Comparative effectiveness and safety of interventions for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
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BACKGROUND: Many interventions have shown effectiveness in reducing the duration of acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis (ADG) in children. Yet, there is lack of comparative efficacy of interventions that seem to be better than placebo among which, the clinicians must choose. Our aim was to determine the comparative effectiveness and safety of the pharmacological and nutritional interventions for reducing the duration of ADG in children. METHODS: Data sources included Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, LILACS, and Global-Health up to May 2017. Eligible trials compared zinc (ZN), vitamin A, micronutrients (MN), probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, racecadotril, smectite(SM), loperamide, diluted milk, lactose-free formula(LCF), or their combinations, to placebo or standard treatment (STND), or among them. Two reviewers independently performed screening, review, study selection and extraction. The primary outcome was diarrhea duration. Secondary outcomes were stool frequency at day 2, diarrhea at day 3, vomiting and side effects. We performed a random effects Bayesian network meta-analysis to combine the direct and indirect evidence for each outcome. Mean differences and odds ratio with their credible intervals(CrI) were calculated. Coherence and transitivity assumptions were assessed. Meta-regression, subgroups and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the impact of effect modifiers. Summary under the cumulative curve (SUCRA) values with their CrI were calculated. We assessed the evidence quality and classified the best interventions using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development & Evaluation (GRADE) approach for each paired comparison. RESULTS: A total of 174 studies (32,430 children) proved eligible. Studies were conducted in 42 countries of which most were low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). Interventions were grouped in 27 categories. Most interventions were better than STND. Reduction of diarrhea varied from 12.5 to 51.1 hours. The combinations Saccharomyces boulardii (SB)+ZN, and SM+ZN were considered the best interventions (i.e., GRADE quality of evidence: moderate to high, substantial superiority to STND, reduction in duration of 35 to 40 hours, and large SUCRA values), while symbiotics (combination of probiotics+prebiotics), ZN, loperamide and combinations ZN+MN and ZN+LCF were considered inferior to the best and better than STND [Quality: moderate to high, superior to STND, and reduction of 17 to 25 hours]. In subgroups analyses, effect of ZN was higher in LMIC and was not present in high-income countries (HIC). Vitamin A, MN, prebiotics, kaolin-pectin, and diluted milk were similar to STND [Quality: moderate to high]. The remainder of the interventions had low to very-low evidence quality. Loperamide was the only intervention with more side effects than STND [Quality: moderate]. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Most interventions analyzed (except vitamin A, micronutrients, prebiotics, and kaolin-pectin) showed evidence of superiority to placebo in reducing the diarrhea. With moderate-to high-quality of evidence, SB+ZN and SM+ZN, demonstrated the best combination of evidence quality and magnitude of effect while symbiotics, loperamide and zinc proved being the best single interventions, and loperamide was the most unsafe. Nonetheless, the effect of zinc, SB+ZN and SM+ZN might only be applied to children in LMIC. Results suggest no further role for studies comparing interventions against no treatment or placebo, or studies testing loperamide, MN, kaolin-pectin, vitamin A, prebiotics and diluted milk. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42015023778.
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A recent systematic review and network meta-analysis of interventions for acute diarrhoea in children reported high statistical heterogeneity for duration of diarrhoea for L rhamnosus GG, S boulardii, and other probiotics grouped together versus standard treatment, and certainty of evidence was graded as low or very low.
“A recent systematic review and network meta‐analysis of interventions for acute diarrhoea in children reported high statistical heterogeneity for duration of diarrhoea for L rhamnosus GG, S boulardii, and other probiotics grouped together versus standard treatment and certainty of evidence was graded as low or very low (Florez 2018).”
From Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea (2020) · cites this paper as Florez 2018
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“In HIC, it may be more frequent the use of CDS or Gorelick scale, while in LMIC, the WHO scale is the preferred one.”
BackgroundInfluentialPrebiotics and Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders
Rau, S., Gregg, A., Yaceczko, S. D., & Limketkai, B. N. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16060778 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“…that the combination of Saccharomyces boulardii and zinc reduced the duration of acute diarrhea in children in low-and middle-income countries [56]; this benefit was not seen in another meta-analysis examining the duration of diarrhea in children in developed countries receiving probiotic…”
BackgroundGRADE guidelines 33: Addressing imprecision in a network meta-analysis
Brignardello‐Petersen, R., Guyatt, G. H., Mustafa, R. A., Chu, D. K., Hultcrantz, M., Schünemann, H. J., & TOMLINSON, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.07.011 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationManagement of Acute Pain From Non–Low Back, Musculoskeletal Injuries
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“We then categorized interventions as those with moderate- or high-certainty evidence and those with low- or very-low-certainty evidence relative to placebo (33).”
MethodSelf-citationUse of Probiotics for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children: An Update
Szajewska, H., Guarino, A., Hojsak, I., Indrio, F., Kolacek, S., Orel, R., Salvatore, S., Shamir, R., van Goudoever, J. B., Vandenplas, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002751 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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Recent advances in modulating the microbiome
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Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis in Infancy and Childhood
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Antiemetics in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis: A Meta-analysis
Niño-Serna, L. F., Acosta-Reyes, J. L., Veroniki, A. A., & Flórez, I. D. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3260 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Therefore, we aimed to assess the relative effectiveness and safety of antiemetics in children with ADG through direct and indirect comparisons using an NMA.”
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The science of micronutrients in clinical practice – Report on the ESPEN symposium
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“7,35,36 For instance, when summarizing the evidence for the outcome mortality in one of the iterations of the living systematic review and NMA addressing drug treatments for COVID-19, 7 reviewers included 57 nodes in the NMA.”
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“Zinc absorption is reduced in children with stunting [35], and has demonstrable clinical benefits in children with diarrhoea [42].”
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“This process facilitates assessment of both the certainty of the evidence on each intervention along with their ranking.(39)”
BackgroundRacecadotril for acute diarrhoea in children
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“Florez 2018 Florez ID, Veroniki AA, Al Khalifah R, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Sierra JM, Vernooij RWM, et al. Comparative eIectiveness and safety of interventions for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in children: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.”
BackgroundRexwinkel, R., Vlieger, A. M., Saps, M., Tabbers, M. M., & Benninga, M. A. (2022) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04459-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“We pre-specified a protocol and statistical analysis plan and used state-of-the-art methodologies of both network meta-analysis and GRADE ratings of certainty in network meta-analysis [27, 62].”
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“Studies suggest that zinc, alone or in combination with other treatments, can effectively reduce the duration of diarrhea in children, particularly in low-and middle-income countries [38,39].”
Ali, A. A., Naqvi, S. K., Hasnain, Z., Zubairi, M. B. A., Sharif, A., Salam, R. A., Soofi, S., Ariff, S., Nisar, Y. B., & Das, J. K. (2024) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.14.04212 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Primer on Immune Response and Interface with Malnutrition
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“However, in a network meta-analysis of randomized and quasirandomized trials comparing interventions for acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis, zinc was not effective in reducing the duration of diarrhea in children in high-income countries [9].”
BackgroundGarcía-Santos, J. A., Nieto-Ruíz, A., García-Ricobaraza, M., Cerdó, T., & Campoy, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119427 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Carrano, F. M., Iossa, A., Lorenzo, N. D., Silecchia, G., Kontouli, K., Mavridis, D., Alarcón, I., Felsenreich, D. M., Sánchez-Cordero, S., Vincenzo, A. D., et al. (2022) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09008-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“[35], which entails classifying ranked interventions by certainty and constructing stratified ranking tables.”
BackgroundFagnant, H., Isidean, S., Wilson, L., Bukhari, A. S., Allen, J. T., Agans, R. T., Lee, D. M., Hatch-McChesney, A., Whitney, C., Sullo, E., et al. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.02.002 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jayedi, A., Ge, L., Johnston, B. C., Shahinfar, H., Safabakhsh, M., Mohamadpur, S., Ghorbaninejad, P., Abyadeh, M., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Soltani, S., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03046-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“To present our overall results for our foods and food groups network meta-analysis, we used a new GRADE approach to summarize the findings, ranking food groups from the most to the least effective, considering the effect estimates obtained from the meta-analysis and the certainty of evidence [11, 44].”
MethodDargenio, V. N., Cristofori, F., Dargenio, C., Giordano, P., Indrio, F., Celano, G., & Francavilla, R. (2022) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2021.0151 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The evidence for probiotics in the treatment of digestive disorders in the pediatric population
Gwee, K., Lee, W., Chua, Q., Chiou, F. K., Aw, M., & Koh, Y. (2024) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.16809 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pernica, J. M., Arscott‐Mills, T., Steenhoff, A. P., Mokomane, M., Moorad, B., Bapabi, M., Lechiile, K., Mangwegape, O., Batisani, B., Mawoko, N., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007826 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Evaluation in Acute Diarrhea (LEAD): An Observational Study
Sanklecha, M., Verma, L., Pai, U., Mishra, S., Maqsood, S., & Birla, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.24594 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Duration of diarrhea in hours is an important outcome from a clinical point of view [13].”
BackgroundProbiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in childhood diarrhea
Martins, E. M. S., da Silva, L. C. N., & do Carmo, M. S. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2024e13205 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In this context, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, which can be used as lyophilized drugs/suspensions or dietary supplements, emerge as adjuvant therapeutic and prevention approaches (7).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Xia, R., Peričić, T. P., Bekkering, G. E., Hou, L., Bała, M. M., Gao, Y., Wu, M., Gloss, D. S., Siemieniuk, R. A. C., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075212 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationOkoroiwu, H. U., Edet, U. O., Uchendu, I. K., Echieh, C. P., Nneoyi-Egbe, A. F., Anyanwu, S. O., Umoh, E. A., Nwaiwu, N. P., & Mbabuike, I. U. (2024) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036241231787 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“36 Pneumonia (acute lower type) could be caused by bacteria, virus, and fungi.”
BackgroundDarbandi, A., Navidifar, T., Koupaei, M., Afifirad, R., Nezhad, R. A., Emamie, A. D., Talebi, M., & Kakanj, M. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.70521 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Medical cost of acute diarrhea in children in ambulatory care
Sánchez, X., Leal, G., Padilla, Á. M., & Jimbo-Sotomayor, R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279239 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comparison of different probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children
Feng, X., Zhuang, L., Chen, L., Zhao, H., Huang, R., & Guo, Z. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000028899 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Perez‐Garcia, M. J., Royuela, A., Rodriguez‐Contreras, F. J., PandoBravo, M. A., Chiatti, C., Ramos, C., Zumaquero, M. A., Gonzalez‐Marcos, M. I., Diaz, J., Fresno‐Calle, M. C., et al. (2023) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.3688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These may be considered for treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children, since they have been shown to reduce total duration of diarrhea, especially in cases associated with rotavirus infection (Florez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundViral diarrheas – newer advances in diagnosis and management
Acevedo-Rodriguez, J. G., Contreras, C. A., & Ochoa, T. J. (2024) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000001053 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In a network meta-analysis on effectiveness of interventions for acute gastroenteritis in children, in which around modest reduction in diarrhea duration (-21h compared to standard ORS therapy) [32].”
InfluentialWzorek-Łyczko, K., Piwowarczyk, A., & Kuchar, E. P. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042370 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rawashdeh, M. O., Al-Zoubi, B., Barbar, M., Burayzat, S., Alhindawi, E., Al-Matti, A. A., & Altamimi, E. M. (2022) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2022/4456232 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The addition of zinc alone or concomitantly with probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii) or smectite seems to be one of the most effective strategies for the reduction of diarrhoea duration in children [52].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAn update on the use of ‘biotics’ in pediatric infectious gastroenteritis
Wampers, A., Huysentruyt, K., & Vandenplas, Y. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2387672 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For prebiotics, most of the evidence is derived from older studies, with many of them demonstrating limited to no significant impact on diarrhea [26,61,62].”
InfluentialPandemi Sırasında Çocuklarda Akut İshal ve Dehidratasyon
KAVLAKCI, M., & Gökdemir, Ö. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.644783 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Akut ishalin tedavisinde amaç, ishal ve kusma sebebiyle gelişen sıvı-elektrolit kaybını yerine koymaktır.(31,32) Akut ishalli bebeklerde ve çocuklarda, dehidratasyonun önlenmesi ve tedavisi için Oral Rehidratasyon Solüsyonu (ORS) önerilmektedir.”
BackgroundAlnezary, F. S., Alamri, A. R., Alrehaili, R. D., Alnizari, D. S., Alzahrani, F., Mahmoud, M. A., Almutairi, M. S., Kurdi, A. B., & Godman, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1342493 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Amaliah, N., Kautzar, A. M. A., & Syatirah, S. (2021) · Jurnal Midwifery · doi:10.24252/jmw.v3i1.20291 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pienar, C., Benninga, M. A., Broekaert, I. J., Dolinšek, J., Mas, E., Miele, E., Orel, R., Ribes‐Koninckx, C., Thomassen, R. A., Thomson, M. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000002574 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A more recent network meta-analysis showed that racecadotril performed modestly in reducing diarrhoeal disease, when compared with other antidiarrhoeal interventions (18).”
BackgroundResultLi, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, H., Wei, C., Chen, S., Hua, Z., Xu, Y., Wu, Y., & Li, W. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0184 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“At present, the drugs used in clinics to treat diarrhea have side effects, 23 and new safe and effective drugs THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF GARLIC ON DIARRHEA are urgently needed.”
STUDI POLA PERESEPAN ANTIDIARE ANAK DI PUSKESMAS KOTA BANDUNG
Islamiyah, A. N., Suherman, L. P., Ambarsundari, A., Rukmawati, I., & Wafa, A. A. M. S. (2021) · Pharmacoscript · doi:10.36423/pharmacoscript.v4i1.619 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rehman, R., Ahmad, A. M., Razzaq, A., Ullah, H., Rehman, Z., & Rehman, R. (2023) · Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal · doi:10.51253/pafmj.v72i6.7601 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ruelas, M. G., Gomez-Herrera, G. P., Noa-Peralta, K. F., Regalado-Palacios, G., Soria-Mamani, M., & Rojas-Armas, J. P. (2024) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-024-05679-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pediatric diarrhea and lactose products
Cotton, C., Potter, J., & Moe, S. S. (2022) · Canadian Family Physician · doi:10.46747/cfp.6811828 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Montero, A. M., Kooiman, F., Ruiz, F. J., & Bozzani, F. M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.03.25328790 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Other research focused on strategies to prevent or manage diarrhoea have been extraneous to climate change [10], [11].”
Microbiota Based Management of the Gastrointestinal Disorders
Mouli, V. P., & Ahuja, V. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00011-5
Hawal, A. I. M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies · doi:10.31579/2690-8808/023
Tolido, T. (2021) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2739-3_128
Freitag, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-15280-1.00017-5
11 Monate/w mit Fieber, Erbrechen und Durchfall
Lenhartz, H. (2022) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-022-01503-x
Pan, K., Cai, Z., & Zhou, G. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.1.2129
“Zinc deficiency is widespread in developing countries, and zinc supplementation for diarrhea is effective and cost-effective [13] .”
BackgroundZinc Level among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis: A Study in Ahvaz, Iran
Hakimzadeh, M., Javaherizadeh, H., Rayegan, M., & Cheraghian, B. (2023) · مجله علمی پزشکی جندی شاپور · doi:10.61186/jsmj.2023.396889.3123
Influence of zinc supply on the course of infectious diarrhea in children of early age
Pechugina, V. V., & Усачова, О. В. (2024) · Pathologia · doi:10.14739/2310-1237.2024.1.298135
Zulfiqar, S., Zeb, H., Mumtaz, N., Khan, A. M., Sheikh, T. K., & Saeed, T. (2023) · Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College · doi:10.37939/jrmc.v27i4.2365
Racecadotril no Tratamento da Diarreia Aguda em Idade Pediátrica: Qual a Evidência?
Santos, S. P., Pedrosa, R., Teixeira, I., Amorim, A. F., Pais, I. P., Costa, C., & Ribeiro, A. (2024) · Gazeta Médica · doi:10.29315/gm.v11i2.717 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Management of acute diarrhea in children and nursing care interventions: Review article
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“The use of lactose-free milk formula is debated; while some studies show slight benefits in reducing diarrhea duration, evidence is of low quality, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), and diluted milk is harmful [58, 59, 60].”
Freitag, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21029-7.00018-8
Randomised feasibility study of an intestinal adsorbent in acute diarrhoea in The Gambia
Rahden, P., Fatty, A., Jobarteh, M. L., Sallah, A., Jaiteh, E., Allen, A., Umoh, D., Bass, F., Dodd, M., Howell, C. A., et al. (2025) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2024-003133
“7 8 Although several additional interventions reduce the duration and frequency of diarrhoea, 9 all have limitations regarding their use”
(2025) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610027700-ch19
Acute diarrhoea - self-treatment options
Doseděl, M., Hendrychova, T., & Malý, J. (2025) · Česká a slovenská farmacie · doi:10.36290/csf.2025.007
Environmental and Medicinal Impacts of Clay
Umudi, E. Q., Umudi, O. P., Onojake, L., Ehiedu, C. N., Obukohwo, I. E., & Nwakwanogo, B. E. (2025) · Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Journal of Basic and Environmental Research · doi:10.63561/jber.v2i3.827
Zahari, N. J. N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7640-5_36
Malektojari, A., Khamiri, P. G., Bagheri, F., Baniasadi, N., Khajooei, L., Roohi, M., Bolandparva, M., Ghorbani, A., Noormohammadi, M. M., Hooshyari, N., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2025.102582
Bittar, I., GUYENARD, L., Blanchard, C., & Boussageon, R. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-025-03927-2
“…and hard to apply to clinical practice: how to best treat a patient with conflicting evidence? of oral rehydration solution with possibly the combinations Saccharomyces boulardii with Zinc or Smectite with Zinc, as these were considered the best interventions in Florez ’s network meta-analysis [9].”
Impact of Probiotics on Children with Acute Gastroenteritis: Results from an Umbrella Meta-Analysis
Fan, S., Mao, X., & Li, R. (2026) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1177/27683605261441039
Brown, J. N., Britt, R. B., & Mills, S. C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44037-3.00013-0
Ghosh, J., & Chattopadhyay, D. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-02933-8
“…to develop clinical prediction models for viral gastroenteritis have relied primarily on traditional logistic regression approaches with limited feature-sets, achieving modest performance with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) ranging from 0.68 to 0.78 [10, 11].”
InfluentialHasan, S., Shareef, R. A., Shaida, B., & Siddiqui, Z. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103425
- Authors
- Florez, I. D., Veroniki, A.-A., Al Khalifah, R., Yepes-Nuñez, J. J., Sierra, J. M., Vernooij, R. W. M., Acosta-Reyes, J., Granados, C. M., Pérez-Gaxiola, G., Cuello-Garcia, C., Zea, A. M., Zhang, Y., Foroutan, N., Guyatt, G. H., & Thabane, L.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (NL)
- Universidad del Norte (CO)
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (CO)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health Research Institute (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-12-05
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e0207701
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6281220
- OpenAlex
- W2902560094
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- McMaster University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- acute diarrhea, gastroenteritis, children, zinc supplementation, Saccharomyces boulardii, probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, loperamide, smectite, racecadotril, lactose-free formula, vitamin A, micronutrients, diarrhea duration, treatment safety, low- and middle-income countries, dietary intervention, pharmacological interventions
- MeSH terms
- Saccharomyces boulardii, Network Meta-Analysis, Antidiarrheals, Bayes Theorem, Child, Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Humans, Loperamide, Zinc, Treatment Outcome, Probiotics, Prebiotics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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