Reduction of leptin levels during acute exercise is dependent on fasting but not on caloric restriction during chronic exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: The importance of leptin in controlling body mass has recently gained more attention. Its levels are directly associated with the amount of fat mass, but not necessarily dependent on it. Exercise has great potential in reducing leptin levels, however the response of exercise to this cytokine is still not well understood. Objective: The objective of the review was to analyze the effects of physical exercise on plasma leptin concentration, either acutely (post-exercise/training session) and/or after a training period (short- or long-term), as well as to investigate the existence of possible moderating variables. Methods: The studies included in this systematic review were published between 2005 and May 2023. Only peer-reviewed studies, available in English, performed with humans that evaluated the effects of any form of exercise on leptin levels were included. The search was conducted on May 03, 2023, in Embase (Elsevier), MEDLINE via PubMed®, and Web of Science (Core collection). The risk of bias in the included trials was assessed by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database tool, considering 11 questions regarding the methodology of each study with 10 questions being scored. The data ( n , mean, and standard deviation) were extracted from included studies to perform random effects meta-analyses using standardized mean difference between the pre- and post-intervention effects. Results: Twenty-five studies (acute effect: 262 subjects; short- and long-term effect: 377 subjects) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Short- and long-term physical exercise and caloric restriction plus exercise reduce plasma leptin levels, presenting statistically significant differences (p<0.001); as well as acute effect (p = 0.035), however the latter result was influenced by the pre-exercise meal as shown in the subgroup analysis. In this meta-analysis the effect of moderating factors on leptin reduction, not addressed by past reviews, is verified, such as the relationship with caloric restriction, exercise intensity and pre-exercise meal on acute responses. Conclusion: Both acute and chronic exercise reduce leptin levels, yet the acute effect is dependent on the pre-exercise meal. In addition to having a long-term reduction in leptin levels, the minimum amount of weekly exercise to have a significant reduction in plasma leptin is 180 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise and 120 minutes of high-intensity exercise.
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The acute leptin response to exercise is influenced by pre-exercise nutrition.
“However, the acute response is influenced by pre-exercise nutrition.”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [80]
At least 180 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise or 120 min/week of high-intensity exercise is required to significantly lower serum leptin levels.
“The study concluded that at least 180 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise or 120 min/week of high-intensity exercise is required to significantly lower serum leptin levels”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [80]
A meta-analysis including 25 studies (262 participants for acute exercise, 377 for chronic exercise) revealed a decrease in leptin in both acute and chronic exercise groups.
“another meta-analysis including 25 studies (262 participants for acute exercise, 377 for chronic exercise) revealed a decrease in leptin in both groups”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [80]
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Tero-Vescan, A., Degens, H., Matsakas, A., Ștefănescu, R., Ősz, B. E., & Slevin, M. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18081222 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The study concluded that at least 180 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise or 120 min/week of high-intensity exercise is required to significantly lower serum leptin levels [80].”
- Authors
- Fontana, A., Vieira, J. G., Vianna, J. M., Bichowska, M., Krzysztofik, M., Wilk, M., & Reis, V. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (PT)
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (BR)
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Fontana, Alexandre
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2023-11-28
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e0288730
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10684016
- OpenAlex
- W4389078276
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 0.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG/13482)
- Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (UIDB/04045/2020)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- leptin, acute exercise, exercise training, caloric restriction, fasting, pre-exercise meal, plasma leptin concentration, exercise intensity, high-intensity exercise, moderate-intensity exercise, fat mass, energy balance
- MeSH terms
- Fasting, Humans, Exercise, Leptin, Caloric Restriction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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