Rapid assessment of psychological and epidemiological correlates of COVID-19 concern, financial strain, and health-related behavior change in a large online sample
Open accessAbstract
COVID-19 emerged in November 2019 leading to a global pandemic that has not only resulted in widespread medical complications and loss of life, but has also impacted global economies and transformed daily life. The current rapid response study in a convenience online sample quickly recruited 2,065 participants across the United States, Canada, and Europe in late March and early April 2020. Cross-sectional findings indicated elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms compared to historical norms, which were positively associated with COVID-19 concern more strongly than epidemiological data signifying risk (e.g., world and country confirmed cases). Employment loss was positively associated with greater depressive symptoms and COVID-19 concern, and depressive symptoms and COVID-19 concern were significantly associated with more stringent self-quarantine behavior. The rapid collection of data during the early phase of this pandemic is limited by under-representation of non-White and middle age and older adults. Nevertheless, these findings have implications for interventions to slow the spread of COVID-19 infection.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nelson et al surveyed 2000 individuals from the United States, Canada, and Europe, and found elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to historical norms and observed factors similar to the concerns we detected regarding symptomatic expressions and those related to seeking support.
“Nelson et al [101] surveyed 2000 individuals from the United States, Canada, and Europe, and found elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression compared to historical norms and observed factors similar to the concerns we detected regarding symptomatic expressions and those related to seeking support.”
From Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Quarantine measures of past outbreaks have resulted in higher depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms [5], psychological burden, distress, restless sleep [9], and suicide among the elderly, possibly due to increased PLOS ONE Initial psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Preliminary research from China on COVID-19 has found higher depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [11, 12] and non-peer reviewed research has found increased sleep in the United States [13].”
BackgroundThe Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a Two-Item Depression Screener
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000093487.78664.3c · Cited by 6,359 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The PHQ-2 consists of the first two questions of the PHQ-9 and has been shown to be a valid measure of depressive symptoms [26, 31, 32] with a cut-off score � 3 for identifying likely Major Depressive Disorder with a sensitivity value of 0.”
BackgroundMethodLoneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004 · Cited by 4,741 · cited 1× · see citing works
“85) [27], although a more recent meta-analysis identified a lower pooled sensitivity (i.”
BackgroundCase-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy
Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683 · Cited by 4,171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“in particular countries, such as Italy which resulted from hospital resources becoming overwhelmed [4].”
BackgroundFerguson, N. M., Laydon, D. J., Nedjati-Gilani, G. L., Imai, N., Ainslie, K. E. C., Baguelin, M., Bhatia, S., Boonyasiri, A., Cucunubá, Z. M., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., et al. (2020) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25561/77482 · Cited by 3,453 · cited 3× · see citing works
“6 ([3]; Note that any R0 value above 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Meta‐Analysis of Research on Protection Motivation Theory
Floyd, D. L., Prentice‐Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x · Cited by 2,527 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is likely that some level of fear and sadness is adaptive in objectively threatening circumstances, as long as it’s not severe enough to induces behavioral paralysis, and is combined with self-efficacy [40].”
BackgroundLöwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., Schneider, A., & Brähler, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019 · Cited by 2,473 · see citing works
Garg, S., Kim, L., Whitaker, M., O’Halloran, A., Cummings, C., Holstein, R., Prill, M., Chai, S. J., Kirley, P. D., Alden, N. B., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3 · Cited by 2,335 · see citing works
Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005 · Cited by 1,882 · see citing works
High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Sanche, S., Lin, Y. T., Xu, C., Romero-Severson, E., Hengartner, N., & Ke, R. (2020) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2607.200282 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x · Cited by 1,443 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These finding coincide with past research indicating that emotional risk perceptions are often stronger determinants of behavior change than objective risk [36, 37] as well as research showing that successful public health interventions for 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu were impacted by individual risk perception, indicating th…”
ResultValidation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to Screen for Major Depression in the Primary Care Population
Arroll, B., Goodyear-Smith, F., Crengle, S., Gunn, J., Kerse, N., Fishman, T., Falloon, K., & Hatcher, S. (2010) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1139 · Cited by 1,279 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The PHQ-2 consists of the first two questions of the PHQ-9 and has been shown to be a valid measure of depressive symptoms [26, 31, 32] with a cut-off score � 3 for identifying likely Major Depressive Disorder with a sensitivity value of 0.”
MethodRisk perceptions and health behavior
Ferrer, R. A., & Klein, W. M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.012 · Cited by 1,034 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These finding coincide with past research indicating that emotional risk perceptions are often stronger determinants of behavior change than objective risk [36, 37] as well as research showing that successful public health interventions for 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu were impacted by individual risk perception, indicating th…”
Result(2020) · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries.
Chang, S.-S., Stuckler, D., Yip, P., & Gunnell, D. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f5239 · Cited by 799 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, country level unemployment, poverty, and foreclosure were positively associated with suicide rates during the 2008 recession [22, 23].”
BackgroundBoas, T. C., Christenson, D. P., & Glick, D. M. (2020) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2018.28 · Cited by 570 · cited 1× · see citing works
“First, online recruitment has been found to have variable demographic and political representation [41].”
BackgroundTaylor, M. R., Agho, K. E., Stevens, G. J., & Raphael, B. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-347 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Cheung, Y. T., Chau, P. H., & Yip, P. S. F. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2056 · Cited by 385 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, the Australian outbreak of equine influenza was associated with psychological distress [8], and the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong was associated with increased psychological burden, distress, depressive symptoms, fear, and restless sleep [9] as well as elderly suicide [10].”
BackgroundResultIdentifying depression with the PHQ-2: A diagnostic meta-analysis
Manea, L., Gilbody, S. M., Hewitt, C. E., North, A., Plummer, F., Richardson, R., Thombs, B. D., Williams, B., & McMillan, D. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.003 · Cited by 265 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The PHQ-2 consists of the first two questions of the PHQ-9 and has been shown to be a valid measure of depressive symptoms [26, 31, 32] with a cut-off score � 3 for identifying likely Major Depressive Disorder with a sensitivity value of 0.”
MethodJacobson, N. C., Lekkas, D., Price, G. D., Heinz, M. V., Song, M., O’Malley, A., & Barr, P. J. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/19347 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Ammerman, B. A., Burke, T. A., Jacobucci, R., & McClure, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.037 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Skapinakis, P. (2007) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebm.12.5.149 · Cited by 162 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The GAD-2 consists of the first two questions of the GAD-7 has been shown to be just as informative as the GAD-7 for identifying GAD and other anxiety disorder diagnosis [29].”
MethodKerr, W. C., Kaplan, M. S., Huguet, N., Caetano, R., Giesbrecht, N., & McFarland, B. H. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.021 · Cited by 141 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, country level unemployment, poverty, and foreclosure were positively associated with suicide rates during the 2008 recession [22, 23].”
BackgroundCan Fear Arousal in Public Health Campaigns Contribute to the Decline of HIV Prevalence?
Green, E. C., & Witte, K. (2006) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730600613807 · Cited by 122 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, previous fearbased behavior change campaigns have been controversial [39].”
BackgroundThe Great Recession and Mental Health in the United States
Forbes, M. K., & Krueger, R. F. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619859337 · Cited by 122 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, experiencing an impact to financial, housing, or employment during the Great Recession of 2008 in the United States was positively associated with increased anxiety, depression, and substance use up to 3–4 years post-recession [21].”
BackgroundThe psychological burden experienced by Hong Kong midlife women during the SARS epidemic
Yu, H., Ho, S. C., So, K. F., & Lo, Y. L. (2005) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1051 · Cited by 76 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Quarantine measures of past outbreaks have resulted in higher depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms [5], psychological burden, distress, restless sleep [9], and suicide among the elderly, possibly due to increased PLOS ONE Initial psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic”
BackgroundRenner, B., Gamp, M., Schmälzle, R., & Schupp, H. T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.14138-8 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These finding coincide with past research indicating that emotional risk perceptions are often stronger determinants of behavior change than objective risk [36, 37] as well as research showing that successful public health interventions for 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu were impacted by individual risk perception, indicating th…”
ResultZhang, F., Shang, Z., Ma, H., Jia, Y., Sun, L., Guo, X., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.20034504 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ammerman, B. A., Burke, T. A., Jacobucci, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/68djp · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. C., Lekkas, D., Price, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/24v5b · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Psychological Trauma and Its Treatment in the Polio Epidemics
Wilson, D. J. (2008) · Bulletin of the history of medicine · doi:10.1353/bhm.0.0119 · Cited by 18 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, Polio symptoms and treatment conditions led to trauma [7].”
BackgroundResult
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/21279 · Cited by 2,822 · see citing works
The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19
Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000690 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
“Concerns and anxiety related to the virus spread may have been highest in mid-March when there was more uncertainty and a great need to take measures to “flatten the curve” (Nelson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Relationship Between Financial Worries and Psychological Distress Among U.S. Adults
Ryu, S., & Fan, L. (2022) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-022-09820-9 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Stress‐Buffering Role of Social Support during COVID‐19
Szkody, E., Stearns, M., Stanhope, L., & McKinney, C. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12618 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J. R., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G. L., Spiegelhalter, D. J., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2021.1890637 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“…on coronavirus perceptions which has primarily relied on student (e.g., Ding et al. 2020; Sobkow et al. 2020) or online convenience samples (e.g., Nelson et al. 2020), leading to non-representative distributions on, for instance, gender and ethnicity as noted by the authors (Karasneh et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialEvans, S., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Klas, A., OLIVE, L. S., Sciberras, E., Karantzas, G. C., & Westrupp, E. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588667 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Safe but Lonely? Loneliness, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms and COVID-19
Okruszek, Ł., Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A., Piejka, A., Wiśniewska, M., & Żurek, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Westrupp, E. M., Bennett, C., Berkowitz, T. S., Youssef, G. J., Toumbourou, J. W., Tucker, R., Andrews, F. J., Evans, S., Teague, S. J., Karantzas, G. C., et al. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01861-z · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Gawaya, M., Terrill, D., & Williams, E. (2022) · Evaluation Journal of Australasia · doi:10.1177/1035719x211057630 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“During the pandemic, rapid assessment approaches have been used to examine psychological and epidemiological correlates of COVID-19 concern (Nelson et al., 2020).”
MethodPsychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-scale Quasi-Experimental Study on Social Media
Saha, K., Torous, J., Caine, E. D., & De Choudhury, M. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/22600 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Masuyama, A., Shinkawa, H., & Kubo, T. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00368-z · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Furthermore, in a series of international surveys, Nelson et al. (2020) revealed that stringent self-quarantine behavior results in increased depression and anxiety.”
BackgroundRobillard, R., Saad, M., Edwards, J. D., Solomonova, E., Pennestri, M., Daros, A. R., Veissière, S. P. L., Quilty, L. C., Dion, K., Nixon, A., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043805 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Cheng, P., Casement, M. D., Kalmbach, D. A., Castelan, A. C., & Drake, C. L. (2021) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa258 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Impact of COVID‐19 on Adolescents’ Daily Lives: The Role of Parent–Child Relationship Quality
Janssens, J. J., Achterhof, R., Lafit, G., Bamps, E., Hagemann, N., Hiekkaranta, A. P., Hermans, K. S. F. M., Lecei, A., Myin‐Germeys, I., & Kirtley, O. J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12657 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Georgieva, I., Lepping, P., Бозев, В., Lickiewicz, J., Pekara, J., Wikman, S., Loseviča, M., Raveesh, B. N., Mihai, A., & Lantta, T. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9060664 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pregnancy during the pandemic: the impact of COVID-19-related stress on risk for prenatal depression
King, L. S., Feddoes, D. E., Kirshenbaum, J., Humphreys, K., & Gotlib, I. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172100132x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Emerging findings indicate that depressive symptoms were elevated in the general population compared to historical norms following the first shelter-in-place orders in March 2020 in the U.S. and the U.K. (Ettman et al., 2020; Fancourt, Steptoe, & Bu, 2021; Nelson, Pettitt, Flannery, & Allen, 2020).”
ResultInfluentialBehavioral Changes During COVID-19 Confinement in France: A Web-Based Study
Rossinot, H., Fantin, R., & Venne, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228444 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“It thus not only resulted in medical complications and loss of lives but has also led to the largest global economic impact and transformation to daily life in modern times[2].”
Brose, A., Blanke, E. S., Schmiedek, F., Kramer, A. C., Schmidt, A., & Neubauer, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12592 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Pinchoff, J., Friesen, E. L., Kangwana, B. P., Mbushi, F., Muluve, E., Ngo, T. D., & Austrian, K. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.023 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Subjective wellbeing in parents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
Westrupp, E. M., Stokes, M. A., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Berkowitz, T. S., Capic, T., Khor, S., Greenwood, C. J., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Sciberras, E., Youssef, G. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110482 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Dedoncker, J., Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Ottaviani, C., & Slavich, G. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sarfraz, M., Ji, X., Asghar, M., Ivaşcu, L., & Öztürk, İ. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052657 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In support, the findings indicated that during COVID-19, depressive symptoms elevated the psychological concern [63], leading to poor job performance [64].”
ResultAnxiety, depression, and academic stress among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ávila-Carrasco, L., Díaz-Avila, D. L., Reyes-López, A., Monárrez-Espino, J., Garza-Veloz, I., Velasco-Elizondo, P., Vázquez-Reyes, S., Mauricio-González, A., Solis-Galvan, J. A., & Martínez-Fierro, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066673 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Recent reports show that COVID-19 lockdowns, including curfews, quarantines, and other societal restriction measures, are associated with symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), along with other issues such as emotional exhaustion, lack of interest, and mental disturbances inc…”
BackgroundLoneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison between Older and Younger People
Khan, M. S. R., & Kadoya, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157871 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Moreover, anxiety about health and future life, lack of the required long-term care services, and living under stress contributed to feel lonely [48].”
BackgroundRelations between Child and Parent Fears and Changes in Family Functioning Related to COVID-19
Suffren, S., Dubois‐Comtois, K., Lemelin, J., St‐Laurent, D., & Milot, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041786 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Green, J., Huberty, J., Puzia, M., & Stecher, C. D. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/28479 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Guerin, R. J., Barile, J. P., Thompson, W., McKnight-Eily, L. R., & Okun, A. H. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002288 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Losing a job or having work hours reduced can further exacerbate the negative impacts of this public health crisis.(55) In the current study, respondents who reported losing a job had more than twice the number of mentally unhealthy days (over the previous 30 days) compared with those who did not lose a job.”
BackgroundAccoto, A., Chiarella, S. G., Raffone, A., Montano, A., de Marco, A., Mainiero, F., Rubbino, R., Valzania, A., & Conversi, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115512 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Early studies showed that the adult population experienced an increase in psychopathological symptoms and a reduction in psychological well-being [12,13].”
BackgroundNa, J., Kim, N. H., Suk, H. W., Choi, E.-S., Choi, J. A., Kim, J. H., Kim, S., & Choi, I. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111127 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Recently, Nelson et al. (2020) showed that log-transformed global and regional confirmed cases are positively associated with COVID-19 concern.”
BackgroundShabbir, M. A., Mehak, F., Khan, Z. M., Ahmed, W., Haq, S. M. A. U., Khan, M. R., Bhat, Z. F., & Aadil, R. M. (2022) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.035 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Prevalence of Depression in Dental Students during COVID-19 Pandemic
Santabárbara, J., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Mondragón, N. I., Olaya, B., & Bueno-Novitol, J. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57111278 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Since March 2021, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2], there have been profound economic, social, psychological and educational changes worldwide [3].”
BackgroundBodas, M., & Peleg, K. (2020) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-020-00418-w · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Westrupp, E. M., Karantzas, G. C., Macdonald, J. A., OLIVE, L. S., Youssef, G. J., Greenwood, C. J., Sciberras, E., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Evans, S., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555750 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Li, H., Hafeez, H., & Zaheer, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.628003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Alamsyah, N., & Zhu, Y. (2021) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2021.101646 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Emotional State of Mexican University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Santamaría, M. D., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Mondragón, N. I., Reyes-Sosa, H., & Santabárbara, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042155 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Therefore, the changes brought about by the pandemic have been studied worldwide at the physical, emotional, political, economic and social health levels [8].”
BackgroundSreen, N., Tandon, A., Jabeen, F., Srivastava, S., & Dhir, A. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101095 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Arënliu, A., Bërxulli, D., Shehu, B. P., Krasniqi, B. A., Gola, A., & Hyseni, F. (2021) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2021.1903327 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Botha, F., Butterworth, P., & Wilkins, R. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115158 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Financial stress, typically reflecting an inability to pay regular bills (cash-flow issues) or being unable to meet basic needs (deprivation), has been identified as an important factor that can increase the risk of mental health problems (Whelan et al., 2001; Butterworth et al., 2009; Kiely et al., 2015; Bulbulia et…”
BackgroundGeprägs, A., Bürgin, D., Fegert, J. M., Brähler, E., & Clemens, V. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00571-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cheng, P., Casement, M. D., Cuellar, R., Johnson, D. A., Kalmbach, D. A., Castelan, A. C., & Drake, C. L. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab242 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Clay, L., & Rogus, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041451 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The impacts of COVID-19 on mental health are likely due to the psychological suffering associated with the risk of contracting the disease and the secondary effects of the pandemic, including economic instability, loneliness, and social isolation [19,22].”
BackgroundHaucke, M. N., Heinz, A., Liu, S., & Heinzel, S. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/32598 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Reasons for this are an increase of distress or loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown [4-7], yet most studies are overlooking the directionality between behavior and cognition over time.”
BackgroundHaucke, M. N., Liu, S., & Heinzel, S. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/29419 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Well-Being of College Students
Sauer, N. J., Sałek, A., Szlasa, W., Ciecieląg, T., Obara, J., Gaweł, S., Marciniak, D. M., & Karłowicz-Bodalska, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095089 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Geprägs, A., Bürgin, D., Fegert, J., Brähler, E., & Clemens, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148734 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Weiskittle, R., Tsang, W., Schwabenbauer, A. K., Andrew, N., & Mlinac, M. E. (2021) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2021.1906812 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Haucke, M. N., Golde, S., Saft, S., Hellweg, R., Liu, S., & Heinzel, S. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105894 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lalot, F., Abrams, D., Heering, M. S., Babaian, J., Özkeçeci, H., Peitz, L., Hayon, K. D., & Broadwood, J. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12871 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, Nelson et al. (2020) found that COVID-19 case rates were positively associated with COVID-19 concern.”
BackgroundCOVID-19 health behaviors in a sexual minority sample: The impact of internalized stigma.
Solomon, D. T., Morey, K. E., Williams, C. J., Grist, C. L., & Malesky, L. A. (2021) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000466 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stassart, C., Wagener, A., & Étienne, A.-M. (2021) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1059 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
COVID-19: Impact of Diagnosis Threat and Suggestibility on Subjective Cognitive Complaints
Winter, D., & Braw, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100253 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The study was conducted using the Qualtrics survey software (for a related study using the platform, see Nelson et al., 2020).”
Refaeli, T., & Achdut, N. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13126942 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, [56,67]) and to assess financial strain in the wake of the pandemic [17]; (2) PIA during the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed by the question: “Has there been an adverse change in your ability to cover your household monthly expenses since the COVID-19 outbreak?” (1 = yes).”
BackgroundResultGoins, R. T., Anderson, E. L., Minick, H., & Daniels, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.660536 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chassang, I., Rohmer, O., & Chauvin, B. (2024) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.17636 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…serious threat to political stability (e.g., loss of trust in governments—Cori et al., 2020; science skepticism—Rutjens et al., 2021), global economy (Nelson et al., 2020), and public health (World Health Organization, 2020); that is, the pandemic went clearly against what…”
Anxiety sensitivity prospectively predicts pandemic-related distress
Schmidt, N. B., Morabito, D. M., Mathes, B. M., & Martin, A. D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.124 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
White, R., Livingston, L. A., Taylor, E., Close, S. A. D., Shah, P., & Callan, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05469-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“We asked participants ‘How concerned do you feel about COVID-19?’ which was answered on a 5-point scale from Not at all concerned to Extremely concerned (Nelson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWong, D. F. K., Lau, Y. Y., Chan, H. S., & Zhuang, X. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12934 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“First, the outbreak has led to economic decline in many countries resulting from disrupted business activities and lockdown of non-essential businesses (Nelson et al., 2020), which in turn has contributed to economic strain for the general population.”
BackgroundHamshari, Y. M., Alqam, M. A., & Ali, H. Y. (2022) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2022.2157541 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Giuliani et al. (2020) and Nelson et al. (2020) discussed its relationship to pollution.”
BackgroundKeller, F. M., Dahmen, A., Derksen, C., Kötting, L., & Lippke, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178936 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Hence, we cannot be certain whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with an aggravated symptom increase with respect to symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness, as shown by previous literature [49,54].”
ResultAdler, A. B., Gutierrez, I. A., Gomez, S. A. Q., Beymer, M. R., Santo, T. J., Thomas, J. L., Cates, D., Bell, A. M., & Quartana, P. J. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13345-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Gender Given the potential effect of gender on mental health and health-related behaviors [25, 27], we accounted for gender in our analyses.”
MethodThe mental health toll among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malawi
Maliwichi, L., Kondowe, F. J. M., Mmanga, C., Mchenga, M., Kainja, J., Nyamali, S., & Ndasauka, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61216-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Park, S., Marcotte, R. T., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., Strath, S. J., Freedson, P. S., & Chasan‐Taber, L. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05236-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These lockdowns have been shown to adversely impact mental health, diet, sleep, financial stability, and social relationships, resulting in unexpected and sudden shifts in human behavior [2, 3].”
BackgroundZika virus infection of the placenta alters extracellular matrix proteome
Borges-Vélez, G., Rosado-Philippi, J., Cantres-Rosario, Y. M., Carrasquillo-Carrión, K., Roche-Lima, A., Pérez-Vargas, J., González-Martínez, A., Correa-Rivas, M. S., & Meléndez, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1007/s10735-021-09994-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Arena, A., Orsini, B., Esposti, E. D., Raimondo, D., Lenzi, J., Verrelli, L., Iodice, R., Casadio, P., & Seracchioli, R. (2021) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1991589 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Even more, information on experiences of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population shows more anxiety and depression compared to historical norms [14].”
BackgroundEvaluating an online well-being program for college students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Villarino, R. T., Villarino, M. L., Temblor, M. C., Chabit, N. T., Arcay, C. A. L., Gimena, G. B., Bernard, P. M., & Plaisent, M. (2022) · Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.17532/jhsci.2022.1631 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Thus, as various recent studies have stressed, there is a priority to evaluate the impact of the rising epidemic on the mental health and well-being of college students (11).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Impact Battery: Development and Validation
Schmidt, N. B., Allan, N. P., Koscinski, B., Mathes, B. M., Eackles, K., Accorso, C., Saulnier, K. G., Allan, D. M., Potter, K., Garey, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09919-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fertility treatment delays during COVID-19: Profiles, feelings and concerns of impacted patients
Gürtin, Z. B., Yasmin, E., Silva, P. D., Dennehy, C., Harper, J. C., & Kanjani, S. (2022) · Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbms.2021.12.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chan, J. K., Marzuki, A. A., Vafa, S., Thanaraju, A., Yap, J., Chan, X. W., Harris, H. A., Todi, K., & Schaefer, A. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01715-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kaveh-Yazdy, F., & Zarifzadeh, S. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104309 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Nelson et al. [30] studied psychological and epidemiological concerns of society through the lens of surveys in social media.”
Andrade, R. M. R., Marcela Larraguibel, Q., Davanzo, M. P., Montt, M. E., Halpern, M., & Aldunate, C. (2021) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082021000200273 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Estos factores interactúan con la maduración cerebral y los efectos moderadores del aislamiento social, lo que puede contribuir en la aparición de trastornos psiquiátricos en la adolescencia (Nelson et al., 2020).”
Lim, S. R., Ng, Q. X., Xin, X., Lim, Y. L., Boon, E. S. K., & Liew, T. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192113834 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“, elevated levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialPeng, S., Lai, X., Du, Y., Li, Y., Tian, K., & Gan, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.616723 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shelter-in-place orders, loneliness, and collaborative behavior
Babin, J. J., Foray, M., & Hussey, A. J. (2021) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101056 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Some unfortunate byproducts of SPOs are that they affect normal social interaction levels, employment, and consumption (Nelson et al., 2020), leading to adverse effects on crime rates health.”
BackgroundBaetens, I., Vanderfaeillie, J., Soyez, V., Vantilborgh, T., Meersschaut, J. V. D., Schotte, C., & Theuns, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.889503 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“COVID-19 and the measures taken to contain the pandemic had a detrimental impact on subjective wellbeing (Nelson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWright, G. G., Herbert, L., Hilaire, B., & Campbell, L. O. (2021) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/cdq.12275 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These conditions create an added barrier for individuals who are looking for new employment (Brooks et al., 2020; Nelson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKeller, F. M., Dahmen, A., Derksen, C., Kötting, L., & Lippke, S. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/30610 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Graph-based joint pandemic concern and relation extraction on Twitter
Shi, J., Li, W., Yongchareon, S., Yang, Y., & Bai, Q. (2022) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116538 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Domosławska-Żylińska, K., Krysińska-Pisarek, M., Czabanowska, K., & Sesa, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013473 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“(2020) [10] established a link between risk perceptions and self-quarantining.”
BackgroundPark, J., & Kim, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054425 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Predicting Suicide in Counties: Creating a Quantitative Measure of Suicide Risk
Mobley, K., & Taasoobshirazi, G. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138173 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“A combination of increased social isolation and social strain lead to significant increases in mental health concerns during the pandemic [70].”
BackgroundWichaidit, W., Prommanee, C., Choocham, S., Chotipanvithayakul, R., & Assanangkornchai, S. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13307 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“With regard to the outcomes, we presented prevalence of anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms as binary outcome using the same cut-off for GAD-7 and PHQ-2 as in previous studies ( Nelson et al., 2020 ; Hertz-Palmor et al., 2021 ) in order to allow for higher statistical power.”
Zengi̇n, M., Başoğul, C., & Yayan, E. H. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14839 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Actual versus perceived infection rates of COVID-19: Impact on distress, behavior and disability
Schmidt, N. B., Martin, A. D., Allan, N. P., Mathes, B. M., Saulnier, K. G., & March, D. S. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.061 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Investigating Mental Health Among Malaysian University Students During Covid-19 Pandemic
Hassan, N. A., Majeed, H. A., Tajuddin, J. M., Abdullah, N. H., & Ahmad, R. B. (2022) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v7i1.1224 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
MacDonald, H. Z. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2155053 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lin, C.-H., Lin, S., Hu, B.-H., & Lo, C. O. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2162824 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“10,12,16 16–20 For example, researchers found that students in severely impacted regions in the US experienced high rates of anxiety/depression and financial instability associated with the epidemic.”
Concerns in the Norwegian Population during the Initial Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Schou‐Bredal, I., Skogstad, L., Grimholt, T. K., Bonsaksen, T., Ekeberg, Ø., & Heir, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116119 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A study from the United States reported that the top concern of the public was getting sick because of COVID-19 and not being able to obtain medical help [11].”
BackgroundFinancial Disruption and Psychological Underpinning During COVID-19: A Review and Research Agenda
Singh, S., & Bedi, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.878706 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Financial well-being and life satisfaction of individuals during the Covid-19 outbreak
Çopur, Z., & Doğan, N. (2023) · Pressacademia · doi:10.17261/pressacademia.2023.1739 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ko, E., Lee, S., Jang, K., & Kim, S. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104758 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ochnik, D., Rojczyk, E., Choina, Z., Nowak, H., Skalska, M., Sroka, M. I., Stach, A., Sudoł-Ginalska, N., Wąsik, M., & Blažková, I. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80095-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mental health during the first wave of COVID-19 in Canada, the USA, Brazil and Italy
Turna, J., Patterson, B. A., Bergmann, C. G., Lamberti, N., Rahat, M., Dwyer, H., Francisco, A. P., Vismara, M. E. M., Dell’Osso, B. M., Sideris, B., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1956544 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These challenges have been highlighted in previous epidemics including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS], SARS-CoV-2, H1N1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Ebola.”
BackgroundAn agent-based model to assess citizens’ acceptance of COVID-19 restrictions
Falcone, R., & Sapienza, A. (2021) · Journal of Simulation · doi:10.1080/17477778.2021.1965501 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“People were required to undertake costly behavioural changes, not only in economic terms but even restricting their personal freedom (Nelson et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTeixeira, K. D. O. M., de Lisboa, J. L., Dias, B. M. F., Ferreira, R. C., Zarzar, P. M., & Sampaio, A. A. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i4.26426 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Being a Parent during COVID-19: Risk for Psychological Distress in the United States and Italy
Lai, J., Pham, P. T., Bate, J., Prout, T. A., Carollo, A., Setoh, P., Esposito, G., & Borelli, J. L. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11040173 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…regarding the negative mental health ramifications of contexts that arise during the pandemic, including work and financial strain (Di Giuseppe et al. 2020; Hertz-Palmor et al. 2021; Holman et al. 2020; Le et al. 2020; Mamun et al. 2021; Nelson et al. 2020; Son et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundWilliamson, V. G., Berger, E. L., Barendse, M. E. A., Pfeifer, J. H., Dahl, R. E., & Magis‐Weinberg, L. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00928-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The PHQ-2 has been used in studies around the world including in studies of health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic (Gelaye et al., 2016; Kroenke et al., 2003; Löwe et al., 2005; Nelson et al., 2020).”
MethodParent Mental Health Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Suarez, G. L., Boone, M. H., Burt, S. A., Shewark, E. A., Mitchell, C. M., Guzmán, P., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Klump, K. L., Monk, C. S., & Hyde, L. W. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01642-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional data indicated that rates of depression and anxiety in adults were elevated during the pandemic compared to historical norms [3], a finding consistent across a narrative review of recent cross-sectional studies, research commentaries, and editorials [4].”
COVID-19 Concern and Stress in Bangladesh: Perceived Social Support as a Predictor or Protector
Uddin, M. K., Islam, M. N., & Ahmed, O. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00158-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Some studies found that social support is a protector against self-isolation, social distancing, worry about coronavirus, etc. (Banerjee et al., 2020; Nelson et al., 2020).”
Han, P., Wang, L., Song, Y., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1084562 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nelson, B. W., Pettitt, A., Flannery, J. E., & Allen, N. B.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Benjamin W.
- Pettitt, Adam
- Flannery, Jessica E.
- Allen, Nicholas B.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-11-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e0241990
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7657530
- OpenAlex
- W3106477851
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 16
- FWCI
- 15.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ann Swindells Endowment to the University of Oregon
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 worry, anxiety, depressive symptoms, financial stress, job loss, health behavior change, psychological impact of pandemic, online surveys
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Isolation, Health Behavior, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Economic Recession, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
