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Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans
Open accessAbstract
The human gut microbiome can influence health through the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome can influence sleep quality. Previous studies that have examined sleep deprivation and the human gut microbiome have yielded conflicting results. A recent study found that sleep deprivation leads to changes in gut microbiome composition while a different study found that sleep deprivation does not lead to changes in gut microbiome. Accordingly, the relationship between sleep physiology and the gut microbiome remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, we used actigraphy to quantify sleep measures coupled with gut microbiome sampling to determine how the gut microbiome correlates with various measures of sleep physiology. We measured immune system biomarkers and carried out a neurobehavioral assessment as these variables might modify the relationship between sleep and gut microbiome composition. We found that total microbiome diversity was positively correlated with increased sleep efficiency and total sleep time, and was negatively correlated with wake after sleep onset. We found positive correlations between total microbiome diversity and interleukin-6, a cytokine previously noted for its effects on sleep. Analysis of microbiome composition revealed that within phyla richness of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were positively correlated with sleep efficiency, interleukin-6 concentrations and abstract thinking. Finally, we found that several taxa (Lachnospiraceae, Corynebacterium, and Blautia) were negatively correlated with sleep measures. Our findings initiate linkages between gut microbiome composition, sleep physiology, the immune system and cognition. They may lead to mechanisms to improve sleep through the manipulation of the gut microbiome.
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In the citing paper
“In recent years, studies have shown that sleep is closely related to the diversity of the intestinal flora.”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“the regulation of intestinal flora may lead to novel sleep intervention strategies [90].”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“the diversity of the gut microbiome promotes healthier sleep.”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“transplanting fecal microbes to regulate gut microbes can improve sleep efficiency.”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“short-term sleep control has little effect on intestinal microbial diversity, but intestinal microbial diversity can have a long-term impact on sleep quality.”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“Smith et al. [90] demonstrated that the diversity of the gut microbiota would decrease because of sleep fragmentation, but increase due to good sleep quality and enough sleep time.”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [90]
In the citing paper
“Both REM and NREM sleep states also bidirectionally interact with the gut microbiome particularly affecting the delicate balance of the gut microbiota ( 33 ).”
From Prodromal dreams (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, R. P., Easson, C., Lyle, S. M., Kapoor, R., Donnelly, C. P., Davidson, E. J., Parikh, E., Lopez, J. V., & Tartar, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Nova Southeastern University (US)
- Middle Tennessee State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tartar, Jaime L.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-10-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e0222394
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6779243
- OpenAlex
- W2979803667
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 28
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Nova Southeastern University (335411)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota diversity, sleep physiology, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, interleukin-6, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, Corynebacterium, Blautia, abstract thinking, neurobehavioral assessment, gut-brain axis, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bacteria, Cognition, Humans, Male, Phylogeny, Sleep, Thinking, Interleukin-6, Biodiversity
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