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The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era
Open accessAbstract
The consolidation of the scientific publishing industry has been the topic of much debate within and outside the scientific community, especially in relation to major publishers' high profit margins. However, the share of scientific output published in the journals of these major publishers, as well as its evolution over time and across various disciplines, has not yet been analyzed. This paper provides such analysis, based on 45 million documents indexed in the Web of Science over the period 1973-2013. It shows that in both natural and medical sciences (NMS) and social sciences and humanities (SSH), Reed-Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Springer, and Taylor & Francis increased their share of the published output, especially since the advent of the digital era (mid-1990s). Combined, the top five most prolific publishers account for more than 50% of all papers published in 2013. Disciplines of the social sciences have the highest level of concentration (70% of papers from the top five publishers), while the humanities have remained relatively independent (20% from top five publishers). NMS disciplines are in between, mainly because of the strength of their scientific societies, such as the ACS in chemistry or APS in physics. The paper also examines the migration of journals between small and big publishing houses and explores the effect of publisher change on citation impact. It concludes with a discussion on the economics of scholarly publishing.
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“Global influence and market dominance show that these publishers represent a significant proportion of global scholarly output (Larivière et al., 2015).”
From Use of artificial intelligence tools in the publishing process: expectations from publishers through author guidelines (2026) · cites this paper as Larivière et al., 2015
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“Larivière, Haustein, and Mongeon (2015) provide a startling depiction of a consolidated scientific journal publishing industry that is dominated by a powerful oligopoly.2 This academic publishing oligopoly, consisting of five transnational corporations, produced more than 50% of all articles in…”
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BackgroundMandatory disclosure of financial interests of journals and editors
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“(third paragraph) According to Lariviere et al. (2015) The consolidation of the scientific publishing industry has been the topic of much debate within and outside the scientific community, especially in relation to major publishers’ high profit margins ….Combined, the top five most prolific…”
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“…to the emergent deficits created for public-sector academic communities, the publishing explosion contributes to increases in “operating margin,” “surplus value,” or “profit” for commercial publishers (see Himmelweit 1983 [1995]; see also Larivière et al. 2015, on which more directly below).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeyond the Oligopoly: Scholarly Journal Publishing Landscapes in Latin America and Europe
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“One of the most comprehensive studies on publisher-level changes in the scholarly journal landscape is Larivière et al. (2015), a longitudinal analysis of publisher data in WoS from 1973 to 2013.”
InfluentialThe business of transformative agreements
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“This has been made possible also by the thousands of academic journals that have sprouted online attracted by the lower entry costs of e-publishing (Larivière et al., 2015).”
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“…they may be considered opposing “international” journals, which may attract international authorships and readerships, present universal research topics, and often be associated with the Natural and Health Sciences (Gingras, 2014) and multinational, commercial publishers (Larivière et al., 2015).”
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da Silva, J. A. T., Huang, C., & Nazarovets, M. (2024) · Open Information Science · doi:10.1515/opis-2024-0002 · Cited by 8
Pampel, H. (2023) · Publ. · doi:10.3390/publications11030044 · Cited by 8
“The (1) monopolization of journal publishing [19], the (2) high profits of commercial publishers [20], (3) their data-tracking activities [21], and the (4) growing criticism of the APC business model [22–24] are currently shaping the discourse about the future of OA.”
BackgroundGlobal visibility of publications through Digital Object Identifiers
Turki, H., Fraumann, G., Taieb, M. A. H., & Aouicha, M. B. (2023) · Frontiers Res. Metrics Anal. · doi:10.3389/frma.2023.1207980 · Cited by 8
“This imbalance is due to a number of factors, including the long history of publishing houses in developed countries (Larivière et al., 2015; Posada and Chen, 2018), and the large market for scholarly publishing available in these countries (Posada and Chen, 2018).”
BackgroundResultStavrova, E. (2022) · Business Ethics and Leadership · doi:10.21272/bel.6(4).92-99.2022 · Cited by 8
Plan S: An economist's perspective
Armstrong, M. (2021) · Managerial and Decision Economics · doi:10.1002/mde.3440 · Cited by 8
Lepofsky, D., Heckelsmiller, C., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., & Wall, J. (2021) · Journal of Ethnobiology · doi:10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.122 · Cited by 8
de Rosnay, M. D. (2021) · Publishing, the Internet and the Commons · doi:10.16997/wpcc.913 · Cited by 8
Public Goods and the Commons: Opposites or Complements?
de Jongh, M. (2020) · doi:10.1177/0090591720979916 · Cited by 8
‘Requires proofing by a native speaker’ – colonization and scholarship
Costello, E. (2020) · doi:10.1629/uksg.502 · Cited by 8
The FWF’s Open Access Policy over the last 15 Years – Developments and Outlook
Rieck, K. (2019) · Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare · doi:10.31263/voebm.v72i2.2837 · Cited by 8
Guillemaud, T., Facon, B., & Bourguet, D. (2019) · ELPUB 2019 23d International Conference on Electronic Publishing · doi:10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2019.23 · Cited by 8
“The development of electronic tools for managing the evaluation and publication of manuscripts and the dematerialization of objects could have decreased costs, but subscription costs and fees have continued to increase in recent years (Larivière et al. 2015; Vajou 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMartinovich, V. (2019) · Información, Cultura y Sociedad · doi:10.34096/ics.i40.5540 · Cited by 8
Johnson, C. A., & Cassady, S. (2018) · Collection and Curation · doi:10.1108/cc-05-2018-0013 · Cited by 8
Los desafíos que enfrentan las prácticas de ciencia abierta
Fressoli, M., & Arza, V. (2018) · Teknokultura Revista de Cultura Digital y Movimientos Sociales · doi:10.5209/tekn.60616 · Cited by 34
Racz, A., & Marković, S. (2018) · Nova prisutnost · doi:10.31192/np.16.2.10 · Cited by 8
Preprint for the humanities – fiction or a real possibility?
Laporte, S. (2016) · doi:10.4467/2543702xshs.17.014.7715 · Cited by 8
“The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Impact of Disruptive and Sustaining Digital Technologies on Scholarly Journals
Greco, A. N. (2016) · doi:10.3138/jsp.48.1.17 · Cited by 8
Creative Commons Licenses: Empowering Open Access
Margoni, T., & Peters, D. M. (2016) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2746044 · Cited by 8
Vertical Integration in Academic Publishing
Chen, G., Posada, A., & Chan, L. (2019) · Connecting the Knowledge Commons — From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure · doi:10.4000/books.oep.9068 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Larivière, V., Haustein, S., & Mongeon, P.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Larivière, Vincent
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-06-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0127502
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4465327
- OpenAlex
- W1655306493
- Cited by
- 1,240
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 104 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 97 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 15
- FWCI
- 80.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Publishing and Scholarly Communication
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Keywords
- scholarly publishing, scientific publishing industry, oligopoly, digital era, journal migration, publisher change, citation impact, humanities and social sciences, Web of Science, Reed Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis
- MeSH terms
- Publishing, Journal Impact Factor
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