The science for profit model—how and why corporations influence science and the use of science in policy and practice
Open accessAbstract
Science has been at the centre of attempts by major industries, including tobacco, chemical, and pharmaceutical, to delay progress in tackling threats to human and planetary health by, inter alia, obscuring industry harms, and opposing regulation. Some aspects of this influence are well documented, others remain poorly understood, and similarities between industries remain underexplored. This study, therefore, aims to synthesise the literature to develop an evidence-based typology and model of corporate influence on science in order to provide an overview of this multi-faceted phenomenon. We obtained literature examining corporate attempts to influence science and the use of science in policy and practice from: database searches, bibliographies, expert recommendations, and web alerts; using a modified scoping review methodology (n = 68). Through interpretive analysis we developed the Science for Profit Typology and Model. We identified eight corporate sectors repeatedly engaging in activities to influence science, including: manipulation of scientific methods; reshaping of criteria for establishing scientific "proof"; threats against scientists; and clandestine promotion of policy reforms that increase reliance on industry evidence. The typology identifies five macro-level strategies used consistently across the eight industries, comprising 19 meso-level strategies. The model shows how these strategies work to maximise the volume, credibility, reach, and use of industry-favourable science, while minimising these same aspects of industry-unfavourable science. This creates doubt about harms of industry products/practices or efficacy of policies affecting industry; promotes industry-favoured policy responses and industry products as solutions; and legitimises industry's role as scientific stakeholder. These efforts ultimately serve to weaken policy, prevent litigation, and maximise use of industry products/practices-maximising corporate profitability. We provide an accessible way to understand how and why corporations influence science, demonstrate the need for collective solutions, and discuss changes needed to ensure science works in the public interest.
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Water industry strategies to manufacture doubt and deflect blame for sewage pollution in England
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Conflicts of interest in public health research and publications
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What did COVID‐19 really teach us about science, evidence and society?
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Learning from tobacco control to tackle gambling industry harms
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The Lancet Commission on improving population health post-COVID-19
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Protecting future generations from commercially driven health harms: lessons from tobacco control
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Self-citationConflicts of Interest in Nutrition: Categorical Thinking and the Stigma of Commercial Collaboration
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CRISPR futures: Rethinking the politics of genome editing
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Developing structures to support researchers studying health-harming industries
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Commercial lobbying and political contributions: an Australian scoping review
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A Proposed Framework for Considering “Inclusive Science Communication” in Theory and Practice
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Corporate Vectors of Chronic Disease — Using Internal Industry Documents to Craft Counterstrategies
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The decision maker’s lament: If I only had some science!
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Packaged science? Incumbent strategies of science capture from a power perspective
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Perceptions about the use of behavioral (eco)toxicology to protect human health and the environment
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Self-citationAssociation of menthol-flavoured cigarette smoking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk
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Gilmore, A., Barry, R. A., & Fabbri, A. (2025) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.1016/j.fhj.2025.100268 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning from 70 Years of Tobacco Control
Gilmore, A., & Dance, S. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197578742.003.0011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiologia e pandemia de Covid-19: oportunidades para rever trajetórias e planejar o futuro
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Self-citationWeapons of influence: tactics of a growing global arms industry and needed health actions
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Commercially driven efforts to frame alcohol harms have no place in UK health policy development
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The Politicization of Regulatory Science: Science Transparency at the Trump Administration’s EPA
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Disentangling the messiness of natural experiments to evaluate public policy
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Defining the commercial tobacco industry in a changing nicotine landscape
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Advice to early career nutritionists on working in and with the food industry
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Self-citationHow governments influence public health research: a scoping review
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Umgang mit Fehl- und Desinformation in Medien
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Pragmatism bias in farm animal welfare science
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Conflict of Interest and Commitment and Research Integrity
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The UK public’s trust in tobacco industry involvement in science – an experimental survey
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Self-citationIndependent companies in the tobacco supply chain: transparency and environmental social governance
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Oversimplification of a complex public health issue that serves exploitative industry interests
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Corporate ‘Capture Strategies’ Impacting Human and Ecosystem Health
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- Authors
- Legg, T., Hatchard, J., & Gilmore, A. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Legg, Tess
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2021-06-23
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e0253272
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8221522
- OpenAlex
- W3176281018
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 16.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- South West Doctoral Training Partnership
- Bloomberg Philanthropies’ STOP (Stopping Tobacco Organizations and Products) project funding
- SPECTRUM (Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm) research consortium
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Political Influence and Corporate Strategies
- Keywords
- corporate influence on science, industry influence on science, tobacco industry, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, scientific credibility, science and policy, science and practice, firm profitability
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Industry, Models, Theoretical, Science, Policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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