The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clostridium difficile Toxin CDT Induces Formation of Microtubule-Based Protrusions and Increases Adherence of Bacteria
Open accessAbstract
Clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis by production of the Rho GTPase-glucosylating toxins A and B. Recently emerging hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains additionally produce the binary ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin CDT (Clostridium difficile transferase), which ADP-ribosylates actin and inhibits actin polymerization. Thus far, the role of CDT as a virulence factor is not understood. Here we report by using time-lapse- and immunofluorescence microscopy that CDT and other binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins, including Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and Clostridium perfringens iota toxin, induce redistribution of microtubules and formation of long (up to >150 microm) microtubule-based protrusions at the surface of intestinal epithelial cells. The toxins increase the length of decoration of microtubule plus-ends by EB1/3, CLIP-170 and CLIP-115 proteins and cause redistribution of the capture proteins CLASP2 and ACF7 from microtubules at the cell cortex into the cell interior. The CDT-induced microtubule protrusions form a dense meshwork at the cell surface, which wrap and embed bacterial cells, thereby largely increasing the adherence of Clostridia. The study describes a novel type of microtubule structure caused by less efficient microtubule capture and offers a new perspective for the pathogenetic role of CDT and other binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins in host-pathogen interactions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Etienne-Manneville, S., & Hall, A. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01148 · Cited by 4,201
RHO GTPASES: Biochemistry and Biology
Jaffe, A. B., & Hall, A. (2005) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.020604.150721 · Cited by 3,009
An Epidemic, Toxin Gene–Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile
McDonald, L. C., Killgore, G. E., Thompson, A., Owens, R. C., Kazakova, S. V., Sambol, S. P., Johnson, S., & Gerding, D. N. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051590 · Cited by 2,006
Clostridium difficile— More Difficult Than Ever
Kelly, C. P., & LaMont, J. T. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0707500 · Cited by 1,313
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Bartlett, J. G. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp011603 · Cited by 1,197
Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking
Ridley, A. J. (2006) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006 · Cited by 1,178
Clostridium difficile Toxins: Mechanism of Action and Role in Disease
Voth, D. E., & Ballard, J. D. (2005) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.18.2.247-263.2005 · Cited by 1,104
Tracking the ends: a dynamic protein network controls the fate of microtubule tips
Akhmanova, A., & Steinmetz, M. O. (2008) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2369 · Cited by 1,047
Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B
Just, I., Selzer, J., Wilm, M., Eichel-Streiber, C. V., Mann, M., & Aktories, K. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/375500a0 · Cited by 1,032
Self-citationRegulation of Actin Filament Assembly by Arp2/3 Complex and Formins
Pollard, T. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure · doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.35.040405.101936 · Cited by 1,026
Cited by
Lawley, T. D., Clare, S., Walker, A. W., Stares, M. D., Connor, T. R., Raisen, C., Goulding, D., Rad, R., Schreiber, F., Brandt, C., et al. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002995 · Cited by 540
Carey-Ann, B. D., & Carroll, K. C. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00016-13 · Cited by 423
Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: Mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance
Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Rupnik, M., & Aktories, K. (2014) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.26854 · Cited by 416
Self-citationThe role of toxins in Clostridium difficile infection
Chandrasekaran, R., & Lacy, D. B. (2017) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fux048 · Cited by 353
Clostridium difficile Infection: A Worldwide Disease
Burke, K. E., & Lamont, J. T. (2014) · Gut and Liver · doi:10.5009/gnl.2014.8.1.1 · Cited by 274
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwan, C., Stecher, B., Tzivelekidis, T., van Ham, M., Rohde, M., Hardt, W.-D., Wehland, J., & Aktories, K.
- Venue
- PLoS Pathogens
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-10-16
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e1000626
- ISSN
- 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7374
- OpenAlex
- W2077103365
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 63
- FWCI
- 17.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Clostridium difficile Toxin CDT Induces Formation of Microtubule-Based Protrusions and Increases Adherence of Bacteria. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000626
- The paper
- Schwan, C., Stecher, B., Tzivelekidis, T., van Ham, M., Rohde, M., Hardt, W.-D., Wehland, J., & Aktories, K. (2009). Clostridium difficile Toxin CDT Induces Formation of Microtubule-Based Protrusions and Increases Adherence of Bacteria. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000626
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
