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Analytical Characteristics of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin Assays
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponins I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) have received international endorsement as the standard biomarkers for detection of myocardial injury, for risk stratification in patients suspected of acute coronary syndrome, and for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. An evidence-based clinical database is growing rapidly for high-sensitivity (hs) troponin assays. Thus, clarifications of the analytical principles for the immunoassays used in clinical practice are important. CONTENT: The purpose of this mini-review is (a) to provide a background for the biochemistry of cTnT and cTnI and (b) to address the following analytical questions for both hs cTnI and cTnT assays: (i) How does an assay become designated hs? (ii) How does one realistically define healthy (normal) reference populations for determining the 99th percentile? (iii) What is the usual biological variation of these analytes? (iv) What assay imprecision characteristics are acceptable? (v) Will standardization of cardiac troponin assays be attainable? SUMMARY: This review raises important points regarding cTnI and cTnT assays and their reference limits and specifically addresses hs assays used to measure low concentrations (nanograms per liter or picograms per milliliter). Recommendations are made to help clarify the nomenclature. The review also identifies further challenges for the evolving science of cardiac troponin measurement. It is hoped that with the introduction of these concepts, both laboratorians and clinicians can develop a more unified view of how these assays are used worldwide in clinical practice.
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“This specific peptide (HWQIAYNEHQWQ) not only exhibits an impressive binding affinity (Kd) of 270 pM comparable to that of antibodies37, but also targets the central portion of cTnI (amino acid residues 114–144) with less susceptibility to proteolysis and is postulated to be an optimal targeting epitope to detect all forms of cTnI present in blood circulation38–40.”
From Nanoproteomics enables proteoform-resolved analysis of low-abundance proteins in human serum (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Apple, F. S., Collinson, P. O., & for the IFCC Task Force on Clinical Applications of Cardiac Biomarkers
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- St George's Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Apple, Fred S
- Venue
- Clinical Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-01-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-61
- ISSN
- 0009-9147 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8561
- OpenAlex
- W2151231511
- Cited by
- 861
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 11.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Clinical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Siemens
- Abbott
- Radiometer
- B.R.A.H.M.S.
- Roche
- Alere
- Instrumentation Laboratories
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biomarkers in Disease Mechanisms
- Keywords
- high-sensitivity troponin I, high-sensitivity troponin T, cardiac troponin assays, assay standardization, reference limits, biological variation, assay imprecision, myocardial injury biomarkers, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Immunoassay, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardium, Reference Values, Sensitivity and Specificity, Biomarkers, Troponin I, Troponin T, Acute Coronary Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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