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Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity
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The present study investigated gender differences in both emotional experience and expressivity. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as an indicator of emotional experience while the participants watched 16 video clips that induced eight types of emotion (sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, amusement, surprise, and pleasure). We also asked the participants to report valence, arousal, and motivation as indicators of emotional expressivity. Overall, the results revealed gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity. When watching videos that induced anger, amusement, and pleasure, men showed larger decreases in HR, whereas women reported higher levels of arousal. There was no gender difference in HR when the participants watched videos that induced horror and disgust, but women reported lower valence, higher arousal, and stronger avoidance motivation than did men. Finally, no gender difference was observed in sadness or surprise, although there was one exception-women reported higher arousal when watching videos that induced sadness. The findings suggest that, when watching videos that induce an emotional response, men often have more intense emotional experiences, whereas women have higher emotional expressivity, particularly for negative emotions. In addition, gender differences depend on the specific emotion type but not the valence.
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“Research has consistently shown that men and women exhibit different patterns of media consumption and varying emotional responses to distressing (media) content [196,197].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [196]
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Yao, Y.-J., Chen, J., & Xuan, Y. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4129 · Cited by 23
Peng, D., Zheng, W., Liu, L., Jiang, W.-B., Li, Z., Lu, Y., & Lu, B. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad085a · Cited by 19
“While females reported relatively stronger emotional expression, males had larger heart rate deceleration with angry and positive video stimuli [13].”
Feature based analysis of thermal images for emotion recognition
Rooj, S., Routray, A., & Mandal, M. K. (2023) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105809 · Cited by 19
Sáez‐Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D. A., & Armentia, A. D. P. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2839 · Cited by 19
“The literature finds in women a greater emotional reactivity to adverse stimulus related to their greater vulnerability to the development of psychopathologies (Deng et al., 2016; Gomez et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBreva, A., & Galindo, M. P. G. (2020) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.361 · Cited by 26
Faraci, P., Bottaro, R., Valenti, G. D., & Craparo, G. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s354083 · Cited by 18
Chen-Xia, X. J., Betancor, V., Chas, A., & Pérez, A. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.966045 · Cited by 19
“We also expect women to experience more moral outrage (Kennedy and Kray, 2014; Deng et al., 2016) than men, enacting more social control (Moisuc et al.”
BackgroundGender moderates the effects of ambient bergamot scent on stress restoration in offices
Liu, R., Awada, M., Becerik-Gerber, B., Lucas, G., & Roll, S. C. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102135 · Cited by 16
Communication of health in experimentally sick men and women: A pilot study
Lasselin, J., Lekander, M., Göranson, S. P., Olsson, M. J., & Axelsson, J. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.024 · Cited by 16
Prieto‐Pinto, L., Díaz, M. F. L., Orjuela, N. G., Herrera, D. D., Páez-Canro, C., Reyes, J. H., González-Gordon, L. M., Jiménez-Murcia, V., & Eslava-Schmalbach, J. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215561 · Cited by 17
The Role of Spectral Power Ratio in Characterizing Emotional EEG for Gender Identification
Al-Qazzaz, N. K., Sabir, M. K., Ali, S. H. M., Ahmad, S. A., & Grammer, K. (2021) · IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences · doi:10.1109/iecbes48179.2021.9398737 · Cited by 17
Modelling audiovisual integration of affect from videos and music
Gao, C., Wedell, D. H., Kim, J., Weber, C. E., & Shinkareva, S. V. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1320979 · Cited by 18
Zeghari, R., König, A., Guerchouche, R., Sharma, G., Joshi, J., Fabre, R., Robert, P. H., & Manera, V. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/24727 · Cited by 15
“Studies have shown that emotional expressivity and emotional memory retrieval are different depending on sex [45,46].”
BackgroundEmotional consequences of hate incidents: experiences of a South African cohort
Marais, A. J., Nel, J. A., & Govender, R. (2021) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246320985343 · Cited by 15
“Expectations of varying emotional responses to trauma between men and women (Deng et al., 2016) are not supported in this investigation.”
BackgroundPrajapati, V., Guha, R., & Routray, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254335 · Cited by 17
Sikka, N., Juneja, R., Kumar, V., & Bala, S. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2005 · Cited by 15
Vafa, Z., Azizi, M., & Athar, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755952 · Cited by 15
Determinants of physical activity engagement in older adults
Stojanovic, M., Babulal, G. M., & Head, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-023-00404-y · Cited by 20
“Women are more likely to have mood disorders (Seney & Sibille, 2014 ) and experi - ence negative emotions more frequently and strongly (e.g., Deng et al., 2016 ).”
BackgroundThe impact of trauma-awareness session on police officers’ trauma-informed attitudes in Scotland
Brodie, Z. P., Gillespie‐Smith, K., Goodall, K., Deacon, K., & Collins, K. L. (2023) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2023.2210736 · Cited by 16
“…wide body of literature indicates that female participants display stronger reactions to sadness-inducing film content than male participants, with higher levels of physiological arousal indicating more a substantial subconscious response to such content (Deng et al., 2016; Fernández et al., 2012).”
Lin, Y., Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00338 · Cited by 15
“…language and cultural settings (e.g., a nontonal language in a low-context culture), and population groups (e.g., young vs. old, healthy vs. clinical; Ben-David et al., 2019; Deng et al., 2016; Dupuis & Pichora-Fuller, 2010; Koeda et al., 2013; Thompson & Voyer, 2014; Vasconcelos et al., 2017).”
Investigations in Emotion Aware Multimodal Gender Prediction Systems From Social Media Data
Suman, C., Chaudhari, R., Saha, S., Kumar, S., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2022.3158605 · Cited by 15
“Deng et al. [10] found that women and men have different emotional responses depending on the type of emotion.”
BackgroundAlsawalqa, R. O., Sa'deh, Y. A. R., & Alrawashdeh, M. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689235 · Cited by 17
University Students' Multidimensional State Boredom and Strategies to Cope with Classroom Boredom
Solhi, M. (2021) · Journal of language and Education · doi:10.17323/jle.2021.12256 · Cited by 14
“However, a wealth of studies (e.g., Deng et al., 2016; Fischer et al., 2018; Shields, 2013; Sundberg et al., 1991) highlight the undeniable role of gender in emotional psychology.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M., & Zhou, R.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- University of Macau (MO)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Renlai
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-06-30
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0158666
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4928818
- OpenAlex
- W2466307579
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 26.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB505101)
- Shangshan funding
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- gender differences, emotional experience, emotional expressivity, heart rate, emotion induction, valence, arousal, avoidance motivation, sadness, anger, disgust, horror, amusements, pleasure, surprise
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Sex Characteristics, Young Adult
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