Identification of functionally connected multi-omic biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease using modularity-constrained Lasso
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Abstract
Large-scale genome wide association studies (GWASs) have led to discovery of many genetic risk factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as APOE, TOMM40 and CLU. Despite the significant progress, it remains a major challenge to functionally validate these genetic findings and translate them into targetable mechanisms. Integration of multiple types of molecular data is increasingly used to address this problem. In this paper, we proposed a modularity-constrained Lasso model to jointly analyze the genotype, gene expression and protein expression data for discovery of functionally connected multi-omic biomarkers in AD. With a prior network capturing the functional relationship between SNPs, genes and proteins, the newly introduced penalty term maximizes the global modularity of the subnetwork involving selected markers and encourages the selection of multi-omic markers with dense functional connectivity, instead of individual markers. We applied this new model to the real data collected in the ROS/MAP cohort where the cognitive performance was used as disease quantitative trait. A functionally connected subnetwork involving 276 multi-omic biomarkers, including SNPs, genes and proteins, were identified to bear predictive power. Within this subnetwork, multiple trans-omic paths from SNPs to genes and then proteins were observed. This suggests that cognitive performance deterioration in AD patients can be potentially a result of genetic variations due to their cascade effect on the downstream transcriptome and proteome level.
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Modularity-constrained Lasso has been used to link genetic variants to transcriptomic and proteomic alterations that collectively influence cognitive function.
“For example, modularity-constrained Lasso has been used to link genetic variants to transcriptomic and proteomic alterations that collectively influence cognitive function332.”
From Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer's disease: Progress, challenges, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [332]
The Introduction reports that modularity-constrained Lasso identified a connected subnetwork of SNPs, genes and proteins using cognitive performance as the outcome. It describes a genetic-to-transcriptomic-to-proteomic cascade affecting cognitive deterioration as a possibility, not an established collective influence on cognitive function. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGraph neural networks leverage known biological interactions, including gene-gene and protein-protein relationships, to enhance biomarker discovery, improving predictive performance and elucidating interconnected molecular subnetworks.
“Concurrently, AI methodologies such as graph neural networks leverage known biological interactions, including gene–gene and protein–protein relationships, to enhance biomarker discovery. These models not only improve predictive performance but also elucidate interconnected molecular subnetworks that mediate broader disease processes314,332.”
From Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer's disease: Progress, challenges, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [332]
The Introduction describes using known SNP–gene–protein relationships to discover connected biomarkers, and Results > Performance comparison with competing methods reports better predictive performance and more connected subnetworks for modularity-constrained Lasso. The cited method is not a graph neural network; the paper compares it with GraphNet-constrained Lasso, which it says selected less-connected markers. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Xie, L., Varathan, P., Nho, K., Saykin, A. J., Salama, P., & Yan, J.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- Indiana University Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yan, Jingwen
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-06-17
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0234748
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7299377
- OpenAlex
- W3035808001
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R21 AG066135, R01 AG019771, P30 AG010133)
- Division of Information and Intelligent Systems (CRII 1755836)
- Indiana University (Indiana University Collaborative Research Grant)
- Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (Pilot grant)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, multi-omics biomarkers, functional connectivity, network modularity, gene expression, protein expression, cognitive performance, apolipoprotein E, TOMM40, clusterin, biomarker selection
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Biomarkers, Computational Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genomics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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