Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication
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Selection for tameness can lead to unexpected changes in animal behavior, morphology, and appearance.
“Selection for tameness can lead to unexpected changes, not only of animal behavior, but also morphology and appearance.Famous experiment conducted on Siberian foxes by Dmitri Belyaev showed just that.36”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
Many phenotypic traits of domesticates emerge independently of any human predispositions, intentional or otherwise.
“there is now evidence that many of the phenotypic traits of domesticates emerge independently of any human predispositions, intentional or otherwise [7, 8].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
Selection for tameness in silver foxes led to a range of traits typical of the domestication syndrome within twenty years.
“Within twenty years of selection for this trait, a range of traits typical of the domestication syndrome had emerged [8].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
Alterations to the HPA axis are considered to be essential for the emergence of tameness in different theories of domestication.
“Alterations to the HPA axis are considered to be essential for the emergence of tameness in different (indeed competing) theories of domestication (Wilkins et al., 2014;Belyaev, 1979).”
From Glutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution (2020) · cites this paper as Belyaev, 1979
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Human-like social skills in dogs?
Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Wilkins, A. S., Wrangham, R. W., & Fitch, W. T. (2014) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165423 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
“In particular, the Novosibirsk group has long argued that hormonal states in the mother, associated with the less stressful conditions of domesticity, are involved in generating the DS (Belyaev 1979; Trut et al. 2004, 2009).”
Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A. V., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E. K., Naar, N., Newson, L., et al. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400106x · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Trut, L., Oskina, I., & Kharlamova, A. (2009) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.200800070 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
“Surveying the observations made during the course of experimental fox domestication, Belyaev found no satisfactory explanation within the traditional genetic framework and came to the idea of destabilizing selection as a factor of domestication.((16)) As destabilizing selection Belyaev designated selection causing des…”
BackgroundHare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
“For example, a positive correlation between depigmentation and less reactive temperaments in domesticated animals may be related to the fact that dopamine, adrenaline and melanin have the same biochemical precursor while dopamine is thought to inhibit the hormone that stimulates pigment cells to produce melanin (melan…”
BackgroundSocial Cognitive Evolution in Captive Foxes Is a Correlated By-Product of Experimental Domestication
Hare, B., Plyusnina, I., Ignacio, N., Schepina, O., Stepika, A., Wrangham, R., & Trut, L. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.040 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“For maintained in Siberia, Russia [11, 12].”
InfluentialConvergent genomic signatures of domestication in sheep and goats
Alberto, F. J., Boyer, F., Orozco-terWengel, P., Streeter, I., Servin, B., de Villemereuil, P., Benjelloun, B., Librado, P., Biscarini, F., Colli, L., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03206-y · Cited by 339 · see citing works
The genomics of selection in dogs and the parallel evolution between dogs and humans
Wang, G.-D., Zhai, W., Yang, H.-C., Fan, R.-X., Cao, X., Zhong, L., Wang, L., Liu, F., Wu, H., Cheng, L.-G., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2814 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Baby schema in human and animal faces induces cuteness perception and gaze allocation in children
Borgi, M., Cogliati-Dezza, I., Brelsford, V., Meints, K., & Cirulli, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00411 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“Most common pet species (i.e., dogs and cats) exhibit both morphological and behavioral infantile characteristics which may have been retained into adulthood as a by-product of the domestication (Belyaev, 1979; Frank and Frank, 1982).”
BackgroundFrom genes to aggressive behavior: the role of serotonergic system
Popova, N. K. (2006) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20412 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The history of farm foxes undermines the animal domestication syndrome
Lord, K. A., Larson, G., Coppinger, R. P., & Karlsson, E. K. (2020) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Its founder, Dr Dimitry Belyaev, designed the project to test whether the suite of characteristics that Darwin associated with domestication were linked to selection on tameness [14,15].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics
Theofanopoulou, C., Gastaldon, S., O’Rourke, T., Samuels, B. D., Messner, A., Martins, P. T., Delogu, F., Alamri, S., & Boeckx, C. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185306 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Red fox genome assembly identifies genomic regions associated with tame and aggressive behaviours
Kukekova, A. V., Johnson, J. L., Xiang, X., Feng, S., Liu, S., Rando, H. M., Kharlamova, A. V., Herbeck, Y., Serdyukova, N. A., Xiong, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0611-6 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour
MacLean, E. L., Snyder-Mackler, N., vonHoldt, B. M., & Serpell, J. A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0716 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice
Kondrakiewicz, K., Kostecki, M., Szadzińska, W., & Knapska, E. (2019) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12525 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Famous experiment conducted on Siberian foxes by Dmitri Belyaev showed just that.(36) He bred wild silver foxes in Novosibirsk and in each generation selected the tamest ones.”
Evidence for the involvement of central serotonin in mechanism of domestication of silver foxes
Popova, N. K., Voǐtenko, N. N., Kulikov, A. V., & Avgustinovich, D. F. (1991) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90080-l · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Naumenko, E. V., Popova, N. K., Nikulina, E. M., Dygalo, N. N., Shishkina, G. T., Borodin, P. M., & Markel, A. L. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90434-6 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Comparative Social Cognition: From wolf and dog to humans
Enikö Kubinyi, B. (2006) · Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews · doi:10.3819/ccbr.2008.20002 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“This hypothesis is based on the observation that some animals, selected artificially for tameness (e.g., foxes, see Belyaev, 1978) show increased performance in understanding human cues (Hare & Tomasello, 2005).”
BackgroundBoissy, A., Bouix, J. J., Orgeur, P., Poindron, P., Bibé, B. B., & Neindre, P. L. (2005) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1051/gse:2005007 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Comparing wolves and dogs: current status and implications for human ‘self-domestication’
Range, F., & Marshall-Pescini, S. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.01.003 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Selection against fear and aggression Belyaev proposed that traits observed in domestic species are the result of selection against fear and aggression, potentially mediated by a dampened reactivity of the hypothalamo–pituitary– adrenal system (HPA axis) manifested in low glucocorticoid levels (Box 2) [6,7].”
BackgroundLoog, L., Thomas, M. G., Barnett, R., Allen, R., Sykes, N., Paxinos, P. D., Lebrasseur, O., Dobney, K., Peters, J., Manica, A., et al. (2017) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msx142 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…allele that is thought to cause loss of strict seasonal reproduction (Rubin et al. 2010)—a commonly observed difference between domesticated animals and their wild relatives (Belyaev 1979)— and has been shown to associate with faster onset of egg laying at sexual maturity (Karlsson et al. 2016).”
BackgroundReconsidering the evolution of brain, cognition, and behavior in birds and mammals
Willemet, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00396 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Popova, N. K., Kulikov, A. V., Nikulina, E. M., Kozlachkova, E. Y., & Maslova, G. B. (1991) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1991)17:4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Johnsson, M., Gustafson, I., Rubin, C., Sahlqvist, A., Jonsson, K. B., Kerje, S., Ekwall, O., Kämpe, O., Andersson, L., Jensen, P., et al. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002914 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“selection is limited to tameness [5,6].”
Genetic influences on brain gene expression in rats selected for tameness and aggression
Heyne, H. O., Lautenschläger, S., Nelson, R., Besnier, F., Rotival, M., Cagan, A., Kozhemyakina, R., Plyusnina, I. Z., Trut, L., Carlborg, Ö., et al. (2014) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.114.168948 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“These experimental populations derive from the work of Dmitry K. Belyaev who, along with his famous related work in foxes (Belyaev 1979; Trut 1999), initiated the rat lines to study the evolution and underlying biological mechanisms of tameness as a crucial first step in animal domestication…”
The neural crest cell hypothesis: no unified explanation for domestication
Johnsson, M., Henriksen, R., & Wright, D. (2021) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab097 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The most famous domestication experiment is the farm fox experiment of Belyaev and co-workers (reviewed by Belyaev 1979; Trut et al. 2009; Lord et al. 2020).”
BackgroundGlutamate receptors in domestication and modern human evolution
O’Rourke, T., & Boeckx, C. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Plyusnina, I. Z., Oskina, I. N., & Trut, L. N. (1991) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80048-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The aim of the experiment was to elucidate the genetics of domestication in evolutionary terms (Belyaev, 1979; Trut, 1980).”
BackgroundFactors of diversity of domestic behaviour in sheep
Lankin, V. S. (1997) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/1297-9686-29-1-73 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Revisiting two hypotheses on the “domestication syndrome” in light of genomic data.
Wilkins, A. S. (2017) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj17.262 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Johnson, J. L., Wittgenstein, H., Mitchell, S. E., Hyma, K. E., Temnykh, S. V., Kharlamova, A. V., Gulevich, R. G., Vladimirova, A. V., Fong, H. W. F., Acland, G. M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127013 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Molecular genetics of behaviour: research strategies and perspectives for animal production
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“Although these phenotypes respond quickly to genetic selection (Belyaev, 1979), a very large variability is still present in domesticated animals.”
BackgroundBlack Crystal: A Novel Color Mutant in the American Mink (Mustela vison Schreber)
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“…and to potentially help wolf domestication to dog and to discussing whether wolves just changed into dogs, or whether humans experienced a parallel shift from the early Stone Age to today via a kind of “self- domestication” by selection for tameness ( Belyaev, 1972; Hare, Wobber, & Wrangham, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrasolova, L. A., Gerbek, Y. E., Gulevich, R. G., Шихевич, С. Г., Konoshenko, M. Y., Kozhemyakina, R. V., Oskina, I. N., & Plyusnina, I. Z. (2014) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795414080031 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bidau, C. J. (2009) · Gayana · doi:10.4067/s0717-65382009000300006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This last feature is very difficult to explain because ‘the heritability of the traits characteristic of the seasonal rhythm of activity of wild animals is practically zero’ (Belyaev & Trut 1964a,b; Belyaev 1978).”
BackgroundInfluentialPolly, P. D. (2017) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj17.264 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smith, T. D., & Valkenburgh, B. V. (2020) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24534 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“(Belyaev, 1979; Belyaev et al., 1985) establish that humans can artificially select for behavioral and morphological traits consistent with canid domestication over mere generations, there is no certainty that our human ancestors similarly domesticated archaic wolves.”
BackgroundShi, C., Lou, Q., Fu, B., Jin, J., Huang, J., Lu, Y., Jin, X., He, J., Zhai, G., Xie, S., et al. (2021) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1924-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Simulation of coevolution in community by using the "Evolutionary Constructor" program.
Lashin, S. A., Suslov, V. V., Kolchanov, N. A., et al. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
On selection of foxes for enhanced aggressiveness and its correlated implications
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“For example, D.K. Belyaev (1979) reported selecting for tameness during a period of about two decades to produce a domesticated “adult” silver fox ( Vulpesfulvus Desm.) with floppy ears, curled up tail and dog-like barks and with puppyish caresoliciting behavior, licking and fawning on humans.”
Agnvall, B. (2016) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-132003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Changes in behavior and emotion under chicken domestication
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“Belyaev (1979) and coworkers performed the paradigmatic experiment, showing that selection for tameness rapidly produces domestic-like animals).”
Genomics of chicken domestication and feralisation
Johnsson, M. (2015) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-122280 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kenttämies, H., Nikkilä, M., & MIETTINEN, M. (2006) · Agricultural and Food Science · doi:10.2137/145960606779216245 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similar result was obtained also with silver foxes in a corresponding study in Norway (Nordrum et al. 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Genetic System, The Deme, And The Origin Of Species
Carson, H. (1987) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.21.1.405 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brixen, I. V. F. M. U. S. 2., Lintner, M. M., & Verlagsgesellschaft, N. (2021) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748907084 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
5-HT1A receptor: its role in the regulation of different kinds of behavior
Naumenko, V. S., Ponimaskin, E. G., & Popova, N. K. (2016) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj16.135 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Herbeck, Y. E., Хантемирова, А. Р., Antonov, E. V., Goncharova, N. I., Gulevich, R. G., Shepeleva, D. V., & Trut, L. N. (2017) · Russian Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1134/s1022795417040056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Belyaev, the cause of epigenetic changes in experimental domestication lies in change in the hormonal balance and stress response [1, 2].”
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“Belyaev (24) suggested that the domestication effects may be due to changes in gene regulation rather than genetic structure, and a recent hypothesis suggests that the domestic phenotype is caused by deficiencies of neural crest cells during embryogenesis (32).”
BackgroundInfluentialDestabilization signs in behavioral and somatovegetative parameters of rats selected for catatonia
Alekhina, T. A., Palchikova, N. A., Kozhemyakina, R. V., et al. (2016) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj16.103 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Survival of the Tamest : The Domesticated Phenotype in Red Junglefowl Selected for Tameness
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Corte intra e interespecífica em cobaias (Cavia porcellus) e preás (Cavia aperea)
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The Parasite-Mediated Domestication Hypothesis
Skok, J. (2023) · Agricultura Scientia · doi:10.18690/agricsci.20.1.1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Preckler-Quisquater, S., Quinn, C. B., & Sacks, B. N. (2024) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.17418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In captivity, foxes in the fur farm industry were subjected to strong selection for increased fecundity, polygyny and tameness, all of which may have modi - fied their social and cultural systems (Belyaev, 1979; Kukekova et al., 2018; Trut et al., 2009 ).”
BackgroundCoat color mutations and defensive reaction towards man in farm-bred minks and sables
Trapezov, O. V., Трапезова, Л. И., & Sergeev, E. G. (2012) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/9789086867608_060 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Academician Belyaev used the results of a longterm domestication experiment using animals from family Canidae , namely, silver foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) as a model object to enunciate the theory of destabilizing selection (Belyaev, 1969, 1979).”
Domestication as the earliest intellectual achievement of humankind
Васильевич, Т. О. (2014) · Russian Journal of Genetics Applied Research · doi:10.1134/s2079059714030071 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“He spoke about the laws of correlative changeability, which Darwin called " mysterious " with a special reference to domesticaa tion (Darwin, 1951, p. 53), as the latter caused an excessively complicated chain of biological consee quences (Belyaev, 1969, 1979).”
BackgroundChicken domestication : Effects of tameness on brain gene expression and DNA methylation
Bélteky, J. (2016) · Linköping studies in science and technology. Dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-132379 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Exceptions to the rule? Ethnographic alternatives to cumulative cultural evolution
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“It is believed to be a side-effect of the selective pressure of human-directed breeding for juvenile behavioral characteristics, such as docility (Byelyaev 1979).”
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Gedomesticeerd? Begripsomschrijving en beoordelingskader, toegepast voor het rendier en de zeboe
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Stress hos höns : Effekter av domesticaring och tidig stress på beteende och välfärd
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Effects of experimental domestication of silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on vocal behaviour
Gogoleva, S. S., Volodin, I. A., Volodina, E. V., Kharlamova, A. V., & Trut, L. N. (2017) · Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding · doi:10.18699/vj17.258
Microcosm of evolution: One current philosophical discussion
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Eine veränderte Sichtweise auf Tiere durch naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse?
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“These clusters have been proposed as the mechanism for the progression of domestication (Wright 2015; Grant 1981), in contrast to the model that suggests pleiotropy is the main driver of domestication-related traits (Belyaev 1979; Belyaev et al. 1985), or gene networks (Trut et al. 2009).”
Exogamy, Rites of Passage and Human Self-Domestication
Zhang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences · doi:10.33140/jhss.08.03.02
- Authors
- BELYAEV, D. K.
- Corresponding author
- BELYAEV, D. K.
- Venue
- Journal of Heredity
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1979-09
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 301-308
- ISSN
- 0022-1503 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-7333
- OpenAlex
- W18413233
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Heredity (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Keywords
- domestication, selective breeding, genetic drift, domestication syndrome
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