Modulation of the Arginase Pathway in the Context of Microbial Pathogenesis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as an Immune Modulator
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Arginine is a crucial amino acid that serves to modulate the cellular immune response during infection. Arginine is also a common substrate for both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase. The generation of nitric oxide from arginine is responsible for efficient immune response and cytotoxicity of host cells to kill the invading pathogens. On the other hand, the conversion of arginine to ornithine and urea via the arginase pathway can support the growth of bacterial and parasitic pathogens. The competition between iNOS and arginase for arginine can thus contribute to the outcome of several parasitic and bacterial infections. There are two isoforms of vertebrate arginase, both of which catalyze the conversion of arginine to ornithine and urea, but they differ with regard to tissue distribution and subcellular localization. In the case of infection with Mycobacterium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Helicobacter, Schistosoma, and Salmonella spp., arginase isoforms have been shown to modulate the pathology of infection by various means. Despite the existence of a considerable body of evidence about mammalian arginine metabolism and its role in immunology, the critical choice to divert the host arginine pool by pathogenic organisms as a survival strategy is still a mystery in infection biology.
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Arg1 reduces the potential of activated macrophages to produce NO and generally limits tissue nitrogen sources important for T-cell activation and proliferation.
“Thereby Arg1 reduces the potential of activated MΦs to produce NO and generally limits tissue nitrogen sources important for T-cell activation and proliferation (57, 107).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [107]
Alternatively activated macrophages express arginase 1 (Arg1), which depletes inflamed tissue of arginine by generating L-ornithine and urea, and downstream products of ODC and OAT activities, polyamines, and proline.
“As a hallmark enzyme, alternatively activated MO express arginase 1 (Arg1) depleting the inflamed tissue of arginine by generating L-ornithine and urea, and the downstream products of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) activities, polyamines, and proline (important for induction of collagen deposits and fibrosis), respectively.”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [107]
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- Authors
- Das, P., Lahiri, A., Lahiri, A., & Chakravortty, D.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Science Bangalore (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Chakravortty, Dipshikha
- Venue
- PLoS Pathogens
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-06-17
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e1000899
- ISSN
- 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7374
- PMC
- PMC2887468
- OpenAlex
- W2120562230
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Indian Institute of Science
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (DBT 172, DBT 197)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Cancer Research and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Keywords
- arginase, arginine metabolism, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, immunomodulation, microbial pathogenesis, ornithine, urea, Mycobacterium, Leishmania, trypanosomes, Helicobacter, Schistosoma, Salmonella, host-pathogen interaction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginase, Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Isoenzymes, Signal Transduction
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