fMRI neurofeedback training for increasing anterior cingulate cortex activation in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. An exploratory randomized, single-blinded study
Open accessAbstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by poor cognitive control/attention and hypofunctioning of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). In the current study, we investigated for the first time whether real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI) training targeted at increasing activation levels within dACC in adults with ADHD leads to a reduction of clinical symptoms and improved cognitive functioning. An exploratory randomized controlled treatment study with blinding of the participants was conducted. Participants with ADHD (n = 7 in the neurofeedback group, and n = 6 in the control group) attended four weekly MRI training sessions (60-min training time/session), during which they performed a mental calculation task at varying levels of difficulty, in order to learn how to up-regulate dACC activation. Only neurofeedback participants received continuous feedback information on actual brain activation levels within dACC. Before and after the training, ADHD symptoms and relevant cognitive functioning was assessed. Results showed that both groups achieved a significant increase in dACC activation levels over sessions. While there was no significant difference between the neurofeedback and control group in clinical outcome, neurofeedback participants showed stronger improvement on cognitive functioning. The current study demonstrates the general feasibility of the suggested rt-fMRI neurofeedback training approach as a potential novel treatment option for ADHD patients. Due to the study's small sample size, potential clinical benefits need to be further investigated in future studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN12390961.
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In the first feasibility pilot study, both groups showed similar dACC activation increases during training and transfer runs, but ADHD symptoms were not improved in either group.
“The study found that although both groups showed similar dACC activation increases during training and transfer runs, ADHD symptoms were not improved in either group.”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Zilverstand et al., 2017
Only the active, but not the control group, showed performance improvements in sustained attention and WM, suggesting some superior effects of rtfMRI-NF on cognitive performance.
“Only the active, but not the control group showed performance improvements in sustained attention and WM, suggesting some superior effects of rtfMRI-NF on cognitive performance.”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Zilverstand et al., 2017
The first rtfMRI-NF study was underpowered to test potential clinical benefits.
“The study was underpowered to test potential clinical benefits.”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Zilverstand et al., 2017
The first rtfMRI-NF study showed first evidence of feasibility of rtfMRI-NF in ADHD adults.
“However, it showed first evidence of feasibility of rtfMRI-NF in ADHD adults (Zilverstand et al., 2017).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Zilverstand et al., 2017
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“However, the active, but not the control group, showed performance improvements in sustained attention and working memory (Zilverstand et al., 2017).”
Zhao, Z., Yao, S., Li, K., Sindermann, C., Zhou, F., Zhao, W., Li, J., Lührs, M., Goebel, R., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000496057 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review
Rubia, K., Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., & Brandeis, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082156 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…group showed significantly stronger performance improvement in sustained attention and working memory tasks after treatment, but not the ADHD group that received no fMRI-NF, indicative of some positive effects of fMRI-NF of dACC on cognition in adults with ADHD [110] (Zilverstand et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTosti, B., Corrado, S., Mancone, S., Libero, T. D., Rodio, A., Andrade, A., & Diotaiuti, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1358481 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Psychological treatments in adult ADHD: a systematic review
Fullen, T., Jones, S. L., Emerson, L. M., & Adamou, M. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09794-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A systematic review of fMRI neurofeedback reporting and effects in clinical populations
Tursic, A., Eck, J., Lührs, M., Linden, D. E. J., & Goebel, R. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102496 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“(Zilverstand et al., 2017) $ ADHD 7 dACC Yes Yes * Clin Unaware Yes No Sess Clin - ISRCTN12390961”
Fede, S. J., Dean, S., Manuweera, T., & Momenan, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00060 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“, 2015), adults with ADHD (Zilverstand et al., 2017), and major depressive disorder (Schnyer et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialYokokura, M., Takebasashi, K., Takao, A., Nakaizumi, K., Yoshikawa, E., Futatsubashi, M., Suzuki, K., Nakamura, K., Yamasue, H., & Ouchi, Y. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0784-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Network-based fMRI-neurofeedback training of sustained attention
Pamplona, G. S. P., Heldner, J., Langner, R., Koush, Y., Michels, L., Ionta, S., Scharnowski, F., & Salmón, C. E. G. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117194 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“In clinical conditions, fMRI-neurofeedback was applied as an experimental intervention targeting attentional deficits through upregulation of right inferior prefrontal and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (Alegria et al., 2017; Zilverstand et al., 2017).”
Hellrung, L., Dietrich, A., Hollmann, M., Pleger, B., Kalberlah, C., Roggenhofer, E., Villringer, A., & Horstmann, A. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.031 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“The term ‘delayed feedback’ might be more precise, however, to keep the term in line with previous literature (Emmert et al., 2017; Johnson et al., 2012; Zilverstand et al., 2017), ‘intermittent feedback’ is used throughout.”
ResultWestwood, S. J., Criaud, M., Lam, S.-L., Lukito, S., Wallace-Hanlon, S., Kowalczyk, O. S., Kostara, A., Mathew, J. P., Agbedjro, D., Wexler, B. E., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001859 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Real-time fMRI for brain-computer interfacing
Sorger, B., & Goebel, R. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63934-9.00021-4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Recently,thisideawasinvestigated moresystematicallytoanswerthequestionhowmanydif-ferentbrain-activationlevelscouldbereachedwithand withoutprovidingneurofeedbackinformationaboutthe currentbrain-activationlevel(Sorger,2010;Krause etal.,2016;Zilverstandetal.,2017;Sorgeretal.,2018).”
BackgroundSkottnik, L., Sorger, B., Kamp, T., Linden, D. E. J., & Goebel, R. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1240 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Bas‐Hoogendam, J. M., Groenewold, N. A., Aghajani, M., Freitag, G. F., Harrewijn, A., Hilbert, K., Jahanshad, N., Thomopoulos, S. I., Thompson, P. M., Veltman, D. J., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25100 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback as a new treatment for psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis
Pindi, P., Houenou, J., Piguet, C., & Favre, P. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110605 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Weiß, F., Zamoscik, V., Schmidt, S. N. L., Halli, P., Kirsch, P., & Gerchen, M. F. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116580 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Heunis, S., Lamerichs, R. M. J. N., Zinger, S., Caballero‐Gaudes, C., Jansen, J. F. A., Aldenkamp, A. P., & Breeuwer, M. M. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…(2012) report the use of four quality metrics to evaluate their real-time denoising algorithms (tSNR, event-related tSNR, tCNR and statistical t-values), while Zilverstand et al. (2017) used mean displacement and tSNR to investigate offline data quality differences between control and test groups.”
BackgroundMethodLópez-Pinar, C., Martínez-Sanchís, S., Carbonell-Vayá, E., Sánchez-Meca, J., & Fenollar-Cortés, J. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719855685 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…& Thompson, 1998; Van der Oord et al., 2018; Virta, Hiltunen, Mattsson, & Kallio, 2015; Wang et al., 2016; Weiss et al., 2012; White & Shah, 2006; Zilverstand et al., 2017; Zwart & Kallemeyn, 2001); four because there were insufficient data in the article (Cole et al., 2016; Hirvikoski et al.,…”
BackgroundSukhodolsky, D. G., Walsh, C. J., Koller, W. N., Eilbott, J. A., Rance, M., Fulbright, R. K., Zhao, Z., Bloch, M. H., King, R. A., Leckman, J. F., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.035 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dudek, E. M., & Dodell‐Feder, D. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.020 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., Kaiser, A., Nagy, P., Donno, F., Merkl, D., Balia, C., Goujon, A., Bousquet, E., Capodiferro, A. M., et al. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.3702 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A randomized-controlled neurofeedback trial in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Barth, B., Mayer‐Carius, K., Strehl, U., Wyckoff, S. N., Haeussinger, F. B., Fallgatter, A. J., & Ehlis, A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95928-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lam, S.-L., Criaud, M., Lukito, S., Westwood, S. J., Agbedjro, D., Kowalczyk, O. S., Curran, S. R., Barret, N., Abbott, C., Liang, H., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21100999 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Selaskowski, B., Asché, L., Wiebe, A., Kannen, K., Aslan, B., Gerding, T. M., Sanchez, D., Ettinger, U., Kölle, M. A., Lux, S., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04551-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“While various EEG-based [29], fMRI-based [30] and fNIRS-based [31] protocols have been developed for neurofeedback application, a modulation of the theta/beta ratio (TBR) in EEG is often the therapeutic objective in ADHD [32, 33].”
BackgroundZhao, Z., Yao, S., Zweerings, J., Zhou, X., Zhou, F., Kendrick, K. M., Chen, H., Mathiak, K., & Becker, B. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25336 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Real-Time Functional MRI in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders
Taschereau‐Dumouchel, V., Cushing, C. A., & Lau, H. C. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-014550 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Karch, S., Paolini, M., Gschwendtner, S., Jeanty, H., Reckenfelderbäumer, A., Yaseen, O., Maywald, M., Fuchs, C., Rauchmann, B., Chrobok, A. I., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00065 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“There is already some evidence about positive effects of EEG, respectively, fMRI NF training on patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Arnold et al., 2013; Zilverstand et al., 2017), as well as depression (Choi et al.”
BackgroundLam, S.-L., Criaud, M., Alegría, A. A., Barker, G. J., Giampietro, V., & Rubia, K. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102291 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Finally, given the previous NF literature in ADHD (Zilverstand et al., 2017; Zuberer et al., 2018), we expected that clinical behavioural measures would show the weakest association with fMRI-NF learning.”
InfluentialKanel, D., Al‐Wasity, S., Stefanov, K., & Pollick, F. E. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neurofeedback and the Neural Representation of Self: Lessons From Awake State and Sleep
Ioannides, A. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00142 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neurotherapeutics for ADHD : Do they work?
Rubia, K. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.544 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“A small randomized controlled trial in 13 adults with ADHD asked patients to do a mental calculation task with (n = 7) and without (n = 6) fMRIneurofeedback of the dorsal anterior cingulate in four weekly scans of 60 min (Zilverstand et al., 2017).”
BackgroundZepf, F. D., Bubenzer‐Busch, S., Runions, K., Rao, P., Wong, J. W. Y., Mahfouda, S., Morandini, H. A. E., Stewart, R. M., Moore, J. K., Biskup, C. S., et al. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“These findings could have potential therapeutic implications, and future research could explore whether aspects of neuromodulation targeting right-hemispheric activity, such as neurofeedback (Zilverstand et al., 2017), are associated with clinically significant reductions in ADHD symptoms.”
BackgroundWu, W.-J., Cui, L., Min, C., Peng, Z., Zhang, W., Lv, S., Jia-yu, X., Hu, Y., Li, G., von Deneen, K. M., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114364 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gerchen, M. F., Kirsch, M., Bahs, N., Halli, P., Gerhardt, S., Schäfer, A., Sommer, W. H., Kiefer, F., & Kirsch, P. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1604-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [38, 39], phobia [40], autism [41], posttraumatic stress disorder [42], and Borderline personality disorder [43].”
BackgroundScholz, L., Werle, J., Philipsen, A., Schulze, M., Collonges, J., & Gensichen, J. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1818189 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…2011; Huang et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2016, 2017; Mawjee et al., 2015, 2017; O’Connell et al., 2008; Pettersson et al., 2017; Safren et al., 2005, 2010; Sch€onenberg et al., 2017; Solanto et al., 2010; Stern et al., 2016; Stevenson et al., 2002, 2003; White & Shah, 2006; Zilverstand et al., 2017) .”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurofeedback Training of Gamma Oscillations in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex
Chauvière, L., & Singer, W. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Educational fMRI: From the Lab to the Classroom
Seghier, M. L., Fahim, M. A., & Habak, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02769 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Feasibility of training the dorsolateral prefrontal-striatal network by real-time fMRI neurofeedback
Weiß, F., Zhang, J., Aslan, A., Kirsch, P., & Gerchen, M. F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05675-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Frontostriatal circuitry as a target for fMRI-based neurofeedback interventions: A systematic review
Orth, L., Meeh, J., Gur, R. C., Neuner, I., & Sarkheil, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.933718 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Garrison, J. R., Saviola, F., Morgenroth, E., Barker, H., Lührs, M., Simons, J. S., Fernyhough, C., & Allen, P. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118640 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pereira, D. J., Sayal, A., Pereira, J., Morais, S., Macedo, A., Direito, B., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1014223 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Becker, B., Kendrick, K. M., Zhang, Q., & Yao, S. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03382-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Previous studies have demonstrated that this approach allows individuals to gain self-regulation of most brain regions, including the amygdala [36, 37], the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [38, 39], the prefrontal cortex [40 – 42], the hippocampus [43], as well as the insula.”
Executive function training for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Rapport, M. D., Eckrich, S. J., Calub, C. A., & Friedman, L. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815755-8.00008-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Enhanced attention-related alertness following right anterior insular cortex neurofeedback training
Popovova, J., Mazloum, R., Macauda, G., Stämpfli, P., Vuilleumier, P. O., Frühholz, S., Scharnowski, F., Menon, V., & Michels, L. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108915 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vázquez, D., Maulhardt, S., Stalnaker, T. A., Solway, A., Charpentier, C. J., & Roesch, M. R. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1850-23.2024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…— which has been associated with ACC hypofunction (Rubia et al., 1999; Ernst et al., 2003; Bush et al., 2005; Konrad et al., 2006; Pliszka et al., 2006; Zilverstand et al., 2017) and structural abnormalities (Seidman et al., 2006; Makris et al., 2008, 2010; Qiu et al., 2011; Vogt, 2019; Yu et al.,…”
BackgroundReal-time and Recursive Estimators for Functional MRI Quality Assessment
Davydov, N., Peek, L., Auer, T., Prilepin, E., Gninenko, N., Ville, D. V. D., Nikonorov, A. V., & Koush, Y. (2022) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-022-09582-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Alternatively, SNR could be also used in task-related studies when paradigm-related activation is removed after regression (Murphy et al., 2007; Zilverstand et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComputerized cognitive interventions for adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Elbe, P., Bäcklund, C., Vega‐Mendoza, M., Sörman, D. E., Gavelin, H. M., Nyberg, L. H., & Ljungberg, J. K. (2023) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000890 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Towards a common template for neural reinforcement of finger individuation
Kilmarx, J., Oblak, E. F., Sulzer, J. S., & Lewis‐Peacock, J. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80166-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Courrèges, M., Hoareau, M., Lévénès, C., & Rahioui, H. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119585 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Varieties of Psychotherapy for Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Dobrean, A., Păsărelu, C. R., & Döpfner, M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119462996.ch16 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Prefrontal Asymmetry BCI Neurofeedback Datasets
Charles, F., Martins, C. D. C., & Cavazza, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.601402 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
fMRI neurofeedback for disorders of emotion regulation
Young, K. D., Fine, N. B., & Hendler, T. (2021) · fMRI Neurofeedback · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822421-2.00014-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mohammadi, Y., Bozorgkhou, H., Hadavi, S. M., Shojaei, M., Khodadadi, F. R., Najafi, S., Karimi, Z., & Sarvestani, M. M. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000823 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Neurofeedback is an agentconditioning process so that one can learn to alter the electrical activity of the brain([8]).”
BackgroundRawls, E., Wolkowicz, N. R., Ham, L. S., & Lamm, C. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the ADHD self-report scale
Testo, A. A., Felicione, J. M., Ellard, K. K., Peters, A. T., Chou, T., Gosai, A. K., Hahn, E. M., Shea, C. V., Sylvia, L. G., Nierenberg, A. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback as a new treatment for psychiatric disorders: a meta analysisPreprint
Pindi, P., Houenou, J., Piguet, C., & Favre, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r89sn · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Real-Time fMRI in the Treatment of Mental Health DisordersPreprint
Taschereau‐Dumouchel, V., Cushing, C. A., & Lau, H. C. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kxezs · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Quality and denoising in real-time fMRI neurofeedback: a methods reviewPreprint
Heunis, S., Lamerichs, R. M. J. N., Zinger, S., Caballero‐Gaudes, C., Jansen, J. F. A., Aldenkamp, A. P., & Breeuwer, M. M. (2018) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/xubhq · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The multi-stage theory of neurofeedback learning: a framework for understanding mechanisms
Davelaar, E. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821413-8.00008-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bayat, M., Hernandez, M. L., Curzon, M., Garic, D., Graziano, P. A., & Dick, A. S. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Targeted limbic self-neuromodulation for alleviating central sensitization symptoms in fibromyalgia
Or‐Borichev, A., Lerner, Y., Hamrani, Y., Gurevitch, G., Mor, N., Doron, M., Sarna, N., Ablin, J. N., Hendler, T., & Sharon, H. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04138-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Protocol design in fMRI neurofeedback studies
Hampson, M., & Linden, D. E. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822421-2.00012-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Esmaeil-Zadeh, M., Hamid Soltanian-zadeh, A., & Tabrizi, Y. M. (2021) · National and International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME) · doi:10.1109/icbme54433.2021.9750384 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Application of functional connectivity to cognitive neurosciences
Forbes, C. E., & Liu, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19099-5.00010-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Digital health technologies for adults with ADHD: a scoping review
Schofield, F. J., Wilkie, S., Nielsen, E. E., Brigden, A., Jones, M. W., & Isotalus, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1746732 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Thalamocortical dysrhythmia and reward deficiency syndrome as uncertainty disorders
Ridder, D. D., & Vanneste, S. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.11.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neurofeedback bei adulter Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit‑/Hyperaktivitätsstörung
Barth, B., & Ehlis, A. (2019) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-019-0350-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neurofeedback for ADHD: a Critical Review and Suggested Future Directions
Albert, J., Sánchez‐Carmona, A. J., Fernández‐Jaén, A., & López‐Martín, S. (2017) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-017-0117-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
fMRI-Based Neurotherapies for ADHD
Rubia, K. (2018) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2018.26.6.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Real‐Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MacInnes, J., & Dickerson, K. C. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027168 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Other studies have targeted individuals who smoke cigarettes (Li et al., 2013), have had a stroke (Sitaram et al., 2012), have Parkinson’s disease (Subramanian et al., 2011), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Gerin et al., 2016; Nicholson et al., 2017), depression (Linden et al., 2012; Young et al., 2014, 2017a,b;…”
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Elektrokonvulsionstherapie, Hirnstimulationsverfahren
Kreuzer, P. M., Jooyandeh, S. M., Langguth, B., Kranz, G. S., Padberg, F., Kasper, S. F., & Baghai, T. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_32 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training of Selective Attention in Older Adults
Lin, T., Rana, M., Liu, P., Polk, R. J., Heemskerk, A., Weisberg, S. M., Bowers, D., Sitaram, R., & Ebner, N. C. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14090931 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…during the regulation phase with the intention to trigger target ROI activity (e.g., remembering a real-world footpath to recruit parahippocampal gyrus [32]; mental calculation to recruit dACC [31]; and backward reciting digit/letter sequence to recruit dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex [29]).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThakur, S., Thakur, S., Rana, A., Kumar, P., & Das, A. K. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2602691 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Hedges, D., Farrer, T. J., Bigler, E. D., & Hopkins, R. O. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14260-5_18
Neuroimaging and neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Rubia, K. (2021) · ANALES RANM · doi:10.32440/ar.2021.138.02.rev02
The treatment and study of psychiatric disorders with fMRI neurofeedback
Zhao, Z., Romaker, E. K., & Hampson, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822421-2.00016-8
Elektrokonvulsionstherapie, Hirnstimulationsverfahren
Kreuzer, P. M., Jooyandeh, S. M., Langguth, B., Kranz, G. S., Padberg, F., Kasper, S. F., & Baghai, T. C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_32-2
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Management and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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- Authors
- Zilverstand, A., Sorger, B., Slaats-Willemse, D., Kan, C. C., Goebel, R., & Buitelaar, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Zilverstand, Anna
- Sorger, Bettina
- Slaats-Willemse, Dorine
- Kan, Cornelis C.
- Goebel, Rainer
- Buitelaar, Jan K.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-01-26
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0170795
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5270326
- OpenAlex
- W2580125444
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 10.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Ministerie van Economische Zaken (SSM06011)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Rubicon fellowship 446-14-015)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, real-time fMRI neurofeedback, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, cognitive control, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Neurofeedback
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