Validation of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire as a Screening Tool for Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Different Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is clinically relevant because untreated OSA has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The STOP-Bang questionnaire is a validated screening tool for OSA. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of STOP-Bang for screening patients suspected of having OSA and to predict its accuracy in determining the severity of OSA in the different populations. METHODS: A search of the literature databases was performed. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Studies that used STOP-Bang questionnaire as a screening tool for OSA in adult subjects (>18 years); 2) The accuracy of the STOP-Bang questionnaire was validated by polysomnography--the gold standard for diagnosing OSA; 3) OSA was clearly defined as apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) or respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ≥ 5; 4) Publications in the English language. The quality of the studies were explicitly described and coded according to the Cochrane Methods group on the screening and diagnostic tests. RESULTS: Seventeen studies including 9,206 patients met criteria for the systematic review. In the sleep clinic population, the sensitivity was 90%, 94% and 96% to detect any OSA (AHI ≥ 5), moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥15), and severe OSA (AHI ≥30) respectively. The corresponding NPV was 46%, 75% and 90%. A similar trend was found in the surgical population. In the sleep clinic population, the probability of severe OSA with a STOP-Bang score of 3 was 25%. With a stepwise increase of the STOP-Bang score to 4, 5, 6 and 7/8, the probability rose proportionally to 35%, 45%, 55% and 75%, respectively. In the surgical population, the probability of severe OSA with a STOP-Bang score of 3 was 15%. With a stepwise increase of the STOP-Bang score to 4, 5, 6 and 7/8, the probability increased to 25%, 35%, 45% and 65%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis confirms the high performance of the STOP-Bang questionnaire in the sleep clinic and surgical population for screening of OSA. The higher the STOP-Bang score, the greater is the probability of moderate-to-severe OSA.
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Among surgical patients, the STOP-BANG questionnaire has reported sensitivity of 91%.
“the Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires have reported sensitivities of 79%–82% and 91% respectively among surgical patients”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The pooled predictive parameters section reports 91% sensitivity for STOP-Bang among surgical patients, but specifically for detecting moderate-to-severe OSA with a score of 3 as the cut-off. The citing sentence omits that qualification; the same passage reports 84% sensitivity for any OSA. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe STOP-BANG questionnaire has a sensitivity of 94% for identifying clinically relevant OSA.
“The Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires have sensitivities of 82% and 94%, respectively,422,423”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The ‘Predictive parameters ... in the sleep clinic population’ passage reports 94% pooled sensitivity for moderate-to-severe OSA at a STOP-Bang cutoff of 3. The citing sentence gives 94% without those qualifications; the paper reports different sensitivities for surgical patients and the general population. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA STOP-BANG cutoff score of 5 had the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for moderate-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15) in sleep medicine (60%, 72%) and surgical populations (45%, 56%).
“The ROC curves for the STOP-BANG at different OSA severity classes showed a STOP-BANG cutoff score of 5 had the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for moderate-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15) in sleep medicine (60%, 72%) and surgical populations (45%, 56%).”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
Table 4 (Discussion; page unavailable) reports exactly the stated sensitivity and specificity at a STOP-Bang cutoff of 5 for moderate-to-severe OSA: 60% and 72% in sleep-clinic patients, and 45% and 56% in surgical patients. The paper reports results across cutoffs but does not identify 5 as having the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong general clinic patients, the STOP-BANG questionnaire has reported sensitivity of 88%.
“and 89% and 88% respectively among general clinic patients.”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The section on predictive parameters in the general population (page not available) reports 88% sensitivity for detecting moderate-to-severe OSA, but its participants were from the Sleep Heart Health Study, not general clinic patients. The same section reports different pooled sensitivities for sleep-clinic patients, so the claimed population is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe STOP-BANG is an 8-question survey with four subjective and four objective items, each positive item contributing 1 point up to 8.
“The STOP-BANG is an 8-question survey including four subjective and four objective items with each positive item contributing 1 point for a maximum score of 8 points.”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The Introduction describes four subjective STOP items and four demographic Bang items; the scoring analysis uses scores up to 8. The paper does not explicitly say that each positive item contributes one point, so that scoring detail is not fully supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Berlin, STOP-BANG, and NoSAS are validated clinical questionnaires for assessing OSA risk.
“Clinical questionnaires validated to assess the risk of OSA include the Berlin,422 STOP-BANG,423 and NoSAS424–428 screening tools.”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
At a cutoff score of 5, the STOP-BANG had the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) in sleep clinic patients (66%, 66%) and surgical patients (56%, 74%).
“At this cutoff score, the STOP-BANG also has the best combination of sensitivity and specificity for severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) in sleep clinic patients (66%, 66%) and surgical patients (56%, 74%).”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The Berlin questionnaire has a sensitivity of 82% for identifying clinically relevant OSA.
“The Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires have sensitivities of 82% and 94%, respectively,422,423”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The Results section reports 94% sensitivity for STOP-Bang in detecting moderate-to-severe OSA in sleep-clinic patients, but does not report 82% sensitivity for the Berlin questionnaire. A search of our copy for Berlin questionnaire sensitivity found only a reference identifying that questionnaire, not the claimed figure. The cited paper supports the STOP-Bang half of the printed sentence, not the Berlin claim assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong surgical patients, the Berlin questionnaire has reported sensitivity of 79%-82%.
“the Berlin and STOP-BANG questionnaires have reported sensitivities of 79%–82% and 91% respectively among surgical patients”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The surgical-population results report STOP-Bang sensitivities, including 91% for moderate-to-severe OSA, but do not report a Berlin questionnaire sensitivity. A search for “Berlin questionnaire” found it in the References, without the claimed 79%–82% figure for surgical patients. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong general clinic patients, the Berlin questionnaire has reported sensitivity of 89%.
“and 89% and 88% respectively among general clinic patients.”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [423]
The paper’s Introduction and results discuss STOP-Bang sensitivity, not an 89% sensitivity for the Berlin questionnaire among general clinic patients. A search for the Berlin questionnaire found it in the References, but no passage reporting the claimed figure or population; pages are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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The Value of Oxygen Desaturation Index for Diagnosing Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review
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European Respiratory Society statement on sleep apnoea, sleepiness and driving risk
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Maternal Sleep-Disordered Breathing
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Barriers of artificial intelligence implementation in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea
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“Current awareness and detection of OSA in the primary care setting is a major contributor to the disease process, as it is not routinely screened for and there are limitations to utilizing screening tools, like the STOP-Bang questionnaire, in the general public [2, 6].”
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Can STOP-Bang and Pulse Oximetry Detect and Exclude Obstructive Sleep Apnea?
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Nagappa, M., Liao, P., Wong, J., Auckley, D., Ramachandran, S. K., Memtsoudis, S., Mokhlesi, B., & Chung, F.
- Affiliations
- University Health Network (CA)
- MetroHealth Medical Center (US)
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Frances
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-12-14
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e0143697
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4678295
- OpenAlex
- W2205419122
- Semantic Scholar
- c3a10215e31701a7142de7a1249016f9e93572af
- Cited by
- 684
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 19
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Chicago
- Funders
- University of Toronto
- University Health Network Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Keywords
- obstructive sleep apnea, STOP-BANG questionnaire, OSA screening, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and negative predictive value, OSA severity, apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index, polysomnography, sleep clinic patients, surgical patients, questionnaire validation, cross-population generalizability, risk stratification, risk score threshold
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mass Screening, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Polysomnography, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
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