Brief treatment for elementary school children with disaster‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A field study
Abstract
Effective psychological intervention is needed to help children recover from disaster‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of a brief intervention for disaster‐related PTSD. At one‐year follow‐up of a prior intervention for disaster‐related symptoms, some previously treated children were still suffering significant trauma symptoms. Using a randomized lagged‐groups design, we provided three sessions of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment to 32 of these children who met clinical criteria for PTSD. The Children's Reaction Inventory (CRI) was the primary measure of the treatment's effect on PTSD symptoms. Associated symptoms were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Treatment resulted in substantial reductions in both groups' CRI scores and in significant, though more modest, reduc‐ tions in RCMAS and CDI scores. Gains were maintained at six‐month follow‐up. Health visits to the school nurse were significantly reduced following treatment. Psychosocial intervention appears useful for children suffering disaster‐related PTSD. Conducting controlled studies of children's treatment in the postdisaster environment appears feasible. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 99–112, 2002.
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MethodStrategies for Delivering Mental Health Services in Response to Global Climate Change
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“Four studies have examined the effectiveness of EMDR following disaster events (Fernandez et al., 2004; Grainger, Levin, Allen-Byrd, Doctor, & Lee, 1997; Chemtob et al., 2002; and Silver, Rogers, Knipe, & Colleli, 2005) and found significant reductions in posttraumatic symptoms.”
BackgroundHoagwood, K., Jensen, P. S., Acri, M. C., Olin, S.-C. S., Lewandowski, R. E., & Herman, R. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.004 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Dawson, K. S., Joscelyne, A., Meijer, C., Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417714333 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…of Psychiatry, 52(3) A number of evidence-based child-focused interventions for post-traumatic stress have been validated in the developed world (Chemtob et al., 2002; Cohen and Mannarino, 2008; Stein et al., 2003), with trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) the treatment of choice…”
BackgroundCovell, N. H., Allen, G., Essock, S. M., Pease, E. A., Felton, C. J., Lanzara, C. B., & Donahue, S. A. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.9.1277 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nevo, G. A., & Manassis, K. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20123 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“EMDR was developed in 1987 by a psychology graduate student named Francine Shapiro.”
BackgroundInfluentialBaskin, T. W., Slaten, C. D., Crosby, N. R., Pufahl, T., Schneller, C. L., & Ladell, M. (2010) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000010369497 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
When the Levee Breaks: Treating Adolescents and Families in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina
Rowe, C. L., & Liddle, H. A. (2008) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00060.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents
Carr, A. (2004) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/13638490410001727464 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Participants in the other studies were earthquake survivors in Armenia and Italy [56, 57]; survivors of the sinking of the ship Jupiter in Greece [25]; hurricane survivors in the US [58] and survivors of single incident stressors in the US such as road traffic accidents, gunshot injury, fires, severe storms, severe il…”
BackgroundPackman, W. L., Fine, J., Chesterman, B., VanZutphen, K. H., Golan, R., & Amylon, M. D. (2004) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1207/s15326888chc3303_3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake
Fernández, I. (2007) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2007.24.1.65 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Diseth, T. H., & Christie, H. J. (2005) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480500213683 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Measurement of Posttraumatic Growth in Young People: A Review
Clay, R. A., Knibbs, J., & Joseph, S. (2009) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104509104049 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Current Status of EMDR Therapy, Specific Target Areas, and Goals for the Future
Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., Lee, C. W., de Roos, C., Barron, I. G., Jarero, I., Shapiro, E., Hurley, E. C., Schubert, S. J., Baptist, J., Amann, B. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-d-20-00039 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Grolnick, W. S., Schonfeld, D. J., Schreiber, M. D., Cohen, J. A., Cole, V. L., Jaycox, L. H., Lochman, J. E., Pfefferbaum, B. J., Ruggiero, K. J., Wells, K. B., et al. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000181 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wooding, S., & Raphael, B. (2004) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00001436 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vickers, B. (2005) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104505051212 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Research on young people who had PTSD as a result of exposure to a disaster includes that by Chemtob, Nakashima, and Carlson (2002) examining adolescents with PTSD 2–3 years following exposure to a disaster, and that by Goenjian et al. (1997) in which CBT for PTSD began 1.5 years after exposure to…”
BackgroundInfluentialChina earthquake relief: Participatory action work with children
Zeng, E. J., & Silverstein, L. B. (2011) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034311402921 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Nitiéma, P., & Newman, E. (2019) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09494-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“2012) and in four trials regarding the blinding of outcome assessors (Chemtob et al. 2002; Day and Sadek 1982; Shen 2002; Tol et al. 2012) (see Fig.”
BackgroundKirlić, N., Cohen, Z. P., & Singh, M. K. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00001-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
»Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing« (EMDR)
Schubbe, O. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88489-7_17 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Adler‐Tapia, R., & Settle, C. (2009) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.4.232 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…et al., 2009; Oras et al., 2004), and traumatic stress from natural and manmade disasters including car accidents (Tufnell, 2005), Hurricane Iniki ( Chemtob et al., 2002), Hurricane Andrew (Greenwald, 1994), fi reworks explosion (de Roos et al., 2009), earthquake (Fernandez, 2007), and war (Oras…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCarrión, V. G., & Kletter, H. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“A randomized, controlled trial of EMDR in youth exposed to a natural disaster resulted in a decrease in trauma related memories and their associated symptoms.(87) Other modalities that have been employed in single-trauma intervention include play therapy and mind–body skills.”
BackgroundChildren express: war and peace themes in the drawings of Iraqi refugee children in Jordan
Jabbar, S. K. A., & Betawi, I. A. (2018) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2018.1455058 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Yohannan, J., & Carlson, J. S. (2018) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22202 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationFinzi‐Dottan, R., Dekel, R., Lavi, T., & Su'ali, T. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.05.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Exposure to traumatic events damages self-control and emotional regulation, marked by less organized thinking and a mix-up of cognition, affect, and sensation and a loss of perspective and feeling for the future [14].”
BackgroundPsychosocial and pharmacological interventions for child crime victims
Cohen, J. A., Berliner, L., & Mannarino, A. P. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1022851324044 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing(EMDR) has been used in a study of children traumatized by a natural disaster ( Chemtob, Nakashima, & Carlson, 2002 ), although it has not to date been used in any studies of child crime victims.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTrentini, C., Lauriola, M., Giuliani, A., Maslovaric, G., Tambelli, R., Fernández, I., & Pagani, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00862 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in the field of mass disaster contexts, several studies have examined the role of EMDR in alleviating trauma-related symptoms following natural disasters (Grainger et al., 1997; Chemtob et al., 2002; de Roos et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffectiveness of MASTR EMDR Therapy for Traumatized Adolescents
Farkas, L., Cyr, M., Lebeau, T. M., & Lemay, J. (2010) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1080/19361521003761325 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Carrión, V. G., Wong, S. S., & Kletter, H. (2012) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9489-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The most widely known and researched psychotherapy for youth with PTSD symptoms is trauma focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), which exposes children to their trauma narrative and helps identify trauma-related triggers in order to: (a) overcome avoidance of traumatic memories, (b) teach affect modulation and…”
BackgroundMotivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution (MASTR) Therapy for Adolescents with Conduct Problems
Greenwald, R. (2002) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v06n01_12 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Vostanis, P. (2009) · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Field, A., & Cottrell, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00548.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Child Disaster Mental Health Interventions: Therapy Components
Pfefferbaum, B. J., Sweeton, J. L., Nitiéma, P., Noffsinger, M. A., Varma, V., Nelson, S. D., & Newman, E. (2014) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x14000910 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
EMDR With Children and Adolescents After Single-Incident Trauma An Intervention Study
Hensel, T. (2009) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Tufnell, G. (2005) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104505056320 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Disaster Response: EMDR and Family Systems Therapy under Communitywide Stress
Gelbach, R. A., & Davis, K. E. B. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9781118269985.ch19 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J., & Carlson, J. G.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chemtob, Claude M.
- ORCID
- Carlson, John G.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-12-12
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-112
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2107989494
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 13.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- children, EMDR, brief psychological intervention, school-based treatment, anxiety, depression, disaster mental health, maintenance therapy
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Desensitization, Psychologic, Eye Movements, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Students, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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