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Cited by 105Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

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Chronic Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Induces Behavior Defects and Neurotoxicity through Oxidative Damages, In Vivo and In Vitro

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Chen, Na, Li, Jia, Li, Dan, Yang, Yongsheng, He, Defu·2014·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0113453PMC PMC4239059
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Abstract

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an emerging persistent pollutant which shows multiple adverse health effects. However, the neurotoxicity of PFOS and its mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods, the present study provides a detailed description of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity. Results showed that the median lethal concentration of PFOS was 2.03 mM in Caenorhabditis elegans for 48 h exposure. 20 µM PFOS caused decrease of locomotor behaviors including forward movement, body bend and head thrash. Additionally, PFOS exposure reduced chemotaxis index of C. elegans, which indicates the decline of chemotaxis learning ability. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelled transgenic strains, we found that PFOS caused down-regulated expression of a chemoreceptor gene, gcy-5, in ASE chemosensory neurons, but did not affect cholinergic neurons and dopaminergic neurons. In SH-SY5Y cells, 48 h exposure to 25 µM and 50 µM PFOS induced cell damage, apoptosis and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. PFOS caused significant increases of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity, but an actual decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity. Furthermore, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine rescued cells from PFOS-induced apoptosis via blocking ROS. Our results demonstrate that chronic exposure to PFOS can cause obvious neurotoxicity and behavior defects. Oxidative damage and anti-oxidative deficit are crucial mechanisms in neurotoxicity of PFOS.

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Figure 1 Survival percentages of C. elegans after exposed to PFOS for 48 h. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three separate experiments.
Figure 1 Survival percentages of C. elegans after exposed to PFOS for 48 h. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three separate experiments.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Effects of PFOS exposure on locomotor behaviors in C. elegans. (A)–(D) show respectively the change of basic movements (A), head thrash (B), body bend (C) and crawling speed(D) after 48 h exposure to PFOS. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01, compared with the control.
Figure 2 Effects of PFOS exposure on locomotor behaviors in C. elegans. (A)–(D) show respectively the change of basic movements (A), head thrash (B), body bend (C) and crawling speed(D) after 48 h exposure to PFOS. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01, compared with the control.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Effects of PFOS treatment on chemotaxis index in C. elegans. Escherichia coli OP50 were used as food for C. elegans. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with the control.
Figure 3 Effects of PFOS treatment on chemotaxis index in C. elegans. Escherichia coli OP50 were used as food for C. elegans. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 compared with the control.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Effects of chronic PFOS exposure on ASE sensory neurons in transgenic C. elegans strain OH2871. (A) GFP expression pattern in ASEL and ASER neurons (arrows) of transgenic strain OH2871 in the control or PFOS-exposed condition. Upper parts are fluorescent images; down parts are differential interference contrast images. (B) Effects of PFOS exposure on fluorescent intensities of cell bodies in ASE sensory neurons in transgenic strain OH2871. Data are expressed as mean ±SEM. ** p<0.01, compared to the control. Bar = 50 µm.
Figure 4 Effects of chronic PFOS exposure on ASE sensory neurons in transgenic C. elegans strain OH2871. (A) GFP expression pattern in ASEL and ASER neurons (arrows) of transgenic strain OH2871 in the control or PFOS-exposed condition. Upper parts are fluorescent images; down parts are differential interference contrast images. (B) Effects of PFOS exposure on fluorescent intensities of cell bodies in ASE sensory neurons in transgenic strain OH2871. Data are expressed as mean ±SEM. ** p<0.01, compared to the control. Bar = 50 µm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Effects of PFOS exposure on SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were treated with a series of concentrations of PFOS for 48 h followed by the MTT assay. (A) Cells were photographed under light microscopy, bar = 20 µm. (B) Cell viability of control and experimental groups. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of four separate experiments. *p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001, compared to the control.
Figure 5 Effects of PFOS exposure on SH-SY5Y cells. Cells were treated with a series of concentrations of PFOS for 48 h followed by the MTT assay. (A) Cells were photographed under light microscopy, bar = 20 µm. (B) Cell viability of control and experimental groups. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of four separate experiments. *p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001, compared to the control.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 PFOS exposure induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. (A) With (upper) or without pretreatment of NAC (down), cells were exposed to DMSO or PFOS (25 and 50 µM) for 48 h and then apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometer using Annexin-V and PI stain. X-axis represents increasing Annexin-V fluorescennce (relative light unit) and Y-axis represents increasing PI fluorescennce (relative light unit). (B) The bar graph represents the percentage of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ** p<0.01compared to the DMSO control, ## p<0.01 compared to only PFOS treated groups.
Figure 6 PFOS exposure induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. (A) With (upper) or without pretreatment of NAC (down), cells were exposed to DMSO or PFOS (25 and 50 µM) for 48 h and then apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometer using Annexin-V and PI stain. X-axis represents increasing Annexin-V fluorescennce (relative light unit) and Y-axis represents increasing PI fluorescennce (relative light unit). (B) The bar graph represents the percentage of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ** p<0.01compared to the DMSO control, ## p<0.01 compared to only PFOS treated groups.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 PFOS induced ROS generation in SH-SY5Y cells. (A) Cells were photographed under fluorescence microscope, bar = 20 µm. (B) The bar graph represents the ROS level of different PFOS treatments. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 and p<0.01compared to the DMSO control, # p<0.05compared to only PFOS treated groups.
Figure 7 PFOS induced ROS generation in SH-SY5Y cells. (A) Cells were photographed under fluorescence microscope, bar = 20 µm. (B) The bar graph represents the ROS level of different PFOS treatments. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p<0.05 and p<0.01compared to the DMSO control, # p<0.05compared to only PFOS treated groups.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Effects of PFOS on oxidative and anti-oxidative enzymes in SH-SY5Y5 cells. MDA content (A), SOD activity (B) and GPX activity (C) were measured after treatments with PFOS. *p<0.05 and ** p<0.01 compared to the control.
Figure 8 Effects of PFOS on oxidative and anti-oxidative enzymes in SH-SY5Y5 cells. MDA content (A), SOD activity (B) and GPX activity (C) were measured after treatments with PFOS. *p<0.05 and ** p<0.01 compared to the control.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Chen, N., Li, J., Li, D., Yang, Y., & He, D.
Affiliations
  • East China Normal University (CN)
  • Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration (CN)
Corresponding author
He, Defu
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2014-11-20
Volume
9
Issue
11
Pages
e113453
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0113453
PMC
PMC4239059
OpenAlex
W2009384525
Cited by
105
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8
FWCI
5.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Science and Technology Major Project
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords
PFOS, persistent organic pollutants, SH-SY5Y cells, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, N-acetylcysteine, oxidative stress, Caenorhabditis elegans
MeSH terms
Acetylcysteine, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Glutathione Peroxidase, Humans, Locomotion, Sensory Receptor Cells, Superoxide Dismutase, Lipid Peroxidation, Caenorhabditis elegans, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Oxidative Stress, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Animals, Genetically Modified, Cell Line, Tumor

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