The Relationship between Health Literacy and Health Disparities: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Health literacy is commonly associated with many of the antecedents of health disparities. Yet the precise nature of the relationship between health literacy and disparities remains unclear. A systematic review was conducted to better understand in how far the relationship between health literacy and health disparities has been systematically studied and which potential relationships and pathways have been identified. METHODS: Five databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE and CINAHL, were searched for peer-reviewed studies. Publications were included in the review when they (1) included a valid measure of health literacy, (2) explicitly conceived a health disparity as related to a social disparity, such as race/ethnicity or education and (3) when results were presented by comparing two or more groups afflicted by a social disparity investigating the effect of health literacy on health outcomes. Two reviewers evaluated each study for inclusion and abstracted relevant information. Findings were ordered according to the disparities identified and the role of health literacy in explaining them. RESULTS: 36 studies were included in the final synthesis. Most of the studies investigated racial/ethnic disparities, followed by some few studies that systematically investigated educational disparities. Some evidence was found on the mediating function of health literacy on self-rated health status across racial/ethnic and educational disparities, as well as on the potential effect of health literacy and numeracy on reducing racial/ethnic disparities in medication adherence and understanding of medication intake. CONCLUSION: Overall the evidence on the relationship between health literacy and disparities is still mixed and fairly limited. Studies largely varied with regard to health(-related) outcomes under investigation and the health literacy assessments used. Further, many studies lacked a specific description of the nature of the disparity that was explored and a clear account of possible pathways tested.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Language barriers are not the only issue that contributes to health inequities, and much has been written about these factors that are collectively known as social determinants of health.
“Language barriers are not the only issue that contributes to health inequities, and much has been written about these factors that are collectively known as social determinants of health [59-62]”
From Technology enabled clinical care (TECC): Protocol for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of smartphone-augmented mental health treatment (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554 · see citing works
Low Health Literacy and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review
Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2011) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005 · Cited by 5,505 · see citing works
Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion
Committee on Health Literacy, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine (2004) · doi:10.17226/10883 · Cited by 3,444 · see citing works
Quick Assessment of Literacy in Primary Care: The Newest Vital Sign
Weiss, B. (2005) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.405 · Cited by 2,222 · see citing works
Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: a shortened screening instrument.
Davis, T. C., Long, S. W., Jackson, R. H., Mayeaux, E. J., George, R. B., Murphy, P. W., & Crouch, M. A. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 1,597 · see citing works
Health disparities and health equity: Concepts and measurement
Braveman, P. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103 · Cited by 1,570 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us
Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D. R., & Pamuk, E. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.166082 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Kutner, M. A., Greenburg, E., Jin, Y., & Paulsen, C. A. (2006) · National Center for Education Statistics · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy
Baker, D. W., Williams, M. V., Parker, R. M., Gazmararian, J. A., & Nurss, J. R. (1999) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(98)00116-5 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Validation of Screening Questions for Limited Health Literacy in a Large VA Outpatient Population
Chew, L. D., Griffin, J. M., Partin, M. R., Noorbaloochi, S., Grill, J. P., Snyder, A., Bradley, K. A., Nugent, S. M., Simon, A. B., & van Ryn, M. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0520-5 · Cited by 1,432 · see citing works
Functional Health Literacy and the Risk of Hospital Admission Among Medicare Managed Care Enrollees
Baker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Williams, M. V., Scott, T. L., Parker, R. M., Green, D., Ren, J., & Peel, J. L. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.8.1278 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
What are Health Disparities and Health Equity? We Need to Be Clear
Braveman, P. (2014) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/00333549141291s203 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
van der Heide, I., Wang, J., Droomers, M., Spreeuwenberg, P. M. M., Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M., & Uiters, E. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.825668 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Kennedy, B. P., Kawachi, I. I., Glass, R. J., & Prothrow‐Stith, D. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7163.917 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Health Literacy and Functional Health Status Among Older Adults
Wolf, M. S., Gazmararian, J. A., & Baker, D. W. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.17.1946 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Functional health literacy and health-promoting behaviour in a national sample of British adults
von Wagner, C., Knight, K. M., Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.053967 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Bennett, I. M., Chen, J., Soroui, J., & White, S. (2009) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.940 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Sentell, T. L., & Braun, K. L. (2012) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2012.712621 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Lindau, S. T., Tomori, C., Lyons, T., Langseth, L., Bennett, C. L., & Garcia, P. (2002) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1067/mob.2002.122091 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Schulz, P. J., & Nakamoto, K. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.09.006 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth Disparities By Race And Class: Why Both Matter
Kawachi, I., Daniels, N., & Robinson, D. E. (2005) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.343 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Limited Literacy in Older People and Disparities in Health and Healthcare Access
Sudore, R. L., Mehta, K. M., Simonsick, E. M., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., Satterfield, S., Rosano, C., Rooks, R. N., Rubin, S. M., Ayonayon, H. N., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00691.x · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Bennett, C. L., Ferreira, M. R., Davis, T. C., Kaplan, J., Weinberger, M., Kuzel, T. M., Seday, M. A., & Sartor, O. A. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1998.16.9.3101 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Sarkar, U., Karter, A. J., Liu, J. Y., Adler, N. E., Nguyen, R., López, A., & Schillinger, D. (2010) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.499988 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
The Health Literacy of Parents in the United States: A Nationally Representative Study
Yin, H. S., Johnson, M., Mendelsohn, A. L., Abrams, M. A., Sanders, L., & Dreyer, B. P. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1162e · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Defining and measuring health literacy: what can we learn from literacy studies?
Nutbeam, D. (2009) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-009-0050-x · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Impact of health literacy on socioeconomic and racial differences in health in an elderly population
Howard, D. H., Sentell, T. L., & Gazmararian, J. A. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00530.x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
The Mechanisms Linking Health Literacy to Behavior and Health Status
Osborn, C. Y. (2011) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.35.1.11 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Schillinger, D., Barton, L. R., Karter, A. J., Wang, F. M., & Adler, N. E. (2006) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/003335490612100305 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Health Literacy Skills of U.S. Adults
Rudd, R. E. (2007) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.31.s1.3 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Literacy, self-efficacy, and HIV medication adherence
Wolf, M. S., Davis, T. C., Osborn, C. Y., Skripkauskas, S., Bennett, C. L., & Makoul, G. (2007) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2006.08.006 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Patterson, A. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203168073 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Methodological issues in measuring health disparities.
Keppel, K. G., Pamuk, E. R., Lynch, J. W., Carter‐Pokras, O., Insun, K., Mays, V. M., Pearcy, J. N., Schoenbach, V. J., & Weissman, J. S. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Health Literacy Explains Racial Disparities in Diabetes Medication Adherence
Osborn, C. Y., Cavanaugh, K. L., Wallston, K. A., Kripalani, S. B., Elasy, T. A., Rothman, R. L., & White, R. O. (2011) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.604388 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Health Literacy not Race Predicts End-of-Life Care Preferences
Volandes, A. E., Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., Gillick, M. R., Cook, E. F., Shaykevich, S., Abbo, E. D., & Lehmann, L. S. (2008) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2007.0224 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Koh, H. K., Berwick, D. M., Clancy, C. M., Baur, C., Brach, C., Harris, L. M., & Zerhusen, E. (2012) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1169 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Osborn, C. Y., Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., Davis, T. C., & Wolf, M. S. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.022 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Perspective: The Role of Numeracy in Health Care
Rothman, R. L., Montori, V. M., Cherrington, A., & Pignone, M. P. (2008) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730802281791 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Education, literacy, and health: Mediating effects on hypertension knowledge and control
Pandit, A. U., Tang, J. W., Bailey, S. C., Davis, T. C., Bocchini, M. V., Persell, S. D., Federman, A. D., & Wolf, M. S. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.04.006 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Racial Disparities in Health Literacy and Access to Care Among Patients With Heart Failure
Chaudhry, S. I., Herrin, J. S., Phillips, C., Butler, J., Mukerjhee, S., Murillo, J. E., Onwuanyi, A., Seto, T. B., Spertus, J. A., & Krumholz, H. M. (2010) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.09.016 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Osborn, C. Y., Cavanaugh, K. L., Wallston, K. A., White, R. O., & Rothman, R. L. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0425 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Health literacy skills of U.S. adults.
Rudd, R. E. (2007) · PubMed · doi:10.5555/ajhb.2007.31.supp.s8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Lee, H. Y., Rhee, T. G., Kim, N. K., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3217-6 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Towards understanding the links between health literacy and physical health.
Mõttus, R., Johnson, W., Murray, C. L., Wolf, M. S., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031439 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Impact of Health Literacy and Socioeconomic Status on Asthma Disparities
Curtis, L. M., Wolf, M. S., Weiss, K. B., & Grammer, L. C. (2012) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2011.648297 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Education level, not health literacy, associated with information needs for patients with cancer
Matsuyama, R. K., Wilson-Genderson, M., Kuhn, L., Moghanaki, D. M., Vachhani, H. R., & Paasche‐Orlow, M. K. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.03.022 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bakker, J. P., O'Keeffe, K. M., Neill, A. M., & Campbell, A. J. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1404 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Predictors of misunderstanding pediatric liquid medication instructions.
Bailey, S. C., Pandit, A. U., Yin, H. S., Federman, A. D., Davis, T. C., Parker, R. M., & Wolf, M. S. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Literacy, race, and PSA level among low-income men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer
Wolf, M. S., Knight, S. J., Lyons, E. A., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Pickard, A. S., Arseven, A., Arozullah, A. M., Colella, K. M., Ray, P., & Bennett, C. L. (2006) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.01.064 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Numeracy Skills Explain Racial Differences in HIV Medication Management
Waldrop‐Valverde, D., Osborn, C. Y., Rodriguez, A. E., Rothman, R. L., Kumar, M., & Jones, D. L. (2009) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9604-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Literacy and Race as Risk Factors for Low Rates of Advance Directives in Older Adults
Waite, K. R., Federman, A. D., McCarthy, D. M., Sudore, R. L., Curtis, L. M., Baker, D. W., Wilson, E. A. H., Hasnain‐Wynia, R., Wolf, M. S., & Paasche‐Orlow, M. K. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12134 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Sentell, T. L., Braun, K. L., Davis, J. W., & Davis, T. C. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.825669 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Health Information-Seeking in Low-Income Pregnant Women
Shieh, C., Broome, M. E., & Stump, T. E. (2010) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2010.506152 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Low Health Literacy and Poor Health Status in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Hawai'i
Sentell, T. L., Baker, K. K., Onaka, A. T., & Braun, K. L. (2011) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.604390 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Uncertainty About Advance Care Planning Treatment Preferences Among Diverse Older Adults
Sudore, R. L., Schillinger, D., Knight, S. J., & Fried, T. R. (2010) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.499982 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wang, C., Li, H., Li, L., Xu, D., Kane, R. L., & Meng, Q. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-153 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bains, S. S., & Egede, L. E. (2011) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-11-138 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Chen, Y., & Feeley, T. (2014) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.807904 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Waldrop‐Valverde, D., Jones, D. L., Jayaweera, D. T., Gonzalez, P., Romero, J., & Ownby, R. L. (2008) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9425-x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Brega, A. G., Ang, A., Vega, W. A., Jiang, L., Beals, J., Mitchell, C. M., MOORE, K. R., Manson, S. M., Acton, K. J., & Roubideaux, Y. D. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.03.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Predicting Cancer Risk Knowledge and Information Seeking: The Role of Social and Cognitive Factors
Hovick, S. R. A., Liang, M.-C., & Kahlor, L. A. (2013) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.763204 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Baker, D. W. (1999) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.00342.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Knowledge about One's Breast Cancer Characteristics
Freedman, R., Kouri, E., West, D. W., & Keating, N. L. (2015) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28977 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Song, L., Weaver, M. A., Chen, R. C., Bensen, J. T., Fontham, E. T. H., Mohler, J. L., Mishel, M. H., Godley, P. A., & Sleath, B. L. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.08.019 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Smith, P. C., Brice, J. H., & Lee, J. (2012) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30218-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gardiner, P. M., Mitchell, S. E., Filippelli, A. C., Sadikova, E., White, L. F., Paasche‐Orlow, M. K., & Jack, B. W. (2013) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2013.830663 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Immigration, Generation and Self-rated Health in Canada: On the Role of Health Literacy
Omariba, D. W. R., & Ng, E. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404049 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kaphingst, K. A., Stafford, J. D., McGowan, L. D., Seo, J., Lachance, C. R., & Goodman, M. S. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000177 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sperber, N. R., Bosworth, H. B., Coffman, C. J., Lindquist, J. H., Oddone, E. Z., Weinberger, M., & Allen, K. D. (2013) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyt043 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Langford, A. T., Resnicow, K., Roberts, J. S., & Zikmund‐Fisher, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-011-9478-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Disparities in Using Technology to Access Health Information: Race Versus Health Literacy
Chakkalakal, R. J., Kripalani, S. B., Schlundt, D. G., Elasy, T. A., & Osborn, C. Y. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1984 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Health literacy and disability: differences between generations of Canadian immigrants
Omariba, D. W. R., & Ng, E. (2014) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-014-0640-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Understanding and Responding to Health Literacy as a Social Determinant of Health
Nutbeam, D., & Lloyd, J. E. (2021) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Stormacq, C., Van den Broucke, S., & Wosinski, J. (2019) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/day062 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Wolf, M. S., Serper, M., Opsasnick, L. A., O’Conor, R. M., Curtis, L. M., Benavente, J. Y., Wismer, G. A., Batio, S., Eifler, M. R., Zheng, P., et al. (2020) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-1239 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Akalu, Y., Ayelign, B., & Molla, M. D. (2020) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s258736 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
McCaffery, K. J., Dodd, R. H., Cvejic, E., Ayre, J., Batcup, C., Isautier, J., Copp, T., Bonner, C., Pickles, K. M., Nickel, B., et al. (2020) · Public Health Research & Practice · doi:10.17061/phrp30342012 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Evidence on the effectiveness of health literacy interventions in the EU: a systematic review
Visscher, B. B., Steunenberg, B., Heijmans, M., Hofstede, J. M., Devillé, W. L. J. M., van der Heide, I., & Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6331-7 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Woodward, E. N., Singh, R. S., Ndebele‐Ngwenya, P., Castillo, A. M., Dickson, K. S., & Kirchner, J. E. (2021) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-021-00146-5 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Health literacy and patient outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review
Taylor, D. M., Fraser, S. D., Dudley, C., Oniscu, G. C., Tomson, C., Ravanan, R., Roderick, P., & the ATTOM investigators (2017) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx293 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Exploring the Digital Divide: Age and Race Disparities in Use of an Inpatient Portal
Walker, D. M., Hefner, J. L., Fareed, N., Huerta, T. R., & McAlearney, A. S. (2019) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0065 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Health Literacy, Social Determinants of Health, and Disease Prevention and Control.
Coughlin, S. S., Vernon, M., Hatzigeorgiou, C., & George, V. T. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Schubbe, D. C., Scalia, P., Yen, R. W., Saunders, C. H., Cohen, S., Elwyn, G. J., van den Muijsenbergh, M. E. T. C., & Durand, M. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.04.010 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Lastrucci, V., Lorini, C., Caini, S., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227007 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Social Determinants, Health Literacy, and Disparities: Intersections and Controversies
Schillinger, D. (2021) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20210712-01 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Intersections Between Social Determinants of Health, Health Literacy, and Health Disparities
Schillinger, D. (2020) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/shti200020 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Digital Divide – Soziale Unterschiede in der Nutzung digitaler Gesundheitsangebote
Müller, A. C., Wachtler, B., & Lampert, T. (2020) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-019-03081-y · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A concept analysis of health literacy
Parnell, T. A., Stichler, J. F., Barton, A. J., Loan, L. A., Boyle, D. K., & Allen, P. E. (2019) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12331 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Health Literacy in African-American Communities: Barriers and Strategies
Muvuka, B., Combs, R. M., Ayangeakaa, S., Ali, N. M., Wendel, M. L., & Jackson, T. (2020) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20200617-01 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Limited health literacy is associated with reduced access to kidney transplantation
Taylor, D. M., Bradley, J. A., Bradley, C., Draper, H., Dudley, C. R. K., Fogarty, D. G., Fraser, S. D., Johnson, R., Leydon, G., Metcalfe, W., et al. (2019) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2018.12.021 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Assessing the Level of Awareness and Knowledge of COVID 19 Pandemic among Syrians
Labban, L., Thallaj, N. K., & Labban, A. (2020) · Archives of Medicine · doi:10.36648/1989-5216.12.3.309 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Tang, C., Wu, X., Chen, X., Pan, B., & Yang, X. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6538-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Abdullah, A., Liew, S., Salim, H., Ng, C., & Chinna, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216402 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Odlum, M. L., Moise, N., Kronish, I. M., Broadwell, P. M., Alcántara, C., Davis, N. J., Cheung, Y. K. K., Perotte, A., & Yoon, S. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25134 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Shepherd, S. M., Esqueda, C. W., Paradies, Y., Sivasubramaniam, D., Sherwood, J., & Brockie, T. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0744-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Advancing perspectives on health literacy in childhood and youth
Bröder, J., Okan, O., Bauer, U., Schlupp, S., & Pinheiro, P. G. (2019) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daz041 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Assessing health literacy in the eastern and middle-eastern cultures
Nair, S. C., Satish, K. P., Sreedharan, J., & Ibrahim, H. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3488-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Alfabetización en salud: propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario HLS-EU-Q16
Nolasco, A., Barona, C., Tamayo-Fonseca, N., Irles, M. Á., Más-Pons, R., Tuells, J., & Pereyra-Zamora, P. (2018) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.08.006 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Health literacy in old age: results of a German cross-sectional study
Vogt, D., Schaeffer, D., Messer, M., Berens, E.-M., & Hurrelmann, K. (2017) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dax012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Does health literacy explain the link between structural stratifiers and adolescent health?
Paakkari, L. T., Torppa, M., Paakkari, O., Välimaa, R. S., Ojala, K., & Tynjälä, J. (2019) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckz011 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Health Misinformation Exposure and Health Disparities: Observations and Opportunities
Southwell, B. G., Machuca, J. O., Cherry, S. T., Burnside, M., & Barrett, N. J. (2022) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-031118 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Health literacy for people-centred care
Moreira, L. (2018) · OECD health working papers · doi:10.1787/d8494d3a-en · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Oshio, T., & Kan, M. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7182-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Health Literacy in the United States: Enhancing Assessments and Reducing DisparitiesPreprint
Lopez, C., Kim, B., & Sacks, K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4182046 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Schoenthaler, A., Leon, M., Butler, M. J., Steinhaeuser, K., & Wardzinski, W. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/17135 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Urban–rural differences in health literacy and its determinants in Iran: A community‐based study
Golboni, F., Nadrian, H., Najafi, S., Shirzadi, S., & Mahmoodi, H. (2017) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12378 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brito, F. A., Zoellner, J., Hill, J. L., You, W., Alexander, R., Hou, X., & Estabrooks, P. A. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019837313 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Health literacy in cancer care: A systematic review
Ryman, C. K., Warnicke, C., Hugosson, S., Zakrisson, A., & Dahlberg, K. (2024) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102582 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Goulbourne, T., & Yanovitzky, I. (2021) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12496 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Impact of Limited Health Literacy on Patient‐Reported Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Katz, P., Dall’Era, M., Trupin, L. S., Rush, S., Murphy, L. B., Lanata, C. M., Criswell, L. A., & Yazdany, J. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24361 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Washington, D. M., Curtis, L. M., Waite, K. R., Wolf, M. S., & Paasche‐Orlow, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0441-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Adolescent Health Literacy in Beijing and Melbourne: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Guo, S., Yu, X., Davis, E. C., Armstrong, R., Riggs, E., & Naccarella, L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041242 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Empowering Sustainable Healthcare: The Role of Health Literacy
Zanobini, P., Riccio, M. D., Lorini, C., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16103964 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
de França, A. S., Pirkle, C. M., Sentell, T. L., Vélez, M. P., Domingues, M. R., Bassani, D. G., & da Câmara, S. M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238806 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Technoethical Considerations for Advancing Health Literacy and Medical Practice
Garcia, M. B., Garcia, P. S., Maaliw, R. R., III, Lagrazon, P. G. G., Arif, Y. M., Ofosu‐Ampong, K., Yousef, A. M. F., & Vaithilingam, C. A. (2024) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1214-8.ch001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Disparities in Access to Oncologic Care in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review
Fonseca, A. L., Khan, H. A. R., Mehari, K. R., Cherla, D. V., Heslin, M. J., & Johnston, F. M. (2022) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-021-11258-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dopelt, K., Avni, N., Haimov-Sadikov, Y., Golan, I., & Davidovitch, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189556 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chen, W., Ren, H., Wang, N., Xiong, Y., & Xu, F. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10600-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Health Literacy and Demographic Disparities in HIV Care Continuum Outcomes
Rebeiro, P. F., McPherson, T. D., Goggins, K. M., Turner, M. M., Bebawy, S. S., Rogers, W. B., Brinkley‐Rubinstein, L., Person, A. K., Sterling, T. R., Kripalani, S. B., et al. (2018) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2092-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Low health literacy and healthcare utilization among immigrants and non-immigrants in Switzerland
Mantwill, S., & Schulz, P. J. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.05.023 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAmsalu, B., Guta, A., Seyoum, Z., Worku, N. K., Sema, A., Dejene, W., Woldemedhen, Y. F., Kasahun, M., Sintayehu, Y., & Belay, Y. (2021) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s292409 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Returning negative results to individuals in a genomic screening program: lessons learned
Butterfield, R. M., Evans, J. P., Rini, C. K., Kuczynski, K. J., Waltz, M., Cadigan, R. J., Goddard, K. A. B., Muessig, K. R., & Henderson, G. E. (2018) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41436-018-0061-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Campos, A. A. L., Neves, F. S., Saldanha, R. D. F., Duque, K. D. C. D., Guerra, M. R., Leite, I. C. G., & Bustamante-Teixeira, M. T. (2020) · Cadernos Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1414-462x202000280295 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Domańska, O. M., Bollweg, T. M., Loer, A.-K. M., Holmberg, C., Schenk, L., & Jordan, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082860 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Budhathoki, S. S., Hawkins, M., Elsworth, G. R., Fahey, M. T., Thapa, J., Karki, S., Basnet, L. B., Pokharel, P. K., & Osborne, R. H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063241 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of the association between health literacy and smoking
Li, M., Sonoda, N., Koh, C., Yasumoto, R., & Morimoto, A. (2022) · Population Medicine · doi:10.18332/popmed/152572 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Health Literacy Levels among Italian Students: Monitoring and Promotion at School
Velasco, V., Gragnano, A., 2018, G. R. H. L., & Vecchio, L. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18199943 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cashin, A. G., Lee, H., Lamb, S. E., Hopewell, S., Mansell, G., Williams, C. M., Kamper, S. J., Henschke, N., & McAuley, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.03.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Berete, F., Gisle, L., Demarest, S. S., Charafeddine, R., Bruyère, O., den Broucke, S. V., & der Heyden, J. V. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18676-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Readability of Patient Education Materials in Head and Neck Cancer
Armache, M., Assi, S., Wu, R., Jain, A., Lu, J. S., Gordon, L., Jacobs, L. M., Fundakowski, C., Rising, K. L., Leader, A. E., et al. (2024) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2024.1569 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Among Latinas
Edwards, L. M., Le, H., & Garnier‐Villarreal, M. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-03104-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The effect of self-efficacy on health literacy in the German population
Berens, E.-M., Pelikan, J. M., & Schaeffer, D. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab085 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Health literacy, health outcomes and equity: a trend analysis based on a population survey
Keene Woods, N., Ali, U., Medina, M., Reyes, J., & Chesser, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319231156132 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gheorghe, A. S., Negru, S. M., Niţipir, C., Mazilu, L., Marinca, M. V., Gafton, B., Ciuleanu, T., Schenker, M., Dragomir, R., Gheorghe, A. D., et al. (2021) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2020.100027 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tsai, T.-I., Lee, S.-Y. D., & Yu, W.-R. (2018) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2018.1445798 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kyabaggu, R., Marshall, D., Ebuwei, P., & Ikenyei, U. (2022) · JMIR Infodemiology · doi:10.2196/35014 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Farber, E. W., Ali, M. K., Sickle, K. S. V., & Kaslow, N. J. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040358 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Inadequate Health Literacy in Patients with Arterial Vascular Disease
Strijbos, R. M., Hinnen, J.-W., van den Haak, R. F., Verhoeven, B. A. N., & Koning, O. H. J. (2018) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.04.015 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Quality and readability of internet information about stuttering
Zraick, R. I., Azios, M., Handley, M. M., Bellon-Harn, M. L., & Manchaiah, V. K. C. (2020) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105824 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Singleton, C. R., Young, S. K., Kessee, N., Springfield, S. E., & Sen, B. P. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101134 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lorini, C., Ierardi, F., Bachini, L., Donzellini, M., Gemmi, F., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15040798 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ospina, M. B., Osornio-Vargas, Á. R., Nielsen, C. C., Crawford, S. G., Kumar, M., Aziz, K., & Serrano-Lomelin, J. A. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033296 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Uddin, J., Feng, C., & Xu, J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/66032 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Anwar, S., Araf, Y., Khan, A. N., Ullah, M. A., Hoque, N., Sarkar, B., Reshad, R. A. I., Islam, R., Ali, N., & Hosen, M. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.571689 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lorini, C., Caini, S., Ierardi, F., Bachini, L., Gemmi, F., & Bonaccorsi, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041149 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Maričić, M., Stojanović, G. M., Pažun, V., Stepović, M., Djordjevic, O., Mačužić, I. Ž., Milicic, V. M., Vucic, V., Radevic, S. R., & Radovanovic, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.629051 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Samper-Pardo, M., León-Herrera, S., Oliván‐Blázquez, B., Gascón, S., & Sánchez‐Recio, R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278728 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Allegri, C., di Belgiojoso, E. B., & Rimoldi, S. (2025) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2025.105268 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Health Literacy and Income Mediate Racial/Ethnic Asthma Disparities
Seibert, R. G., Winter, M. R., Cabral, H., Wolf, M. S., Curtis, L. M., & Paasche‐Orlow, M. K. (2019) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20181113-01 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Son, Y., Kim, S., Kim, G. Y., & Son, H. (2017) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2017.1401687 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cancer patients’ interest in participating in cancer rehabilitation
Ohlsson‐Nevo, E., Alkebro, I., & Ahlgren, J. (2019) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2019.1633017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Repercusiones del confinamiento por COVID-19 en pacientes crónicos de Andalucía
Rodríguez, M. Á. P., Cerdá, J. C. M., Barato, A. M., Carretero, M. E., Doblas, M. L., & Martín, N. L. (2020) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.11.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Health Literacy in Male-Dominated Occupations
Milner, A. J., Shields, M., Scovelle, A. J., Sutherland, G. A., & King, T. L. (2020) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988320954022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fleary, S. A., Freund, K. M., & Nigg, C. R. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12924-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
the KUNO-Kids study group, Brandstetter, S., Atzendorf, J., Seelbach-Göbel, B., Melter, M., Kabesch, M., & Apfelbacher, C. (2019) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-019-03483-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychological aspects of gestational cancer: A systematic review
Leung, V., Bryant, C., & Stafford, L. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5502 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stack, K., Robertson, W., & Blackburn, C. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09580-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ghisi, G. L. D. M., Grace, S. L., Anchique, C. V., Gordillo, X., Fernández, R., Quesada, D., Arrieta-Loaiciga, B., Reyes, P., Chaparro, E., Soca, R., et al. (2020) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Do, D., & Geldsetzer, P. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.02.017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pawellek, M., Kopf, F. M., Egger, N., Dresch, C., Matterne, U., & Brandstetter, S. (2021) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daab154 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Use of machine learning to examine disparities in completion of substance use disorder treatment
Baird, A. M., Cheng, Y., & Xia, Y. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275054 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nock, A. M., Metzing, S., Jürgensen, I.-N., & Petersen‐Ewert, C. (2023) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep13020072 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ethnic Differences in Health Literacy Among Young Adults in Amsterdam
Blom, I. M., Cohen, E. S., Eshuis, L. V., Woudstra, A. J., Snijder, M. B., Kunst, A. E., & Fransen, M. P. (2018) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20180926-01 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Health Literacy Influences Men's Active and Passive Cancer Information Seeking
Drummond, F. J., Reidy, M., von Wagner, C., Livingstone, V., Drennan, J., Murphy, M. F., Fowler, C., Saab, M. M., O’Mahony, M., & Hegarty, J. M. (2019) · HLRP Health Literacy Research and Practice · doi:10.3928/24748307-20190430-01 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Health literacy: association with socioeconomic determinants and the use of health services in Spain
Tamayo-Fonseca, N., Pereyra-Zamora, P., Barona, C., Mas, R., Irles, M. Á., & Nolasco, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1226420 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Starr, L. T., Ulrich, C. M., Appel, S. M., Junker, P., O’Connor, N. R., & Meghani, S. H. (2020) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0522 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status Drives Racial Disparities in HPV ‐negative Head and Neck Cancer Outcomes
Lenze, N. R., Farquhar, D. R., Sheth, S. H., Zevallos, J. P., Blumberg, J. M., Lumley, C. J., Patel, S. N., Hackman, T., Weissler, M. C., Yarbrough, W. G., et al. (2020) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.29252 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Woudstra, A. J., Meppelink, C. S., Maat, H. P., Oosterhaven, J., Fransen, M. P., & Dima, A. L. (2019) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-019-0762-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Using Co-Design to Develop a Health Literacy Intervention with Socially Disadvantaged Adolescents
Goss, H. R., Smith, C. W., Hickey, L., Issartel, J., Morrissey, J., Murrin, C. M., Spillane, A., & Belton, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19094965 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rahman, S. M. M., Akter, A., Mostari, K., Ferdousi, S., Ummon, I., Naafi, S., Rahman, M., Uddin, M., Tasmin, S., Uddin, M. N., et al. (2020) · Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin · doi:10.3329/bmrcb.v46i2.49015 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yogesh, M., Makwana, N. R., Trivedi, N., & Damor, N. C. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19343-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Association Between Health Literacy and Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Behaviors
Kim, K., & Han, H. (2019) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000346 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mantwill, S., Monestel-Umaña, S., & Schulz, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Università della Svizzera italiana (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Mantwill, Sarah
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-12-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e0145455
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4689381
- OpenAlex
- W2199607157
- Cited by
- 395
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Keywords
- health literacy, health disparities, racial and ethnic disparities, educational inequality, self-rated health, medication adherence, numeracy, social determinants of health, mediation pathways
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Status Disparities, Health Literacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
