The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: The triangle between bacterial species, metabolites and psychological tests
Open accessAbstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disease with devastating physical consequences, with a pathophysiological mechanism still to be elucidated. Metagenomic studies on anorexia nervosa have revealed profound gut microbiome perturbations as a possible environmental factor involved in the disease. In this study we performed a comprehensive analysis integrating data on gut microbiota with clinical, anthropometric and psychological traits to gain new insight in the pathophysiology of AN. Fifteen AN women were compared with fifteen age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. AN diet was characterized by a significant lower energy intake, but macronutrient analysis highlighted a restriction only in fats and carbohydrates consumption. Next generation sequencing showed that AN intestinal microbiota was significantly affected at every taxonomic level, showing a significant increase of Enterobacteriaceae, and of the archeon Methanobrevibacter smithii compared with healthy controls. On the contrary, the genera Roseburia, Ruminococcus and Clostridium, were depleted, in line with the observed reduction in AN of total short chain fatty acids, butyrate, and propionate. Butyrate concentrations inversely correlated with anxiety levels, whereas propionate directly correlated with insulin levels and with the relative abundance of Roseburia inulinivorans, a known propionate producer. BMI represented the best predictive value for gut dysbiosis and metabolic alterations, showing a negative correlation with Bacteroides uniformis (microbiota), with alanine aminotransferase (liver function), and with psychopathological scores (obsession-compulsion, anxiety, and depression), and a positive correlation with white blood cells count. In conclusion, our findings corroborate the hypothesis that the gut dysbiosis could take part in the AN neurobiology, in particular in sustaining the persistence of alterations that eventually result in relapses after renourishment and psychological therapy, but causality still needs to be proven.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Several studies of anorexia nervosa patients have reported decreased abundances of the butyrate producing Roseburia in combination with reduced butyrate levels and lower microbial diversity and taxa abundance compared to healthy controls [168–170].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [168]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Pfleiderer, A., Lagier, J., Armougom, F., Robert, C., Vialettes, B., & Raoult, D. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-013-1900-2 · Cited by 158
Retractedvegan: Community Ecology Package
Oksanen, J., Simpson, G. L., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Sólymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., Szöcs, E., et al. (2001) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.vegan · Cited by 27,099
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n182 · Cited by 10,861
Klindworth, A., Pruesse, E., Schweer, T., Peplies, J., Quast, C., Horn, M., & Glöckner, F. O. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gks808 · Cited by 8,850
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176
Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota
Lozupone, C. A., Stombaugh, J. I., Gordon, J. I., Jansson, J. K., & Knight, R. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11550 · Cited by 5,533
Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism
Tremaroli, V., & Bäckhed, F. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11552 · Cited by 4,387
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults
Spielberger, C. D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06496-000 · Cited by 3,479
Topping, D. L., & Clifton, P. M. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1031 · Cited by 3,091
Sudo, N., Chida, Y., Aiba, Y., Sonoda, J., Oyama, N., Yu, X., Kubo, C., & Koga, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388 · Cited by 2,735
Gut–brain axis: How the microbiome influences anxiety and depression
Foster, J. A., & McVey Neufeld, K.-A. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005 · Cited by 2,460
Psychosomatic medicine in Germany: more timely than ever
Zipfel, S., Herzog, W., Kruse, J., & Henningsen, P. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000447701 · Cited by 2,323
Intestinal Short Chain Fatty Acids and their Link with Diet and Human Health
Ríos-Covián, D., Ruas‐Madiedo, P., Margollés, A., Gueimonde, M., Reyes‐Gavilán, C. G. D. L., & Salazar, N. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00185 · Cited by 2,300
The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism
Frost, G., Sleeth, M. L., Sahuri-Arisoylu, M., Lizarbe, B., Cerdan, S., Brody, L., Anastasovska, J., Ghourab, S., Hankir, M., Zhang, S., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4611 · Cited by 1,771
The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment
Maruish, M. E., & Leahy, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.205 · Cited by 1,634
The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain
Collins, S. M., Surette, M., & Bercik, P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2876 · Cited by 1,611
Battle, D. E. (2013) · CoDAS · doi:10.1590/s2317-17822013000200017 · Cited by 1,569
Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas
Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J., & Seidell, J. C. (1991) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19910073 · Cited by 1,397
Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders With Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
Kaye, W. H., Bulik, C. M., Thornton, L., Barbarich, N., Masters, K., & the Price Foundation Collaborative Group (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2215 · Cited by 1,162
Bailey, M. T., Dowd, S. E., Galley, J. D., Hufnagle, A. R., Allen, R. G., & Lyte, M. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.023 · Cited by 1,123
The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior
Cryan, J. F., & O’Mahony, S. M. (2011) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x · Cited by 990
Mortality in anorexia nervosa.
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.7.1073 · Cited by 974
Influence of Metabolism on Epigenetics and Disease
Kaelin, W. G., & McKnight, S. L. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.004 · Cited by 920
Armougom, F., Henry, M., Vialettes, B., Raccah, D., & Raoult, D. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007125 · Cited by 905
Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders
Hoek, H. W. (2006) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000228759.95237.78 · Cited by 891
Louis, P., Young, P., Holtrop, G., & Flint, H. J. (2009) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02066.x · Cited by 804
Imhann, F., Vich Vila, A., Bonder, M. J., Fu, J., Gevers, D., Visschedijk, M. C., Spekhorst, L. M., Alberts, R., Franke, L., van Dullemen, H. M., et al. (2018) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312135 · Cited by 788
Roseburia Spp.: A Marker of Health?
Tamanai‐Shacoori, Z., Smida, I., Bousarghin, L., Loréal, O., Meuric, V., Fong, S. B., Bonnaure‐Mallet, M., & Jolivet‐Gougeon, A. (2017) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb-2016-0130 · Cited by 767
Antidepressant-Like Effects of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Sodium Butyrate, in the Mouse
Schroeder, F. A., Lin, C. L., Crusio, W. E., & Akbarian, S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.036 · Cited by 541
Academy for eating disorders position paper: Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses
Klump, K. L., Bulik, C. M., Kaye, W. H., Treasure, J. L., & Tyson, E. P. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20589 · Cited by 523
Alcock, J., Maley, C. C., & Aktipis, C. A. (2014) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201400071 · Cited by 454
The co‐morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review
Swinbourne, J. M., & Touyz, S. W. (2007) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.784 · Cited by 448
Microbes and mental health: A review
Rieder, R., Wisniewski, P. J., Alderman, B. L., & Campbell, S. C. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.016 · Cited by 446
Endocrine consequences of anorexia nervosa
Misra, M., & Klibanski, A. (2014) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70180-3 · Cited by 397
Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: A review
Godart, N. T., Flament, M. F., Perdereau, F., & Jeammet, P. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10096 · Cited by 369
MacFabe, D. F., Cain, N. E., Boon, F., Ossenkopp, K.-P., & Cain, D. P. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.005 · Cited by 365
Anorexia nervosa – medical complications
Mehler, P. S., & Brown, C. (2015) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-015-0040-8 · Cited by 349
Mack, I., Cuntz, U., Grämer, C., Niedermaier, S., Pohl, C., Schwiertz, A., Zimmermann, K., Zipfel, S., Enck, P., & Penders, J. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26752 · Cited by 313
Kleiman, S. C., Watson, H. J., Bulik-Sullivan, E. C., Huh, E. Y., Tarantino, L. M., Bulik, C. M., & Carroll, I. M. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000247 · Cited by 303
Pingitore, A., Chambers, E. S., Hill, T., Ruz‐Maldonado, I., Liu, B., Bewick, G. A., Morrison, D. J., Preston, T., Wallis, G. A., Tedford, C. M., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12811 · Cited by 289
Scott, K. P., Martin, J. C., Campbell, G. P., Mayer, C., & Flint, H. J. (2006) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00137-06 · Cited by 282
Biological significance of short-chain fatty acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiome
Puertollano, E., Kolida, S., & Yaqoob, P. (2014) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000025 · Cited by 242
Gut Dysbiosis in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Morita, C., Tsuji, H., Hata, T., Gondo, M., Takakura, S., Kawai, K., Yoshihara, K., Ogata, K., Nomoto, K., Miyazaki, K., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145274 · Cited by 238
Epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylase: Therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease?
Harrison, I. F., & Dexter, D. T. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.010 · Cited by 233
Propionate. Anti-obesity and satiety enhancing factor?
Arora, T., Sharma, R., & Frost, G. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.016 · Cited by 205
Dysbiosis in the inflamed intestine: Chance favors the prepared microbe
Winter, S. E., & Bäumler, A. J. (2014) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.27129 · Cited by 194
The slippery slope: prediction of successful weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa
Kaplan, A. S., Walsh, B. T., Olmsted, M., Attia, E., Carter, J. C., Devlin, M. J., Pike, K. M., Woodside, B., Rockert, W., Roberto, C. A., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170800442x · Cited by 148
Elevated plasma concentrations of bacterial ClpB protein in patients with eating disorders
Breton, J., Legrand, R., Akkermann, K., Järv, A., Harro, J., Déchelotte, P., & Fetissov, S. O. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22531 · Cited by 117
Alteration of intestinal barrier function during activity-based anorexia in mice
Jésus, P., Ouelaa, W., François, M., Riachy, L., Guérin, C., Aziz, M., Do Rego, J.-C., Déchelotte, P., Fetissov, S. O., & Coëffier, M. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.11.006 · Cited by 114
Acarbose Enhances Human Colonic Butyrate Production
Weaver, G. A., Tangel, C. T., Krause, J. A., Parfitt, M. M., Jenkins, P., Rader, J. M., LEWIS, B. A., Miller, T. L., & Wolin, M. J. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.717 · Cited by 110
Symptom Profile of Major Depressive Disorder in Women with Eating Disorders
Fernández‐Aranda, F., Pinheiro, A. P., Tozzi, F., Via, M. L., Thornton, L. M., Plotnicov, K. H., Kaye, W. H., Fichter, M. M., Halmi, K. A., Kaplan, A. S., et al. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601057718 · Cited by 105
Polyamines and the Intestinal Tract
Seiler, N., & Raul, F. (2007) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408360701250016 · Cited by 93
Liver dysfunction in patients with severe anorexia nervosa
Rosen, E., Sabel, A. L., Brinton, J. T., Catanach, B. L., Gaudiani, J. L., & Mehler, P. S. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22436 · Cited by 82
Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Gkolfakis, P., Dimitriadis, G., & Τriantafyllou, Κ. (2015) · Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international · doi:10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60026-1 · Cited by 80
Million, M., Thuny, F., Angelakis, E., Casalta, J.-P., Giorgi, R., Habib, G., & Raoult, D. (2013) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2013.28 · Cited by 78
Strain, G. W., Wang, J., Gagner, M., Pomp, A., Inabnet, W. B., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.321 · Cited by 76
Characterizing severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: An empirical approach
Wildes, J. E., Forbush, K. T., Hagan, K. E., Marcus, M. D., Attia, E., Gianini, L. M., & Wu, W. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22651 · Cited by 70
A role for intestinal TLR4-driven inflammatory response during activity-based anorexia
Belmonte, L., Achamrah, N., Nobis, S., Guérin, C., Riou, G., Bôle‐Feysot, C., Boyer, O., Richard, V. J., do-Rego, J.-C., Déchelotte, P., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35813 · Cited by 59
Waldecker, M., Kautenburger, T., Daumann, H., Veeriah, S., Will, F., Dietrich, H., Pool-Zobel, B. L., & Schrenk, D. (2008) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.013 · Cited by 52
Ktsoyan, Z. A., Mkrtchyan, M. S., Zakharyan, M. K., Mnatsakanyan, A. A., Arakelova, K. A., Gevorgyan, Z. U., Sedrakyan, A., Hovhannisyan, A. I., Arakelyan, A., & Aminov, R. I. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00776 · Cited by 50
Gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Paraskevas, Gkolfakis, George, Dimitriadis, Κωνσταντίνος, & Triantafyllou (2015) · Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni · Cited by 47
Cholinesterase and other serum liver enzymes in underweight outpatients with eating disorders
Montagnese, C., Scalfi, L., Signorini, A., Filippo, E. D., Pasanisi, F., & Contaldo, F. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20432 · Cited by 39
Drug target discovery by pharmacogenetics: mutations in the melanocortin system and eating disorders
Adan, R. A. H., & Vink, T. (2001) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00125-0 · Cited by 26
Initial validation of the Voris cocaine craving scale: A preliminary report
Smelson, D. A., McGee-Caulfield, E., Bergstein, P., & Engelhart, C. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199901)55:1 · Cited by 25
Aberrant brain microRNA target and miRISC gene expression in the anx/anx anorexia mouse model
Mercader, J. M., González, J. R., Lozano, J. J., Bak, M., Kauppinen, S., Sumoy, L., Dierssen, M., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Visa, J., Gratacòs, M., et al. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.057 · Cited by 18
Goh, K., & Lee, E. L. (2015) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2015132 · Cited by 13
Is colonic fermentation minimized by increasing meal frequency?
Brighenti, F., Ciappellano, S., Vuksan, V., Rao, A. V., Tm, W., Jenkins, A., Dj, J., & Testolin, G. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 2
Garner (1983) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198321)2:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rinninella, E., Raoul, P., Cintoni, M., Franceschi, F., Miggiano, G. A. D., Gasbarrini, A., & Mele, M. C. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7010014 · Cited by 3,462
Mohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378
Gut–organ axis: a microbial outreach and networking
Ahlawat, S., Asha, A., & Sharma, K. K. (2020) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/lam.13333 · Cited by 372
Gut microbiota: a new path to treat obesity
Muscogiuri, G., Cantone, E., Cassarano, S., Tuccinardi, D., Barrea, L., Savastano, S., & Colao, A. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity Supplements · doi:10.1038/s41367-019-0011-7 · Cited by 370
Diet and microbiota linked in health and disease
Requena, T., Martínez‐Cuesta, M. C., & Peláez, C. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c7fo01820g · Cited by 191
Metadata
- Authors
- Borgo, F., Riva, A., Benetti, A., Casiraghi, M. C., Bertelli, S., Garbossa, S., Anselmetti, S., Scarone, S., Pontiroli, A. E., Morace, G., & Borghi, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Milan (IT)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Santi Paolo e Carlo (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Borghi, Elisa
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-06-21
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0179739
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5479564
- OpenAlex
- W2687532560
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- anorexia nervosa, gut microbiota, gut dysbiosis, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, propionate, Roseburia, Enterobacteriaceae, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Bacteroides uniformis, anxiety, depression, insulin, body mass index, caloric restriction, psychopathology, relapse
- MeSH terms
- Alanine Transaminase, Anorexia Nervosa, Anxiety Disorders, Aspartate Aminotransferases, Butyrates, Clostridium, Depressive Disorder, Diet, DNA, Bacterial, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Humans, Propionates, Psychological Tests, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Gastrointestinal Tract, Ruminococcus, Microbiota, Dysbiosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
