) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2022-0017 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effectiveness of time-limited eye movement desensitization reprocessing therapy for parents of children with a rare life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial
Conijn, T., de Roos, C., Vreugdenhil, H. J. I., van Dijk‐Lokkart, E. M., Wijburg, F. A., & Haverman, L. (2022) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-022-02500-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
EMDR Versus Treatment-as-Usual in Patients With Chronic Non-Malignant Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
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Untitled work
(2018) · doi:10.7759/cureus.3250 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Authors: Chen, Y.-R., Hung, K.-W., Tsai, J.-C., Chu, H., Chung, M.-H., Chen, S.-R., Liao, Y.-M., Ou, K.-L., Chang, Y.-C., & Chou, K.-R.
Affiliations: Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital (TW)
Yuan's General Hospital (TW)
Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital (TW)
Tri-Service General Hospital (TW)
Taipei Medical University (TW)
Tamkang University (TW)
Taipei Medical University Hospital (TW)
Corresponding author: Chou, Kuei-Ru
ORCID: Chen, Ying-Ren
Chu, Hsin
Chung, Min-Huey
Chen, Su-Ru
Liao, Yuan-Mei
Ou, Keng-Liang
Chou, Kuei-Ru
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2014-08-07
Volume: 9
Issue: 8
Pages: e103676
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103676
PMC: PMC4125321
OpenAlex: W2069381491
Cited by: 222
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Taipei Medical University Repository (submittedVersion)
Tamkang University Institutional Repository (TKUIR) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: National Science Council
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: EMDR, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, subjective distress, treatment duration, therapist experience, group therapy, psychotherapy efficacy
MeSH terms: Adult, Humans, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing

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Efficacy of Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Patients with Posttraumatic-Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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