HIV-Infected Individuals with Low CD4/CD8 Ratio despite Effective Antiretroviral Therapy Exhibit Altered T Cell Subsets, Heightened CD8+ T Cell Activation, and Increased Risk of Non-AIDS Morbidity and Mortality
Open accessAbstract
A low CD4/CD8 ratio in elderly HIV-uninfected adults is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A subset of HIV-infected adults receiving effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) fails to normalize this ratio, even after they achieve normal CD4+ T cell counts. The immunologic and clinical characteristics of this clinical phenotype remain undefined. Using data from four distinct clinical cohorts and three clinical trials, we show that a low CD4/CD8 ratio in HIV-infected adults during otherwise effective ART (after CD4 count recovery above 500 cells/mm3) is associated with a number of immunological abnormalities, including a skewed T cell phenotype from naïve toward terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells, higher levels of CD8+ T cell activation (HLADR+CD38+) and senescence (CD28- and CD57+CD28-), and higher kynurenine/tryptophan ratio. Changes in the peripheral CD4/CD8 ratio are also reflective of changes in gut mucosa, but not in lymph nodes. In a longitudinal study, individuals who initiated ART within six months of infection had greater CD4/CD8 ratio increase compared to later initiators (>2 years). After controlling for age, gender, ART duration, nadir and CD4 count, the CD4/CD8 ratio predicted increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Hence, a persistently low CD4/CD8 ratio during otherwise effective ART is associated with increased innate and adaptive immune activation, an immunosenescent phenotype, and higher risk of morbidity/mortality. This ratio may prove useful in monitoring response to ART and could identify a unique subset of individuals needed of novel therapeutic interventions.
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CD4+/CD8+ ratios remain low in HIV patients receiving HAART.
“However, CD4+/CD8+ ratios are still low in patients receiving HAART (Serrano‐Villar et al, 2014).”
From The struggle of a good friend getting old: cellular senescence in viral responses and therapy (2021) · cites this paper as Serrano‐Villar et al, 2014
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- Authors
- Serrano-Villar, S., Sainz, T., Lee, S. A., Hunt, P. W., Sinclair, E., Shacklett, B. L., Ferre, A. L., Hayes, T. L., Somsouk, M., Hsue, P. Y., Van Natta, M. L., Meinert, C. L., Lederman, M. M., Hatano, H., Jain, V., Huang, Y., Hecht, F. M., Martin, J. N., McCune, J. M., Moreno, S., & Deeks, S. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Pathogens
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-05-15
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e1004078
- ISSN
- 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7374
- PMC
- PMC4022662
- OpenAlex
- W2065148379
- Cited by
- 611
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 23.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
- amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research
- Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000004, U19 AI0961090, RR024131, AI027763)
- University of California, San Francisco (P30AI027763, UL1RR024131)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 54907, R01MH054907, MH62246, P30MH062246)
- National Eye Institute (U10EY008057)
- National Cancer Institute (K23CA157929)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI071713, AI087035, R21AI087035, K24AI069994, RO1 AI087145, AI027763, RR024131, U19AI096109, AI067039, AI071713, P01AI076174, AI100765, AI069994, AI087145, U19AI0961090, R21AI078774, R01AI057020, R01AI087145, R56AI100765, R24AI067039, P30AI027763)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024131)
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco (P30 MH62246)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Keywords
- HIV infection, CD4/CD8 ratio, antiretroviral therapy, CD8+ T cell activation, T cell senescence, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, intestinal mucosa, immunosenescence, mortality, CD4 count recovery, treatment initiation timing, immune activation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Morbidity, Mortality, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Case-Control Studies, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, CD4-CD8 Ratio, Treatment Outcome, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Lymphocyte Count, Anti-HIV Agents, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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