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Cited by 1,192Physical Activity and HealthWorkplace Health and Well-beingStress Responses and Cortisol

The Effects of Stress on Physical Activity and Exercise

Open access
Stults-Kolehmainen, Matthew A., Sinha, Rajita·2014·Sports Medicine
DOI 10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5PMC PMC3894304
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Abstract

Background Psychological stress and physical activity (PA) are believed to be reciprocally related; however, most research examining the relationship between these constructs is devoted to the study of exercise and/or PA as an instrument to mitigate distress.Objective The aim of this paper was to review the literature investigating the influence of stress on indicators of PA and exercise.Methods A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus was employed to find all relevant studies focusing on human participants. Search terms included "stress", "exercise", and "physical activity". A rating scale (0-9) modified for this study was utilized to assess the quality of all studies with multiple time points.Results The literature search found 168 studies that examined the influence of stress on PA. Studies varied widely in their theoretical orientation and included perceived stress, distress, life events, job strain, role strain, and work-family conflict but not lifetime cumulative adversity. To more clearly address the question, prospective studies (n = 55) were considered for further review, the majority of which indicated that psychological stress predicts less PA (behavioral inhibition) and/or exercise or more sedentary behavior (76.4 %). Both objective (i.e., life events) and subjective (i.e., distress) measures of stress related to reduced PA. Prospective studies investigating the effects of objective markers of stress nearly all agreed (six of seven studies) that stress has a negative effect on PA. This was true for research examining (a) PA at periods of objectively varying levels of stress (i.e., final examinations vs. a control time point) and (b) chronically stressed populations (e.g., caregivers, parents of children with a cancer diagnosis) that were less likely to be active than controls over time. Studies examining older adults (>50 years), cohorts with both men and women, and larger sample sizes (n > 100) were more likely to show an inverse association. 85.7 % of higher-quality prospective research (≥ 7 on a 9-point scale) showed the same trend. Interestingly, some prospective studies (18.2 %) report evidence that PA was positively impacted by stress (behavioral activation). This should not be surprising as some individuals utilize exercise to cope with stress. Several other factors may moderate stress and PA relationships, such as stages of change for exercise. Habitually active individuals exercise more in the face of stress, and those in beginning stages exercise less. Consequently, stress may have a differential impact on exercise adoption, maintenance, and relapse. Preliminary evidence suggests that combining stress management programming with exercise interventions may allay stress-related reductions in PA, though rigorous testing of these techniques has yet to be produced.Conclusions Overall, the majority of the literature finds that the experience of stress impairs efforts to be physically active. Future work should center on the development of a theory explaining the mechanisms underlying the multifarious influences of stress on PA behaviors.

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  • Food consumption and weight increased during the COVID-19 pandemic while physical activity decreased, particularly among those with higher BMI.

    “Evidence suggests that food consumption and weight increased during the pandemic while physical activity decreased, particularly among those with higher BMI [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].”

    From Supporting Weight Management during COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Web-Based, ACT-Based, Guided Self-Help Intervention (2022) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Discussion (section 4.1; page unavailable) gives holidays as an example of people exercising less and eating more, and the Introduction (section 1.3; page unavailable) links stress with decreased physical activity and obesity. The paper does not establish increased food consumption or weight during the COVID-19 pandemic, or a greater decrease in activity among people with higher BMI. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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  • People who were stressed, such as during examination periods, were less likely to be physically active.

    “A systematic review of prospective studies found that people who were stressed, such as during examination periods, were less likely to be physically active, the impact of which is associated with a plethora of potentially inter-related poor physical health outcomes (Stults-Kolehmainen & Sinha, 2014).”

    From The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education (2020) · cites this paper as Stults-Kolehmainen & Sinha, 2014

  • The findings support previous models in which the accumulation of varied stressful events across the lifespan promotes wear and tear on physiological systems that ultimately shape cellular aging processes.

    “These findings are supportive of previous models suggesting that the accumulation of varied stressful events across the lifespan promote wear and tear on physiological systems that ultimately shape cellular aging processes (3,62–64).”

    From Determinants of telomere attrition over 1 year in healthy older women: stress and health behaviors matter (2015) · cites this paper as [63]

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [163]Higgins JPT Green S Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions 2008 Wiley Chichester
  2. [202]Divin AL Perceived stress levels and health promoting behaviors among NAIA and NCAA Division I student athletes [dissertation] 2009 Oklahoma State University Stillwater

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Authors
Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Sinha, R.
Affiliations
Yale University (US)
ORCID
Sinha, Rajita
Venue
Sports Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2013-09-13
Volume
44
Issue
1
Pages
81-121
ISSN
  • 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
  • 1179-2035
DOI
10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5
PMC
PMC3894304
OpenAlex
W2019901221
Cited by
1,192
References
441
Citations by year
2026: 87 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 141 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 1
FWCI
2.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (PL1DA024859)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK099039)
  • National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (UL1DE019586)
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT007708)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
psychological stress, physical activity, sedentary behavior, perceived stress, life events, job strain, role strain, work-family conflict, behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, stress management, exercise adherence, caregivers, older adults, chronic stress, exercise intervention, stress management interventions, exercise maintenance
MeSH terms
Habits, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Exercise, Sedentary Behavior

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