Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) detects genetic structure and confirms behavioral QTL in tame and aggressive foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
Open accessAbstract
The silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) offers a novel model for studying the genetics of social behavior and animal domestication. Selection of foxes, separately, for tame and for aggressive behavior has yielded two strains with markedly different, genetically determined, behavioral phenotypes. Tame strain foxes are eager to establish human contact while foxes from the aggressive strain are aggressive and difficult to handle. These strains have been maintained as separate outbred lines for over 40 generations but their genetic structure has not been previously investigated. We applied a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach to provide insights into the genetic composition of these fox populations. Sequence analysis of EcoT22I genomic libraries of tame and aggressive foxes identified 48,294 high quality SNPs. Population structure analysis revealed genetic divergence between the two strains and more diversity in the aggressive strain than in the tame one. Significant differences in allele frequency between the strains were identified for 68 SNPs. Three of these SNPs were located on fox chromosome 14 within an interval of a previously identified behavioral QTL, further supporting the importance of this region for behavior. The GBS SNP data confirmed that significant genetic diversity has been preserved in both fox populations despite many years of selective breeding. Analysis of SNP allele frequencies in the two populations identified several regions of genetic divergence between the tame and aggressive foxes, some of which may represent targets of selection for behavior. The GBS protocol used in this study significantly expanded genomic resources for the fox, and can be adapted for SNP discovery and genotyping in other canid species.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
NR2F2 is involved in regulating embryonic stem cell differentiation and implicated in neural crest development, and has been under selection in the domesticated fox.
“The functionally related nuclear receptor NR2F2 is involved in regulating embryonic stem cell differentiation [66] and implicated in neural crest development, and has been under selection in the domesticated fox [67].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [67]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607 · see citing works
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089 · see citing works
ESTIMATING F -STATISTICS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POPULATION STRUCTURE
Weir, B. S., & Cockerham, C. C. (1984) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb05657.x · Cited by 18,909 · see citing works
The variant call format and VCFtools
Danecek, P., Auton, A., Abecasis, G. R., Albers, C. A., Banks, E., DePristo, M. A., Handsaker, R. E., Lunter, G. A., Marth, G., Sherry, S. T., et al. (2011) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr330 · Cited by 16,008 · see citing works
Primer3 on the WWW for General Users and for Biologist Programmers
Rozen, S., & Skaletsky, H. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-192-2:365 · Cited by 14,952 · see citing works
Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population Structure
Weir, B. S., & Cockerham, C. C. (1984) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2408641 · Cited by 11,023 · see citing works
Falush, D., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2003) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/164.4.1567 · Cited by 7,920 · see citing works
A Robust, Simple Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Approach for High Diversity Species
Elshire, R. J., Glaubitz, J. C., Sun, Q., Poland, J., Kawamoto, K., Buckler, E. S., & Mitchell, S. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019379 · Cited by 6,461 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid SNP Discovery and Genetic Mapping Using Sequenced RAD Markers
Baird, N. A., Etter, P. D., Atwood, T. S., Currey, M. C., Shiver, A. L., Lewis, Z., Selker, E. U., Cresko, W. A., & Johnson, E. A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003376 · Cited by 3,373 · see citing works
Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog
members, B. S. P., Lindblad-Toh, K., Wade, C. M., Mikkelsen, T. S., Karlsson, E. K., Jaffe, D. B., Kamal, M., Clamp, M., Chang, J. L., Kulbokas, E. J., et al. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04338 · Cited by 2,568 · see citing works
Do, C., Waples, R. S., Peel, D. A., Macbeth, G. M., Tillett, B. J., & Ovenden, J. R. (2013) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12157 · Cited by 2,132 · see citing works
Association mapping in structured populations.
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., Rosenberg, N., & Donnelly, P. (2000) · American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302959 · Cited by 2,066 · see citing works
The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks
Jones, F. C., Grabherr, M. G., Chan, Y. F., Russell, P. H., Mauceli, E., Johnson, J., Swofford, R., Pirun, M., Zody, M. C., White, S. J., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10944 · Cited by 1,792 · see citing works
Self-citationTASSEL-GBS: A High Capacity Genotyping by Sequencing Analysis Pipeline
Glaubitz, J. C., Casstevens, T. M., Lü, F., Harriman, J., Elshire, R. J., Sun, Q., & Buckler, E. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090346 · Cited by 1,612 · see citing works
Hedrick, P. W. (1983) · Cited by 1,501 · see citing works
Population Genomics of Parallel Adaptation in Threespine Stickleback using Sequenced RAD Tags
Hohenlohe, P. A., Bassham, S., Etter, P. D., Stiffler, N., Johnson, E. A., & Cresko, W. A. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000862 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
ldne : a program for estimating effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium
Waples, R. S., & Do, C. (2008) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2007.02061.x · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Whole-genome resequencing reveals loci under selection during chicken domestication
Rubin, C.-J., Zody, M. C., Eriksson, J., Meadows, J. R. S., Sherwood, E., Webster, M. T., Jiang, L., Ingman, M., Sharpe, T., Ka, S., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08832 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Evolution of Darwin’s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing
Lamichhaney, S., Berglund, J., Almén, M. S., Maqbool, K., Grabherr, M. G., Barrio, Á. M., Promerová, M., Rubin, C., Wang, C., Zamani, N., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14181 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
A Single IGF1 Allele Is a Major Determinant of Small Size in Dogs
Sutter, N. B., Bustamante, C. D., Chase, K., GRAY, M. M., Zhao, K., Zhu, L., Padhukasahasram, B., Karlins, E., Davis, S. R., Jones, P. G., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137045 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Lü, F., Lipka, A. E., Glaubitz, J. C., Elshire, R. J., Cherney, J. H., Casler, M. D., Buckler, E. S., & Costich, D. E. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003215 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Strong signatures of selection in the domestic pig genome
Rubin, C.-J., Megens, H.-J., Barrio, A. M., Maqbool, K., Sayyab, S., Schwochow, D., Wang, C., Carlborg, Ö., Jern, P., Jørgensen, C. B., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217149109 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800070 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment.
Trut, L. (1999) · American Scientist · doi:10.1511/1999.2.160 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs
Freedman, A. H., Gronau, I., Schweizer, R. M., Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D., Han, E., Silva, P. M., Galaverni, M., Fan, Z., Marx, P., Lorente-Galdos, B., et al. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Genome-wide genetic association of complex traits in heterogeneous stock mice
Valdar, W. S. J., Solberg, L. C., Gauguier, D., Heyes, S. B., Klenerman, P., Cookson, W., Taylor, M. S., Rawlins, J. N. P., Mott, R., & Flint, J. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1840 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production
Bijma, P., Meuwissen, T. H. E., & Woolliams, J. A. (2002) · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Population genomics reveal recent speciation and rapid evolutionary adaptation in polar bears
Liu, S., Lorenzen, E. D., Fumagalli, M., Li, B., Harris, K., Xiong, Z., Zhou, L., Korneliussen, T. S., Somel, M., Babbitt, C., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.054 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
SNP Discovery and Genotyping for Evolutionary Genetics Using RAD Sequencing
Etter, P. D., Bassham, S., Hohenlohe, P. A., Johnson, E. A., & Cresko, W. A. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-228-1_9 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Yang, F., O’Brien, P. C., Milne, B. S., Graphodatsky, A. S., Solanky, N., Trifonov, V. A., Rens, W., Sargan, D. R., & Ferguson-Smith, M. A. (1999) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5989 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Molecular Systematics of the Canidae
Wayne, R. K., Geffen, E., Girman, D. J., Koepfli, K., Lau, L. M., & Marshall, C. R. (1997) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.4.622 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Classic Selective Sweeps Revealed by Massive Sequencing in Cattle
Qanbari, S., Pausch, H., Jansen, S., Somel, M., Strom, T. M., Fries, R., Nielsen, R., & Simianer, H. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004148 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Discrete genetic modules are responsible for complex burrow evolution in Peromyscus mice
Weber, J. N., Peterson, B. K., & Hoekstra, H. E. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11816 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Donato, M. D., PETERS, S. O., Mitchell, S. E., Hussain, T., & Imumorin, I. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062137 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Experiment on Fox Domestication and Debatable Issues of Evolution of the Dog
Trut, L. N., Plyusnina, I. Z., & Oskina, I. N. (2004) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:ruge.0000033312.92773.c1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationExtent of Linkage Disequilibrium in Holstein Cattle in North America
Sargolzaei, M., Schenkel, F. S., Jansen, G. B., & Schaeffer, L. R. (2008) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0553 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals
Adams, C. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2011-0-07148-x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
GridQTL: A Grid Portal for QTL Mapping of Compute Intensive Datasets.
Seaton, G. G. R., Hernández, J. B., Grunchec, J.-A., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 13-18 August, 2006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production
Solberg, T. R., Sonesson, A. K., Woolliams, J. A., et al. (2006) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Estimation of linkage disequilibrium in four US pig breeds
Badke, Y. M., Bates, R. O., Ernst, C. W., Schwab, C. R., & Steibel, J. P. (2012) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-24 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Effects of Long-Term Divergent Selection
Johansson, A. M., Pettersson, M. E., Siegel, P. B., & Carlborg, Ö. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001188 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Characteristics of linkage disequilibrium in North American Holsteins
Bohmanova, J., Sargolzaei, M., & Schenkel, F. S. (2010) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-421 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Linkage Map of the Dog Genome
Wong, A., Ruhe, A., Dumont, B. L., Robertson, K., Guerrero, G., Shull, S., Ziegle, J., Millon, L., Broman, K., Payseur, B., et al. (2010) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.109.106831 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Mapping Loci for Fox Domestication: Deconstruction/Reconstruction of a Behavioral Phenotype
Kukekova, A. V., Trut, L. N., Chase, K., Kharlamova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Temnykh, S. V., Oskina, I. N., Gulevich, R. G., Vladimirova, A. V., Klebanov, S., et al. (2010) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9418-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationGEC1 Interacts with the κ Opioid Receptor and Enhances Expression of the Receptor
Chen, C., Li, J., Chen, Y., Huang, P., Wang, Y., & Liu‐Chen, L. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m509805200 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
COUP-TFII controls amygdala patterning by regulating neuropilin expression
Tang, K., Rubenstein, J. L. R., Tsai, S. Y., & Tsai, M. (2012) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.075564 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A genome-wide scan for signatures of directional selection in domesticated pigs
Moon, S., Kim, T. H., Lee, K., Kwak, W., Lee, T., Lee, S.-W., Kim, M.-J., Cho, K., Kim, N., Chung, W.-H., et al. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1330-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Experimental studies of early canid domestication.
Ln, T. (2001) · CABI Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1079/9780851995205.0015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
On the Prospect of Identifying Adaptive Loci in Recently Bottlenecked Populations
Poh, Y.-P., DOMINGUES, V. S., Hoekstra, H. E., & Jensen, J. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110579 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A meiotic linkage map of the silver fox, aligned and compared to the canine genomePreprint
Kukekova, A. V., Trut, L. N., Oskina, I. N., Johnson, J. L., Temnykh, S. V., Kharlamova, A. V., Shepeleva, D. V., Gulievich, R. G., Шихевич, С. Г., Graphodatsky, A. S., et al. (2007) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.5893307 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationKukekova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Teiling, C., Li, L., Oskina, I. N., Kharlamova, A. V., Gulevich, R. G., Padte, R., Dubreuil, M. M., Vladimirova, A. V., et al. (2011) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-482 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationDestabilizing selection as a factor in domestication
BELYAEV, D. K. (1979) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109263 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Duke, S. E., Thomas, R. J., Trifonov, V. A., Wayne, R. K., Graphodatsky, A. S., & Breen, M. (2011) · Chromosome Research · doi:10.1007/s10577-011-9233-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A Marker Set for Construction of a Genetic Map of the Silver Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Kukekova, A. V. (2004) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esh033 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationCOUP-TFII Expressing Interneurons in Human Fetal Forebrain
Reinchisi, G., Ijichi, K., Glidden, N. C., Jakovčevski, I., & Zečević, N. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr359 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chu, K., & Zingg, H. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0190163 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Genetics of behavior in the silver fox
Kukekova, A. V., Temnykh, S. V., Johnson, J. L., Trut, L. N., & Acland, G. M. (2011) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-011-9373-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationAlves, R. R. N. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28155-1_32 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The nuclear receptors COUP-TF: a long-lasting experience in forebrain assembly
Alfano, C., Magrinelli, E., Harb, K., & Studer, M. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-013-1320-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Oltenacu, E. A. B. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482276664-89 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Yang, F., Milne, B. S., Schelling, C., Dolf, G., Schläpfer, J., Switonski, M., Ładoń, D., Pieńkowska, A., Bosma, A. A., Sargan, D. R., et al. (2000) · Chromosome Research · doi:10.1023/a:1009251917072 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Albert, F. W., Hodges, E., Jensen, J. D., Besnier, F., Xuan, Z., Rooks, M., Bhattacharjee, A., Brizuela, L., Good, J. M., Green, R. E., et al. (2011) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung, A. C., Kirkness, E. F., & Breen, M. (2008) · Chromosome Research · doi:10.1007/s10577-008-1268-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals
(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2020-0-02188-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Genetics of Domesticated Behavior in Dogs and Foxes
Kukekova, A. V., Trut, L. N., & Acland, G. M. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394586-0.00010-x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [6]Trut LN. The Genetics and Phenogenetics of Domestic Behaviour In: Belyaev DK, editor. Problems in General Genetics (Proceeding of the XIV International Congress of Genetics) Vol 2 Moscow: Mir Publishers; 1980 p. 123– 37.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The history of farm foxes undermines the animal domestication syndrome
Lord, K. A., Larson, G., Coppinger, R. P., & Karlsson, E. K. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., & Boeckx, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Red fox genome assembly identifies genomic regions associated with tame and aggressive behaviours
Kukekova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Xiang, X., Feng, S., Liu, S., Rando, H. M., Kharlamova, A. V., Herbeck, Y., Serdyukova, N. A., Xiong, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0611-6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Johnson, J. L., Wittgenstein, H., Mitchell, S. E., Hyma, K. E., Temnykh, S. V., Kharlamova, A. V., Gulevich, R. G., Vladimirova, A. V., Fong, H. W. F., Acland, G. M., Trut, L. N., & Kukekova, A. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Kukekova, Anna V.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-06-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0127013
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4465646
- OpenAlex
- W641896268
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (538922)
- National Institutes of Health
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH077811, R01MH077811)
- Fogarty International Center (TW008098, R03TW008098)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- silver fox, red fox, social behavior genetics, animal domestication, selective breeding, population structure, genetic divergence, SNP discovery, allele frequency, genomic resources
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Chromosome Mapping, Foxes, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
