The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 129 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test: Complete Absence of Typical Sex Difference in ~400 Men and Women with Autism
Open accessAbstract
The "Reading the Mind in the Eyes" test (Eyes test) is an advanced test of theory of mind. Typical sex difference has been reported (i.e., female advantage). Individuals with autism show more difficulty than do typically developing individuals, yet it remains unclear how this is modulated by sex, as females with autism have been under-represented. Here in a large, non-male-biased sample we test for the effects of sex, diagnosis, and their interaction. The Eyes test (revised version) was administered online to 395 adults with autism (178 males, 217 females) and 320 control adults (152 males, 168 females). Two-way ANOVA showed a significant sex-by-diagnosis interaction in total correct score (F(1,711) = 5.090, p = 0.024, ηp2 = 0.007) arising from a significant sex difference between control males and females (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.47), and an absence of a sex difference between males and females with autism (p = 0.907, d = 0.01); significant case-control differences were observed across sexes, with effect sizes of d = 0.35 in males and d = 0.69 in females. Group-difference patterns fit with the extreme-male-brain (EMB) theory predictions. Eyes test-Empathy Quotient and Eyes test-Autism Spectrum Quotient correlations were significant only in females with autism (r = 0.35, r = -0.32, respectively), but not in the other 3 groups. Support vector machine (SVM) classification based on response pattern across all 36 items classified autism diagnosis with a relatively higher accuracy for females (72.2%) than males (65.8%). Nevertheless, an SVM model trained within one sex generalized equally well when applied to the other sex. Performance on the Eyes test is a sex-independent phenotypic characteristic of adults with autism, reflecting sex-common social difficulties, and provides support for the EMB theory predictions for both males and females. Performance of females with autism differed from same-sex controls more than did that of males with autism. Females with autism also showed stronger coherence between self-reported dispositional traits and Eyes test performance than all other groups.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Likewise, scores in the RMET are similar to those seen in other publications with autistic participants [41, 71].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition
Burges, C. J. C. (1998) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1023/a:1009715923555 · Cited by 16,616
Schölkopf, B., & Smola, A. J. (2001) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4175.001.0001 · Cited by 11,934
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599
Self-citationBaron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450 · cited 2×
“In previous studies conducted in the general population and not sex-stratified, Eyes test scores show an inverse correlation with AQ scores [58, 78], and a positive correlation with EQ scores Absence of Typical Sex Difference on the Eyes Test in Autism”
BackgroundSelf-citationData mining and knowledge discovery: making sense out of data
Feyyad, U. M. (1996) · IEEE Expert · doi:10.1109/64.539013 · Cited by 4,644
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715 · Cited by 4,555 · cited 6×
“The Eyes test (revised and online version) consists of 36 grey-scale photos of people taken from magazines [14, 31].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBaron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 4,313
Self-citationBaron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 · Cited by 4,093
Self-citationMindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2412 · Cited by 3,670
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,553
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism
Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Ruigrok, A. N., Chakrabarti, B., Auyeung, B., Szatmari, P., Happé, F., Baron-Cohen, S., & MRC AIMS Consortium (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316671012 · Cited by 705
Self-citationSocial functioning in major depressive disorder
Kupferberg, A., Bicks, L., & Hasler, G. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.002 · Cited by 663
Big data approaches to decomposing heterogeneity across the autism spectrum
Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M.-C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0321-0 · Cited by 537
Self-citationEmpirical failures of the claim that autistic people lack a theory of mind.
Gernsbacher, M. A., & Yergeau, M. (2019) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000067 · Cited by 295
D’Mello, A. M., Frosch, I. R., Li, C. E., Cardinaux, A. L., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2795 · Cited by 194
Mollaioli, D., Sansone, A., Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Colonnello, E., Lorenzo, G. D., & Jannini, E. A. (2020) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.008 · Cited by 193
The role of the default mode network in component processes underlying the wandering mind
Poerio, G. L., Sormaz, M., Wang, H.-T., Margulies, D. S., Jefferies, E., & Smallwood, J. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx041 · Cited by 195
Basic and complex emotion recognition in children with autism: cross-cultural findings
Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Bölte, S., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Golan, O. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0113-9 · Cited by 197
Self-citationSex and gender differences in the development of empathy
Rochat, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25009 · Cited by 169
Child gender influences paternal behavior, language, and brain function.
Mascaro, J. S., Rentscher, K. E., Hackett, P. D., Mehl, M. R., & Rilling, J. K. (2017) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000199 · Cited by 149
Warrier, V., Grasby, K. L., Uzefovsky, F., Toro, R., Smith, P. L., Chakrabarti, B., Khadake, J., Mawbey-Adamson, E., Litterman, N. K., Hottenga, J., et al. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.122 · Cited by 153
Self-citationWarrier, V., Toro, R., Chakrabarti, B., the iPSYCH-Broad autism group, Børglum, A. D., Grove, J., Hinds, D. A., Bourgeron, T., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-6 · Cited by 161
Self-citationIs There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Cruz, S., Zubizarreta, S. C.-P., Costa, A. D., Araújo, R., Martinho, J., Tubío-Fungueiriño, M., Sampaio, A., Cruz, R., Carracedo, Á., & Fernández‐Prieto, M. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09630-2 · Cited by 155
Empathy in autism Spectrum disorder
Harmsen, I. E. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04087-w · Cited by 129
Covington, N. V., & Duff, M. C. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00081 · Cited by 141
Peñuelas‐Calvo, I., Sareen, A., Sevilla‐Llewellyn‐Jones, J., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3814-4 · Cited by 130
Mazza, M., Mariano, M., Peretti, S., Masedu, F., Pino, M. C., & Valenti, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3069-5 · Cited by 120
Baksh, R. A., Abrahams, S., Auyeung, B., & MacPherson, S. E. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195818 · Cited by 114
Greenberg, D. M., Warrier, V., Abu-Akel, A. M., Allison, C. L., Gajos, K. Z., Reinecke, K., Rentfrow, P. J., Radecki, M. A., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022385119 · Cited by 123
Self-citationKynast, J., Lampe, L., Luck, T., Frisch, S., Arélin, K., Hoffmann, K., Loeffler, M., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Villringer, A., & Schroeter, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17719380 · Cited by 109
Song, Y., Nie, T., Shi, W., Zhao, X., & Yang, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01902 · Cited by 117
McDonald, B., & Kanske, P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47747-9 · Cited by 115
The Cerebellar Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From the Social Brain to Mouse Models
Mapelli, L., Soda, T., D'Angelo, E. U., & Prestori, F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073894 · Cited by 114
Moseley, R. L., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0267-3 · Cited by 97
Self-citationReliability and validity of advanced theory‐of‐mind measures in middle childhood and adolescence
Hayward, E. O., & Homer, B. D. (2017) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12186 · Cited by 113
Atherton, G., Edisbury, E., Piovesan, A., & Cross, L. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05235-x · Cited by 117
Leppänen, J., Sedgewick, F., Treasure, J. L., & Tchanturia, K. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.009 · Cited by 99
Unsupervised data-driven stratification of mentalizing heterogeneity in autism
Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Holt, R., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., Chakrabarti, B., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Suckling, J., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35333 · Cited by 94
Self-citationKittel, A. F. D., Olderbak, S. G., & Wilhelm, O. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191121996469 · Cited by 89
Default Mode Hypoconnectivity Underlies a Sex-Related Autism Spectrum
Ypma, R. J. F., Moseley, R. L., Holt, R., Rughooputh, N., Floris, D. L., Chura, L. R., Spencer, M. D., Baron‐Cohen, S., Suckling, J., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.04.006 · Cited by 88
Self-citationPreti, A., Vellante, M., & Петретто, Д. Р. (2017) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2017.1300091 · Cited by 82
Dodell‐Feder, D., Ressler, K. J., & Germine, L. T. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800404x · Cited by 91
Seeing More Than Human: Autism and Anthropomorphic Theory of Mind
Atherton, G., & Cross, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00528 · Cited by 87
Montgomery, C. B., Allison, C. L., Lai, M., Cassidy, S., Langdon, P. E., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2698-4 · Cited by 88
Self-citationCoordinating bodies and minds: Behavioral synchrony fosters mentalizing
Baimel, A., Birch, S., & Norenzayan, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.008 · Cited by 75
Higgins, W. C., Kaplan, D. M., Deschrijver, E., & Ross, R. M. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102378 · Cited by 80
Fitzpatrick, P., Frazier, J. A., Cochran, D., Mitchell, T. V., Coleman, C., & Schmidt, R. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01337 · Cited by 69
Face individual identity recognition: a potential endophenotype in autism
Minio-Paluello, I., Porciello, G., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00371-0 · Cited by 73
Self-citationTestosterone reduces functional connectivity during the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test
Bos, P. A., Hofman, D., Hermans, E. J., Montoya, E. R., Baron‐Cohen, S., & van Honk, J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.03.006 · Cited by 64
Self-citationRutter, L. A., Dodell‐Feder, D., Vahia, I. V., Forester, B. P., Ressler, K. J., Wilmer, J. B., & Germine, L. T. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000559 · Cited by 58
Kouklari, E.-C., Tsermentseli, S. K., & Bonnie Auyeung, B. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.015 · Cited by 67
Charry-Sánchez, J. D., Pradilla, I. F., & Talero‐Gutiérrez, C. (2018) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000594 · Cited by 61
The ‘Reading the mind in the Eyes' test and emotional intelligence
Megías‐Robles, A., Gutiérrez‐Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., Gómez‐Leal, R., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.201305 · Cited by 54
Self-citationMüller, N., Baumeister, S., Dziobek, I., Banaschewski, T., & Poustka, L. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2828-z · Cited by 60
Social Cognition and Emotional Functioning in Patients with Binge Eating Disorder
Aloi, M., Rania, M., Caroleo, M., Fazio, P. D., & Segura‐Garcìa, C. (2017) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2504 · Cited by 54
Effects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotion understanding: EEG and behavioural evidence
Perry, A., Saunders, S. N., Stiso, J., Dewar, C. D., Lubell, J., Meling, T. R., Solbakk, A., Endestad, T., & Knight, R. T. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx031 · Cited by 53
Pavlova, M. A., & Sokolov, A. A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104755 · Cited by 52
Higgins, W. C., Ross, R. M., Langdon, R. A., & Polito, V. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221124342 · Cited by 49
Valenti, M., Pino, M. C., Mazza, M., Panzarino, G., Paolantonio, C. D., & Verrotti, A. (2019) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-019-00176-9 · Cited by 53
Lischke, A., Lemke, D., Neubert, J., Hamm, A. O., & Lotze, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11290-1 · Cited by 48
Epidemiological Dimensions of Social Anhedonia
Dodell‐Feder, D., & Germine, L. T. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618773740 · Cited by 48
Campos, D., Modrego-Alarcón, M., López-del-Hoyo, Y., González-Panzano, M., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Navarro-Gil, M., & García-Campayo, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00809 · Cited by 45
“The test has proven to be a sensitive measure of adult social intelligence (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001, 2015).”
BackgroundNavarro‐Pardo, E., López-Ramón, M. F., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Marín, F. A. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8040262 · Cited by 52
Autism, thy name is man: Exploring implicit and explicit gender bias in autism perceptions
Brickhill, R., Atherton, G., Piovesan, A., & Cross, L. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284013 · Cited by 57
Mısır, E., Bora, E., & Akdede, B. B. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.02.008 · Cited by 44
Attachment and Mentalizing Abilities in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Agostini, A., Scaioli, E., Belluzzi, A., & Campieri, M. (2019) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2019/7847123 · Cited by 43
Velotti, P., Garofalo, C., Dimaggio, G., & Fonagy, P. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1048-3 · Cited by 44
Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Interpretation and Expression of Emotions in Anorexia Nervosa
Leppänen, J., Cardi, V., Ng, K. W., Paloyelis, Y., Stein, D. J., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12458 · Cited by 43
Donaldson, P. H., Kirkovski, M., Rinehart, N., & Enticott, P. G. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13675 · Cited by 44
Lundin, K., Mahdi, S., Isaksson, J., & Bölte, S. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320975311 · Cited by 39
Pino, M. C., Mazza, M., Mariano, M., Peretti, S., Dimitriou, D., Masedu, F., Valenti, M., & Franco, F. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3194-1 · Cited by 39
He, Y., Su, Q., Wang, L., He, W., Tan, C., Zhang, H., Ng, M. L., Yan, N., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00402 · Cited by 40
The presentation, recognition and diagnosis of autism in women and girls
Driver, B., & Chester, V. (2021) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-12-2019-0050 · Cited by 47
Empathizing-systemizing cognitive styles: Effects of sex and academic degree
Kidron, R., Kaganovskiy, L., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194515 · Cited by 40
Self-citationUhlmann, A., Ipser, J., Wilson, D., & Stein, D. J. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0157-3 · Cited by 36
Sex differences and brain development during puberty and adolescence
Peper, J. S., Burke, S., & Wierenga, L. M. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00003-5 · Cited by 42
The Link Between Autism and Sex-Related Neuroanatomy, and Associated Cognition and Gene Expression
Floris, D. L., Peng, H., Warrier, V., Lombardo, M. V., Pretzsch, C. M., Moreau, C. A., Tsompanidis, A., Gong, W., Mennes, M., Llera, A., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220194 · Cited by 36
Self-citationAffective theory of mind in Parkinson’s disease: the effect of cognitive performance
Romoșan, A. M., Dehelean, L., Romosan, R. S., Andor, M., Bredicean, A. C., & Simu, M. A. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s219288 · Cited by 34
Shalev, I., & Uzefovsky, F. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00362-1 · Cited by 34
Age- and Sex-Specific Standard Scores for the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test
Kynast, J., Polyakova, M., Quinque, E. M., Hinz, A., Villringer, A., & Schroeter, M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.607107 · Cited by 34
Nejati, V., Salehinejad, M. A., Shahidi, N., & Abedin, A. (2017) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2017.05.003 · Cited by 34
Atherton, G., Edisbury, E., Piovesan, A., & Cross, L. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05622-y · Cited by 32
Reading the Mind in the Eyes: A Population-Based Study of Social Cognition in Older Adults
Lee, S., Jacobsen, E. P., Jia, Y., Snitz, B. E., Chang, C. H., & Ganguli, M. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.11.009 · Cited by 33
Mindreading From the Eyes Declines With Aging – Evidence From 1,603 Subjects
Kynast, J., Quinque, E. M., Polyakova, M., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Baron‐Cohen, S., Hinz, A., Witte, A. V., Sacher, J., Villringer, A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.550416 · Cited by 30
Self-citationDoes our cognitive empathy diminish with age? The moderator role of educational level
Gutiérrez‐Cobo, M. J., Cabello, R., Megías‐Robles, A., Gómez‐Leal, R., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2021) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610221000624 · Cited by 29
Self-citationDuff, M. C., Morrow, E. L., Edwards, M., McCurdy, R. A., Clough, S., Patel, N. N., Walsh, K., & Covington, N. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846919 · Cited by 30
Kuczynski, A. M., Kanter, J. W., & Robinaugh, D. J. (2019) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-019-02298-3 · Cited by 29
Mazza, M., Pino, M. C., Keller, R., Vagnetti, R., Attanasio, M., Filocamo, A., Donne, I. L., Masedu, F., & Valenti, M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05035-3 · Cited by 29
Facial Emotion Recognition Abilities in Women Experiencing Eating Disorders
Wyssen, A., Lao, J., Rodger, H., Humbel, N., Lennertz, J., Schuck, K., Isenschmid, B., Milos, G. F., Trier, S. N., Whinyates, K., et al. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000664 · Cited by 29
Theory of mind in users of anabolic androgenic steroids
Vaskinn, A., Hauger, L. E., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05603-y · Cited by 30
Coutinho, T. V., Reis, S. P. S., da Silva, A. G., de Miranda, D. M., & Malloy‐Diniz, L. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00299 · Cited by 30
Structural and functional brain correlates of theory of mind impairment post-stroke
D, J. F. D., Nott, Z. E., Horne, K., Prangley, T., Adams, A. G., Henry, J. D., & Molenberghs, P. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.017 · Cited by 29
Nam, G., Lee, H., Lee, J.-H., & Hur, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00698 · Cited by 27
Social Cognition and Social Functioning in MCI and Dementia in an Epidemiological Sample
Eramudugolla, R., Huynh, K., Zhou, S., Amos, J. G., & Anstey, K. J. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000898 · Cited by 29
Lee, J., Hardin, A. E., Parmar, B. L., & Gino, F. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000639 · Cited by 28
Atherton, G., & Cross, L. (2019) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2019.1593100 · Cited by 27
Empathy, mentalizing, and cognitive functioning in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Konstantakopoulos, G., Ioannidi, N., Patrikelis, P., & Gonidakis, F. (2020) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2020.1760131 · Cited by 25
Feelings first? Sex differences in affective and cognitive processes in emotion recognition
Bek, J., Donahoe, B., & Brady, N. P. (2021) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218211064583 · Cited by 23
The Key Role of Empathy in the Relationship between Age and Social Support
Guariglia, P., Palmiero, M., Giannini, A. M., & Piccardi, L. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11172464 · Cited by 27
Conceptualising paranoia in ASD: A systematic review and development of a theoretical framework
Spain, D., Sin, J., & Freeman, D. H. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.02.002 · Cited by 23
A Genetic Bridge Between Medicine and Neurodiversity for Autism
Leblond, C. S., Rolland, T., Barthome, E., Mougin, Z., Fleury, M., Ecker, C., Bonnot-Briey, S., Cliquet, F., Tabet, A., Maruani, A., et al. (2024) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102614 · Cited by 23
Lacroix, A., Dutheil, F., Logemann, A., Cserjesi, R., Peyrin, C., Biro, B., Gomot, M., & Mermillod, M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211062776 · Cited by 21
Rishede, M., Juul, S., Bo, S., Gondan, M., Møeller, S. B., & Simonsen, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634332 · Cited by 22
Ike, J. D., & Howell, J. D. (2021) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2021.2010299 · Cited by 21
Autism attenuates the perception of the mind-body divide
Berent, I., Theodore, R. M., & Valencia, E. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2211628119 · Cited by 21
Kim, H. A., Kaduthodil, J., Strong, R. W., Germine, L. T., Cohan, S., & Wilmer, J. B. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02323-x · Cited by 21
Kynast, J., & Schroeter, M. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00570 · Cited by 19
Deng, F., Bueber, M. A., Cao, Y., Tang, J., Bai, X., Cho, Y. I., Lee, J., Lin, Z., Yang, Q., Keshavan, M. S., et al. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003501 · Cited by 19
Validity of Social Cognition Measures in the Clinical Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pino, M. C., Masedu, F., Vagnetti, R., Attanasio, M., Giovanni, C. D., Valenti, M., & Mazza, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00004 · Cited by 19
Pagni, B. A., Walsh, M. J. M., Rogers, C., & Braden, B. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.571408 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron-Cohen, S., Bowen, D. C., Holt, R. J., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Lombardo, M. V., Smith, P., & Lai, M.-C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lai, Meng-Chuan
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-08-27
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e0136521
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4552377
- OpenAlex
- W1943649909
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 14
- FWCI
- 13.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (091774, 091774/Z/10/Z)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Medical Research Council (G0600977)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, theory of mind, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, sex differences, extreme male brain theory, empathy, Autism Spectrum Quotient, social cognition, autistic adults
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Reading, Sex Characteristics, Support Vector Machine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
