Development and Evaluation of an Ecological Task to Assess Executive Functioning Post Childhood TBI: The Children's Cooking Task
Abstract
Purpose:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to executive functions deficits, which may be responsible for severe and longstanding disabilities in everyday activities. Sensitivity and ecological validity of neuropsychological tests of executive functions have been questioned. The aims of this study were to pilot an ecological open-ended assessment of executive functions in children, the ‘Children's Cooking Task’ (CCT), specifically to report its reliability, discriminant validity and concurrent validity.Methods:Twenty-five children with mild (n= 10) or moderate-to-severe TBI (n= 15), and 21 matched controls (aged 8 to 20 years) participated in the study. An open-ended cooking task was designed to test multi-tasking abilities. It required the preparation of two simple recipes using specific instructions. Outcome measures included the number of errors and an overall qualitative analysis of the task. Validating measures of executive functions included the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System, the Six-Part Test and two questionnaires completed by the child's primary care-giver: the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and the Dysexecutive Questionnaire for Children.Results:Internal consistency of the Children's Cooking Task was high (Cronbach's alpha = .86), as was test–retest reliability (ICC = .89). Children with moderate-to-severe TBI, as well as children with mild TBI made significantly more errors in the Children's Cooking Task in comparison to controls (p<…
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Some studies that found evidence for the test's ability to predict functional outcome did not link their results with the term EV, referring instead to convergent or concurrent validity.
“Interestingly, as mentioned earlier, some studies that did find evidence for the test ' s ability to predict functional outcome did not link their study results with the term EV, referring instead to convergent or concurrent validity (Chevignard et al., 2010; Finnanger et al., 2022; Gilboa et al., 2019; Kenworthy et al., 2020; Oliveira et al., 2016; Orkin Simon et al., 2022; Pishdadian et al., 202”
From Conceptualization of the term 'ecological validity' in neuropsychological research on executive function assessment: a systematic review and call to action (2024) · cites this paper as Chevignard et al., 2010
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Ramos‐Usuga, D., Benito-Sánchez, I., Perez-Delgadillo, P. K., Valdivia-Tangarife, E. R., Villaseñor-Cabrera, T. J., Olabarrieta‐Landa, L., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2019) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-192834 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chevignard, M., Guerra, A., Fliss, R., Salah, L., Pineau, E., Notteghem, P., Roche, J., Huon, C., Krasny‐Pacini, A., Gall, D. L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160210 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationContributions of the ecological approach to the neuropsychology of executive functions
Zimmermann, N., Cardoso, C. D. O., Kochhann, R., Jacobsen, G. M., & Fonseca, R. P. (2014) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2014.3-09 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Scales and questionnaires may be limited by biased responses and discrepancies between the information provided by parents and teachers, due to a lack of interinformant and inter-setting agreement (Chevignard et al., 2010).”
BackgroundLebrault, H., Chavanne, C., Abada, G., Latinovic, B., Varillon, S., Bertrand, A.-F., Oudjedi, E., Krasny‐Pacini, A., & Chevignard, M. (2021) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2021.101535 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCatroppa, C., Soo, C. A., Crowe, L. M., Woods, D. T., & Anderson, V. A. (2012) · Future Neurology · doi:10.2217/fnl.12.64 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing Children’s Executive Function: BADS-C Validity
Fish, J. E., & Wilson, F. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626291 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gomez, I. N., Palomo, S. A. M., Vicuña, A. M. U., Bustamante, J. A. D., Eborde, J. M. E., Regala, K. A., Ruiz, G. M. M., & Sanchez, A. L. G. (2021) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2021/6008442 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the CCT was the most frequent tool reviewed, with translations and cultural adaptations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFogel, Y. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050684 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The CCT is a performance-based evaluation [20,21] developed to assess executive function and multitasking abilities.”
BackgroundResultRomundstad, B., Solem, S., Brandt, A. E., Hypher, R. E., Risnes, K. R., Rø, T. B., Stubberud, J., & Finnanger, T. G. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2034649 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“ARTICLE HISTORY Received 16 June 2021 Accepted 21 January 2022 KEYWORDS Executive function; ecological validity; psychometric properties; pediatric acquired brain injury; cognitive outcome Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) concerns childhood insult to the brain and includes traumatic brain injury (TBI), or atraum…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInitial Validation of the Weekly Calendar Planning Activity With Adolescents With ABI
Doherty, M., Dickerson, D., Kadela, K., Noetzel, M. J., Wolf, T., Berg, C., & Dodd, J. N. (2022) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492221087191 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, other researchers have found both pediatric and adult PBTs to detect executive dysfunction in mildly injured populations (Chevignard et al., 2010; Wolf et al., 2015).”
BackgroundKrasny‐Pacini, A., Francillette, L., Touré, H., Brugel, D., Laurent‐Vannier, A., Meyer, P. G., Evans, J. J., & Chevignard, M. (2016) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2016.1265605 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDon’t forget your lunch: Age and individual differences in how children perform everyday tasks
Perone, S., Anderson, A. J., & Youatt, E. A. (2020) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100879 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Six elements test vs D-KEFS: what does “Ecological Validity” tell us?
Suchy, Y., Mora, M. G., Brothers, S. L., & DesRuisseaux, L. A. (2024) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617723000723 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
García, T., Castro, P. G., Areces, D., Cueli, M., & Rodríguez, C. (2014) · Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Vezinat, C., Lebrault, H., Câmara‐Costa, H., Martini, R., & Chevignard, M. (2025) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.70040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Therefore, deficits in EF generally have a significant impact on the occupational performance of children with ABI, that is, performance in carrying out daily activities, including their participation in learning and other school activities (Chevignard et al., 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMelamed, M. S., Silberg, T., Bar, O., Brezner, A., Landa, J., & Gilboa, Y. (2022) · Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics · doi:10.1080/01942638.2022.2035038 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The CCT has good inter-rater and test–retest reliability, high internal consistency, as well as good discriminant and concurrent validity (Chevignard et al., 2009, 2010).”
Borgnis, F., Baglio, F., Pedroli, E., Rossetto, F., Meloni, M., Riva, G., & Cipresso, P. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11156791 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Borgnis, F., Borghesi, F., Rossetto, F., Pedroli, E., Lavorgna, L., Riva, G., Baglio, F., & Cipresso, P. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12041645 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“An ecological assessment of executive functions appears critical for achieving excellent executive dysfunction management [23], given the significant impact of executive functions on daily life and personal independence [11,25].”
BackgroundSakzewski, L., Lewis, M. J., & Ziviani, J. M. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3109/11038128.2016.1152296 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robertson, K., Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M., Weeks, D. L., & Pimentel, J. T. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acx136 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Time to Plan : How to support everyday planning in adolescents with intellectual disability
Palmqvist, L. (2020) · Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-164916 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Thus, contextually based tests for assessing planning, have become more and more common (e.g. Brown & Hux, 2016; Burgess et al., 1998; Chevignard et al., 2000, 2010).”
BackgroundRééducation cognitive chez l’enfant
Roy, A. (2018) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.segui.2018.01.0087 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mahomed, A. (2015) · Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chevignard, M., & Chevignard, M. (2018) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.roy.2018.01.0323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBailey, A., Chenoweth, T., Fisher, Z., Joannides, M., Watters, S., Mazzucchelli, J., Taylor, S., & Harris, C. (2022) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2022.2099031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Seegmüller, C., & Roy, A. (2018) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.roy.2018.01.0024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Preschool Kitchen Task Assessment (PKTA)
Fry, E., Gilligan, H., Henty-Clark, L., & Weissensee, J. (2016) · doi:10.33015/dominican.edu/2016.ot.01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social skills and theory of mind in children with traumatic brain injury
Paine, S. (2013) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23206958
Vargas-Rodríguez, K. D., & Eraso, J. A. F. (2022) · Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento ( RACC ) · doi:10.32348/1852.4206.v14.n1.28987
Fogel, Y., Josman, N., Elimelech, O. C., & Zlotnik, S. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12101384
Brandt, A. E., Finnanger, T. G., Hypher, R. E., Rø, T. B., Skovlund, E., Andersson, S., Risnes, K. R., & Stubberud, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16916658
Brandt, A. E., Finnanger, T. G., Hypher, R. E., Rø, T. B., Skovlund, E., Andersson, S., Risnes, K. R., & Stubberud, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16916667
Câmara‐Costa, H., Chevignard, M., Azouvi, P., & Dellatolas, G. (2026) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2026.2621832
“A child-version of the DEX, very close to the adult version, has been used with healthy children (Fish & Wilson, 2021; Roy et al., 2015), and with children following ABI (Chevignard et al., 2000, 2008, 2009, 2010; Finnanger et al., 2022; Romundstad et al., 2022).”
InfluentialSelf-citationWeisse, M., Dardier, V., di Vettimo, S. S., Tsimba, V., Trolès, N., Douguet, A.-S., Jouan, V., & Lacroix, A. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/jin47025
- Authors
- Chevignard, M. P., Catroppa, C., Galvin, J., & Anderson, V.
- Affiliations
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Chevignard, Mathilde P.
- Venue
- Brain Impairment
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 2010-09-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-143
- ISSN
- 1443-9646 (ISSN-L)
- 1839-5252
- OpenAlex
- W2128361018
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Impairment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- executive function, pediatric traumatic brain injury, ecological assessment, cooking tasks, multitasking, test reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, moderate to severe TBI, open-ended assessment
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