Reference standards for lean mass measures using GE dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in Caucasian adults
Open accessAbstract
Body composition assessments commonly focus predominantly on fat mass, however lean mass (LM) measurements also provide useful information regarding clinical and nutritional status.LM measurements help predict health outcomes and diagnose sarcopenia, which has been associated with frailty.Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is an established technique used in clinical and research settings to assess body composition including total and regional LM.Currently, there are no reference values available that were derived from GE-Healthcare DXA systems directly for US adults for LM, LM index (LMI), percent LM (% LM), and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and it is known that whole-body and regional LM measures differ by DXA manufacturer. ObjectiveTo develop reference values by age and sex for LM measures using GE-Healthcare DXA systems. Methods A de-identified sample was obtained from Ball State University's Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Physical Activity & HealthResearch Laboratory.DXA scans of 2,076 women and 1,251 men were completed using a GE Lunar Prodigy or iDXA.Percentiles (%ile) were calculated for all variables of interest (LM, LMI, %LM, and ALMI) and a factorial ANOVA was used to assess differences for each variable between 10-year age groups and sex, as well as the interaction between age and sex. ResultsMen had higher mean total LM, %LM, LMI, and ALMI than women (p<0.01),across all age groups.All LM variables decreased significantly over the 5 decades in men, however in women only total LM, %LM, and ALMI decreased from the youngest to oldest age groups (p<0.01).
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The final average lean body mass of the transgender women was 51.2 kg, which puts them in the 90th percentile for women.
“The final average lean body mass of the transgender women was 51.2 kg, which puts them in the 90th percentile for women [79].”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [79]
Table 2 (Results) places 51.2 kg approximately at the 90th percentile for women aged 20–29 (51.1 kg), but its percentiles vary by age; it does not establish a single 90th-percentile value for all women. The paper provides reference values, not the reported final average for transgender women. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Imboden, M. T., Swartz, A. M., Finch, H. W., Harber, M. P., & Kaminsky, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Ball State University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Corresponding author
- Imboden, Mary T.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-04-20
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0176161
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4234567378
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- lean body mass, reference values, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, body composition, lean mass index, appendicular lean mass index, sarcopenia, sex differences, age differences, Caucasian adults
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