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Cited by 382Emotions and Moral BehaviorEmotion and Mood RecognitionEvolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior

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Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity

Open access
Deng, Yaling, Chang, Lei, Yang, Meng, Huo, Meng, Zhou, Renlai·2016·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0158666PMC PMC4928818
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Abstract

The present study investigated gender differences in both emotional experience and expressivity. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as an indicator of emotional experience while the participants watched 16 video clips that induced eight types of emotion (sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, amusement, surprise, and pleasure). We also asked the participants to report valence, arousal, and motivation as indicators of emotional expressivity. Overall, the results revealed gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity. When watching videos that induced anger, amusement, and pleasure, men showed larger decreases in HR, whereas women reported higher levels of arousal. There was no gender difference in HR when the participants watched videos that induced horror and disgust, but women reported lower valence, higher arousal, and stronger avoidance motivation than did men. Finally, no gender difference was observed in sadness or surprise, although there was one exception-women reported higher arousal when watching videos that induced sadness. The findings suggest that, when watching videos that induce an emotional response, men often have more intense emotional experiences, whereas women have higher emotional expressivity, particularly for negative emotions. In addition, gender differences depend on the specific emotion type but not the valence.

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Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0158666

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Figures

Fig 1 The D-value of HR between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those that induced neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.
Fig 1 The D-value of HR between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those that induced neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 2 The D-value of the valence between each type of emotion-inducing videos and the videos inducing neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.
Fig 2 The D-value of the valence between each type of emotion-inducing videos and the videos inducing neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 3 The D-value of arousal between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those that induced neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.
Fig 3 The D-value of arousal between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those that induced neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 4 The D-value of motivation between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those inducing neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.
Fig 4 The D-value of motivation between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those inducing neutrality of men and women. Statistical significance: *p<.002. Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. MG Gard, 2007, Sex differences in the time course of emotion, Emotion, 7, 429, 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.429 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Z Zhang, 2001, Behavioral medicine scale manual, Chinese J Behav Med Sci, 10, 19
  3. J Yi, 2003, The Chinese version of the TAS-20: reliability and validity, Chinese Mental Health J, 17, 763

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Metadata

Authors
Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M., & Zhou, R.
Affiliations
  • Beijing Normal University (CN)
  • University of Macau (MO)
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author
Zhou, Renlai
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2016-06-30
Volume
11
Issue
6
Pages
e0158666
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0158666
PMC
PMC4928818
OpenAlex
W2466307579
Cited by
382
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
FWCI
26.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB505101)
  • Shangshan funding
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Keywords
gender differences, emotional experience, emotional expressivity, heart rate, emotion induction, valence, arousal, avoidance motivation, sadness, anger, disgust, horror, amusements, pleasure, surprise
MeSH terms
Arousal, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Sex Characteristics, Young Adult

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