The Multi-Source Interference Task: an fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network
Abstract
In this protocol we describe how to perform the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), a validated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that reliably and robustly activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network (CFP network) within individual subjects. The MSIT can be used to (i) identify the cognitive/attention network in normal volunteers and (ii) test its integrity in people with neuropsychiatric disorders. It is simple to perform, can be completed in less than 15 min and is not language specific, making it appropriate for children, adults and the elderly. Since its validation, over 100 adults have performed the task. The MSIT produces a robust and temporally stable reaction time interference effect (range 200-350 ms), and single runs of the MSIT have produced CFP network activation in approximately 95% of tested subjects. The robust, reliable and temporally stable neuroimaging and performance data make the MSIT a useful task with which to study normal human cognition and psychiatric pathophysiology.
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The data are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the left inferior frontal gyrus is engaged in domain general cognitive control.
“Our data are difficult to reconcile with the widely favored hypothesis that this region is engaged in domain general cognitive control (8, 17); although we do see a weak response to the Stroop task in this region, we find no hint of activation for either of the other two cognitive control tasks [the MSIT task (39) and its variant, verbal MSIT (vMSIT)].”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
The left inferior frontal gyrus language region of interest shows no hint of activation for the MSIT task or its variant, verbal MSIT.
“we find no hint of activation for either of the other two cognitive control tasks [the MSIT task (39) and its variant, verbal MSIT (vMSIT)]”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
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“The vMSIT, n = 14, was identical to the MSIT task, except that digits (0, 1, 2, and 3) were replaced with words (NONE, LEFT, MIDDLE, and RIGHT).”
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“Placebo responders (n=6) 892 (101) 597 (156) 779 (81) 527 (87)”
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“…primary application of the MSIT as an fMRI activation paradigm is to engage the dorsal AC cortex and a broader cognitive/attentionto-action network, it is also well suited for characterizing TIDs of ‘affective circuitry’ likely to involve the mPFC/rAC and PC/PrC regions (see Bush and Shin, 2006).”
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“To this end, otherwise healthy midlife adults (n 1⁄4 97) performed a modified version of a multisource interference task (MSIT) [Bush and Shin, 2006], which involves processing conflictual information, receiving negative feedback, and making time-pressured responses to unpredictable stimuli that evoke psychological di…”
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“The Multiple Source Interference Task is a Stroop-like task that measures inhibitory control.(38) In this task, 3 numbers are presented on the screen.”
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“Task Participants performed the MSIT (16) which requires identification of the ordinal value of the unique number among three digits, “1”, “2”, or “3” (e.g., for “311,” the target is “3”) by pressing a key with one of three fingers (“1” for index finger, “2” for middle finger, “3”for ring finger).”
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“…control, attention, and performance monitoring such as the anterior cingulate (ACC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been implicated in the performance of the traditional Stroop task and its variants (Bush and Shin, 2006; Holmes and Pizzagalli, 2008; MacDonald et al , 2000; Mitchell, 2005).”
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“In partial support of hypotheses 1 and 2, UDd females showed abnormally elevated activity in the dAMCC, a key neural region supporting effortful cognitive/attentional control (Bush & Shin, 2006), during the cognitively demanding 2-back task with face distracters.”
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“In this study, the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) was employed alongside functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) methods to investigate functional interactions between brain regions underlying cognitive control.”
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“The dACC is a cognitive control region involved in attentional processes (Bush and Shin, 2006), which as noted above are abnormal in human AAS users (Hildebrandt et al., 2014).”
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Aging-Related Increases in Behavioral Variability: Relations to Losses of Dopamine D1 Receptors
MacDonald, S. W. S., Karlsson, S., Rieckmann, A., Nyberg, L. H., & Bäckman, L. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5474-11.2012 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…(fMRI) research indicates that BOLD activity in a cingulo-fronto-parietal (CFP) network, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and parietal cortex (PC), is implicated in interference resolution in the MSIT (Bush et al., 2003; Bush and Shin, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialAge of onset of marijuana use impacts inhibitory processing
Gruber, S. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Sagar, K. A., Gönenç, A., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.039 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Closed-loop enhancement and neural decoding of cognitive control in humans
Basu, I., Yousefi, A., Crocker, B., Zelmann, R., Paulk, A. C., Peled, N., Ellard, K. K., Weisholtz, D. S., Cosgrove, G. R., Deckersbach, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00804-y · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Blunted cardiac stress reactivity relates to neural hypoactivation
Ginty, A. T., Gianaros, P. J., Derbyshire, S. W. G., Phillips, A. C., & Carroll, D. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12017 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Research shows that tasks which involve non-emotional stimuli, such as the MSIT, show a stronger relationship between the anterior cingulate and sympathetic arousal than between the amygdala and sympathetic arousal (Bush et al., 2008; Bush & Shin, 2006; Critchley, Corfield, Chandler, Mathias, & Dolan, 2000; Critchley…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZilverstand, A., Sorger, B., Slaats-Willemse, D., Kan, C. C., Goebel, R., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170795 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Heinzel, S., Metzger, F. G., Ehlis, A., Korell, R., Alboji, A., Haeussinger, F. B., Hagen, K., Maetzler, W., Eschweiler, G. W., Berg, D., et al. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.021 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“An alternative interpretation arises from findings showing that dorsolateral prefrontal and superior parietal areas are part of the neural attention network (Bush and Shin, 2006).”
Age-group differences in interference from young and older emotional faces
Ebner, N. C., & Johnson, M. K. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903128395 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“The present study used a Multi-Source Interference Task, in which participants responded to numbers by pressing a button indicating which of three numbers was different from the other two (Bush & Shin, 2006).”
InfluentialDopamine and training-related working-memory improvement
Bäckman, L., & Nyberg, L. H. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.014 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Avelar‐Pereira, B., Bäckman, L., Wåhlin, A., Nyberg, L. H., & Salami, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00152 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Previous research has indicated that the MSIT activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal attention network bilaterally and does not show a lateralized pattern of activation (Bush et al., 2003; Bush and Shin, 2006) like the one found in our study.”
Inzlicht, M., Gervais, W., & Berkman, E. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2659409 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“…are beyond the scope of this commentary, we note that this multi-lab effort focused on a response interference task that shares many features with the Stroop task (something called the multi-source interference task; Bush & Shin, 2006), and in fact used this task as the dependent variable.”
Cocchi, L., Harrison, B. J., Pujol, J., Harding, I. H., Fornito, A., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21270 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Cocchi, L., Zalesky, A., Nott, Z., Whybird, G., Fitzgerald, P., & Breakspear, M. (2018) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.029 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“A Patterns of activity during transitions (highlighted in red in the bottom diagram) from resting-state (R) to external task performance [C= congruent trials and I= incongruent trials in the Multisource Interference Task, (Bush and Shin, 2006)].”
MethodA neurodevelopmental basis for BECTS: Evidence from structural MRI
Pardoe, H., Berg, A. T., Archer, J. S., Fulbright, R. K., & Jackson, G. D. (2013) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.11.008 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Like language networks, fMRI has indicated that attention utilises a distinct network of cerebral structures (Bush and Shin, 2006).”
BackgroundReplication of Functional MRI Detection of Deception
Kozel, F. A., Laken, S. J., Johnson, K. A., Boren, B., Mapes, K. S., Morgan, P. S., & George, M. S. (2009) · The Open Forensic Science Journal · doi:10.2174/1874402800902010006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“There are, however, few examples in the literature of individual results in cognitive tasks using fMRI [24] [25].”
The Persistent Influence of Concussive Injuries on Cognitive Control and Neuroelectric Function
Moore, R. D., Hillman, C. H., & Broglio, S. P. (2013) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.1.01 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Cognitive control relies on a distributed network of neural regions, including the dorsal and anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, superior parietal cortex (including the premotor and primary motor cortex), inferior temporal gyrus, and superior parietal lobule.(53) Thus, efficient cog…”
BackgroundEvidence for a motor gamma-band network governing response interference
Gaetz, W. C., Liu, C., Zhu, H., Bloy, L., & Roberts, T. P. L. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.013 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“We used a response-interference task called the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) (Bush and Shin, 2006) to assess whether the motor gamma-band response was sensitive to tasks involving response interference.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApproach-related left prefrontal EEG asymmetry predicts muted error-related negativity
Nash, K. A., Inzlicht, M., & McGregor, I. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.005 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Thus, in Study 2, we used an EEG system that included these nodes and employed a different reaction time task also known to elicit error-related ACC activation for multi-method replication (The Multi-Source Interference Task, MSIT; Bush and Shin, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodBeta and gamma oscillations index cognitive interference effects across a distributed motor network
Wiesman, A. I., Koshy, S. M., Heinrichs‐Graham, E., & Wilson, T. W. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116747 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Obradović, J., Sulik, M. J., Finch, J. E., & Tirado‐Strayer, N. (2017) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.03.003 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“TheMulti-Source Interference Test (MSIT) is a measure of inhibitory control skills that is used in middle childhood and adolescence (Bush & Shin, 2006; Liu, Angstadt, Taylor, & Fitzgerald, 2016; Ursache, Noble, & Blair, 2015).”
MethodThe development of performance-monitoring function in the posterior medial frontal cortex
Fitzgerald, K. D., Perkins, S. C., Angstadt, M., Johnson, T. D., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., & Taylor, S. F. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“A modified version of the MSIT has recently been developed to address this concern (Bush and Shin, 2006).”
BackgroundNeural Mechanisms Linking Emotion with Cardiovascular Disease
Kraynak, T. E., Marsland, A. L., & Gianaros, P. J. (2018) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-018-1071-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Measurement models for studying child executive functioning: Questioning the status quo.
Camerota, M., Willoughby, M. T., & Blair, C. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001127 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The multi-source interference test (MSIT; Bush & Shin, 2006) was used as a measure of inhibitory control.”
MethodMao, C., Zhang, Q. L., Bao, F. X., Liao, X., Yang, X. L., & Zhang, M. (2014) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-014-1391-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Liu, Y.-F., Kim, J., Wilson, C., & Bedny, M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59340 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Neuromodulation of group prejudice and religious belief
Holbrook, C., Izuma, K., Deblieck, C., Fessler, D. M. T., & Iacoboni, M. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv107 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Discriminative analysis of non-linear brain connectivity in schizophrenia: an fMRI Study
Su, L., Wang, L., Shen, H., Feng, G., & Hu, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00702 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…to the frontal-parietal network by eMIC and MIC but not PCC. Combined with the DMN, this network is thought to be closely related to attention tasks (Bush and Shin, 2006; Gao and Lin, 2012), which may explain the occurrence of attention impairment and its relationship to the DMN in schizophrenia.”
BackgroundThe counting Stroop: a cognitive interference task
Bush, G., Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.35 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationGruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Gönenç, A., Smith, R. T., Lambros, A. M., Cabrera, K. B., & Lukas, S. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00983 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Using aspects from well-established measures of cognitive interference (e.g., Stroop, Simon, and Flanker tasks), the MSIT incorporates both spatial and flanker types of interference to measure cognitive control (Bush et al., 2003; Bush and Shin, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe relation between fluid intelligence and self-regulatory depletion
Shamosh, N. A., & Gray, J. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701273658 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Before and after a self-regulatory challenge, participants completed 96 trials (over approximately six minutes) of the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT; Bush & Shin, 2006), a Stroop-like interference task that places even greater demands on executive attention than the classic Stroop.”
Sagar, K. A., & Gruber, S. A. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1460334 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Specifically, prior to initiation of MMJ treatment, patients did not show activation in the cingulate cortex, a region typically activated during completion of the MSIT in healthy controls (Bush & Shin, 2006; Gruber, Dahlgren, Sagar, Gonenc, & Killgore, 2012).”
BackgroundPrefrontal cortex activation during cognitive interference in nonsuicidal self-injury
Dahlgren, M. K., Hooley, J. M., Best, S. G., Sagar, K. A., Gönenç, A., & Gruber, S. A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.04.006 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Effects of contextual relevance on pragmatic inference during conversation: An fMRI study
Feng, W., Wu, Y., Jan, C., Yu, H., Jiang, X., & Zhou, X. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.04.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Indeed, several neuroimaging studies have shown that the brain regions listed above are recruited in the processing of cognitive control (Bush & Shin, 2006; Corbetta & Shulman, 2002; Nagano-Saito, Martinu, & Monchi, 2014).”
BackgroundLiu, T., Chen, Y., Lin, P., & Wang, J. (2014) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059414523959 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“This task has been shown to effectively activate cognitive and attention networks.(16) In this study, we established a functional connectivity matrix, by calculating the SL(17) between all pairwise combinations of EEG channels during MSIT performance.”
MethodTully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., Liyanage-Don, N. A., & Hooker, C. I. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Impairments in these self-regulatory processes, involving cognitive control mechanisms reliant on a fronto-parietal network (Duncan and Owen, 2000; Bush and Shin, 2006; Lesh et al., 2011), may contribute to poor social and role functioning (Heatherton and Wagner, 2011).”
BackgroundFitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ellard, K. K., Gosai, A. K., Felicione, J. M., Peters, A. T., Shea, C. V., Sylvia, L. G., Nierenberg, A. A., Widge, A. S., Dougherty, D. D., & Deckersbach, T. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12709 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Test–retest reliability of an fMRI paradigm for studies of cardiovascular reactivity
Sheu, L. K., Jennings, J. R., & Gianaros, P. J. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01382.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“In the MSIT, which was modified from the original version developed by Bush and Shin (2006), participants selected a number that differed from 2 others by pressing 1 of 3 buttons on the glove, with each button matching a number on the screen (thumb button 1 = number 1, etc.).”
MethodLong-term cognitive outcomes in male and female athletes following sport-related concussions
Sicard, V., Moore, R. D., & Dave Ellemberg, A. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.011 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Childhood physical abuse predicts stressor-evoked activity within central visceral control regions
Banihashemi, L., Sheu, L. K., Midei, A. J., & Gianaros, P. J. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu073 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“In another session, participants underwent a functional neuroimaging protocol consisting of two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-adapted cognitive stressor tasks, the Stroop and Multi-source interference tasks (MSIT; Bush and Shin, 2006; Gianaros et al., 2009b).”
MethodBrown, A. B., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Doyle, A., Bush, G., Spencer, T., Monuteaux, M., Mick, E., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Makris, N., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31022 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“SLC6A3 30 UTR Grant sponsor: NIMH; Grant Numbers: MH 62152, MH 57934, MH 071535; Grant sponsor: US Department of Health and Human Services; Grant sponsor: NIAAA; Grant Numbers: R01-AA07112, K05-AA00219; Grant sponsor: National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression Distinguished Investigator Award; Gran…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTullett, A. M., Kay, A. C., & Inzlicht, M. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu097 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“To do so, we examined how the three articles used in Study 1 influenced participants’ ERN amplitude during the multi-source interference task (MSIT; Bush and Shin, 2006).”
Li, C., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, T. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Decoding task engagement from distributed network electrophysiology in humans
Provenza, N. R., Paulk, A. C., Peled, N., Restrepo, M. I., Cash, S. S., Dougherty, D. D., Eskandar, E. N., Borton, D. A., & Widge, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab2c58 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The participants performed the tasks correctly with high accuracy (figures 1(E) and (F)), and showed expected conflict effects on behavior (figures 1(G) and (H)) [38, 41].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDavey, C. G., Yücel, M., Allen, N. B., & Harrison, B. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00014 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kim, H., Chey, J., & Lee, S. (2017) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2017.05.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bustamante, L., Oshinowo, T., Lee, J., Tong, E., Burton, A., Shenhav, A., Cohen, J., & Daw, N. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1073/pnas.2221510120 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lockwood, K. G., Marsland, A. L., Cohen, S., & Gianaros, P. J. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Encoding of Rules by Neurons in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Mian, M. K., Sheth, S. A., Patel, S. R., Spiliopoulos, K., Eskandar, E. N., & Williams, Z. M. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs361 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Deng, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Zhou, C. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-018-0140-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dahlgren, M. K., Lambros, A. M., Smith, R. T., Sagar, K. A., El-Abboud, C., & Gruber, S. A. (2022) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00202-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Green, A. E., Kraemer, D. J. M., DeYoung, C. G., Fossella, J., & Gray, J. R. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs035 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Outside the scanner, participants were administered the Wechsler Adult Scale of Intelligence (WASI) abbreviated full-scale IQ measure (Wechsler 1999) comprising 4 subtests (Vocabulary, Similarities, Block Design, and Matrix Reasoning).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCingulate-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical aspects of catatonia and implications for treatment
Fricchione, G. L., & Beach, S. R. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64196-0.00012-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bush, G. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationHeightened Resting Neural Activity Predicts Exaggerated Stressor-Evoked Blood Pressure Reactivity
Gianaros, P. J., Sheu, L. K., Remo, A. M., Christie, I. C., Critchley, H., & Wang, J. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.126227 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mullin, B. C., Perlman, S. B., Versace, A., Almeida, J., LaBarbara, E. J., Klein, C., Ladouceur, C. D., & Phillips, M. L. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.09.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“We used the WFU PickAtlas (Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC) to construct anatomical masks corresponding to Talairach regions: bilateral dlPFC (BA9, BA46), parietal cortex (BA40) and dACC (BA24, BA32), as key ROIs in attentional control (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990; Bush and Shin, 2006), and attentional cont…”
Observing teachers' displays and scaffolding of executive functioning in the classroom context
Bardack, S., & Obradović, J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2018.12.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
McDonald, A., Muraskin, J., Dam, N. T. V., Froehlich, C., Puccio, B., Pellman, J., Bauer, C. C. C., Akeyson, A., Breland, M. M., Calhoun, V. D., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.048 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Multi-Source Interference Task paradigm to enhance automatic and controlled processes in ADHD
Caprì, T., Santoddì, E., & Fabio, R. A. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103542 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
It’s not the thought that counts: Allostasis at the core of brain function
Theriault, J. E., Katsumi, Y., Reimann, H. M., Zhang, J., Deming, P., Dickerson, B. C., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.09.028 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bush, G., Holmes, J., Shin, L. M., Surman, C. B. H., Makris, N., Mick, E. O., Seidman, L. J., & Biederman, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.09.004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“MSIT procedures (Bush and Shin, 2006; Bush et al., 2008) are summarized in Supplemental Figure 1.”
Self-citationOlsen, S. T., Basu, I., Bilge, M. T., Kanabar, A., Boggess, M. J., Rockhill, A. P., Gosai, A. K., Hahn, E. M., Peled, N., Ennis, M. M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.569973 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT) Both conflict condition (congruent and incongruent; f = 117.76, p < 0.0001) and stimulation condition (VC/VS non-optimized, VC/VS optimized, and combined; f = 1231.32, p < 0.0001) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 10 October 2020 | Volume 14 | Article 569973 FI…”
MethodInfluentialPTSD: Past, present and future implications for China
Zhou, Y., Shang, Z., Zhang, F., Wu, L., Sun, L., Jia, Y., Yu, H., & Liu, W. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Marzuki, A. A., Pereira de Souza, A. M. F. L., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Individuals with schizophrenia and demographically-matched healthy controls completed an adapted version of the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), a cognitive control task specifically designed to activate the cingulo–frontal–parietal cognitive control network (Bush and Shin, 2006).”
Finch, J. E., Garcia, E. B., Sulik, M. J., & Obradović, J. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419829438 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The Multi-Source Interference Test (MSIT) is a measure of inhibitory control skills (Bush & Shin, 2006).”
MethodSalami, A., Rieckmann, A., Fischer, H., & Bäckman, L. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Seed PLS The choice of seed regions for the functional connectivity analysis was based on two criteria: (a) Located in PFC or ACC based on previous evidence of a key role of these regions for interference resolution in the MSIT (Bush and Shin, 2006; Bush et al., 2003); and (b) Reliablemodulation of activity across tas…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTramontana, M. G., Cowan, R. L., Zald, D. H., Prokop, J. W., & Guillamondegui, O. D. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.930179 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Two stimulation task paradigms were administered during fMRI scans: the Multisource Interference Task (MSIT) [28] and a Modified AX Continuous Performance Task (CPT-AX) [29].”
MethodIlg, L., Klados, M. A., Alexander, N., Kirschbaum, C., & Li, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26067-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bush, G., & Shin, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bush, George
- ORCID
- Shin, Lisa M
- Venue
- Nature Protocols
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 308-313
- ISSN
- 1750-2799 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-2189
- OpenAlex
- W2001165927
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Protocols (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
- U.S. Public Health Service (NIMH 01611)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- Multi-Source Interference Task, interference effects, reaction time, task validation, neuropsychiatric disorders, network integrity, temporal stability
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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