Women infertility and common mental disorders: A cross-sectional study from North India
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Infertility is a very distressing condition. It is often associated with long-term stress, which can emerge as anxiety and depression. AIM: To understand the effect of socio-demographic variables, reproductive trajectories, and lifestyle variables on stress, depression, and anxiety independently and to understand the relationship of psychological variables with each other among infertile and fertile women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 500 women which included 250 primary infertile cases and 250 age-matched fertile controls of the age group 22-35 years. A pretested modified interview schedule was administered which included demographic variables, lifestyle variables, and reproductive trajectories. In addition, psychological tools like PSS, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 were used to collect the data pertaining to Stress, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Data analysis was performed with the statistical software version SPSS, IBM version 24. RESULTS: Infertile women are more prone to various psychological disorder (stress, anxiety and depression). None of the demographic and lifestyle variables were associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among infertile women. Only reproductive trajectories were found to be causing stress, anxiety, and depression respectively among infertile women. In addition, stress is leading to both anxiety and depression among infertile women but only to depression in fertile women. CONCLUSION: Infertile women should be counselled by medical experts regarding reproductive trajectories. Infertile couples should be guided and counselled to incorporate mental health screening and treatment in their routine check-up.
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Half of women with infertility in LMICs experience lifetime abuse that culminates in anxiety and depressive episodes.
“Half of the women with infertility in LMICs experience lifetime abuse that culminates in anxiety and depressive episodes [6,14,15].”
From Psychosocial interventions for improving marital intimacy, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life of women and couples with infertility problems in low and middle-income countries: Systematic review protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that women who married young may face violence or abuse related to infertility, which might lead to anxiety. It does not report that half of infertile women in LMICs experience lifetime abuse, or that abuse leads to depressive episodes. The paper separately associates infertility with depression. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInfertility is associated with anxiety, depression, and psychological distress.
“cognitive ─ anxiety [4,5], depression [6,7], and psychological distress [8];”
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- Authors
- Kamboj, N., Saraswathy, K. N., Prasad, S., Babu, N., Puri, M., Sharma, A., Dhingra, S., Sachdeva, M. P., & Mahajan, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Delhi (IN)
- Lady Hardinge Medical College (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mahajan, Chakraverti
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2023-01-05
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0280054
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9815660
- OpenAlex
- W4313544519
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 8.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Commission for Women (F.No. 16(86)/2019-20)/NCW(RS))
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- female infertility, stress, anxiety, depression, reproductive trajectories, mental health, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, psychological distress, infertility counseling, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Infertility, Infertility, Female, Young Adult
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