Cited by 851Health disparities and outcomesInsurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk ManagementIntergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Gap Gets Bigger: Changes In Mortality And Life Expectancy, By Education, 1981–2000

Open access

Meara, Ellen R., Richards, Seth, Cutler, David M.·2008·Health Affairs

DOI 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.350PMC PMC2366041

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this paper we examine educational disparities in mortality and life expectancy among non-Hispanic blacks and whites in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite increased attention and substantial dollars directed to groups with low socioeconomic status, within race and gender groups, the educational gap in life expectancy is rising, mainly because of rising differentials among the elderly. With the exception of black males, all recent gains in life expectancy at age twenty-five have occurred among better-educated groups, raising educational differentials in life expectancy by 30 percent. Differential trends in smoking-related diseases explain at least 20 percent of this trend.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.350

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Actual causes of death in the United States
McGinnis, J. M. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510180077038 · Cited by 5,480
Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000
Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · Cited by 5,211
Excess Deaths Associated With Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity
Flegal, K. M. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861 · Cited by 2,811
A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century
Olshansky, S. J., Passaro, D. J., Hershow, R. C., Layden, J., Carnes, B. A., Brody, J., Hayflick, L., Butler, R. N., Allison, D. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr043743 · Cited by 2,612
A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century
Olshansky, S. J., Passaro, D. J., Hershow, R. C., Layden, J. E., Carnes, B. A., Brody, J. A., Hayflick, L., Butler, R. N., Allison, D. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2005) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000167407.83915.e7 · Cited by 1,947
A note on the delta method
Oehlert, G. (1992) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1992.10475842 · Cited by 1,629
The Increasing Disparity in Mortality between Socioeconomic Groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986
Pappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290207 · Cited by 1,524
The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children
Heckman, J. J., & Masterov, D. V. (2007) · Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9353.2007.00359.x · Cited by 1,217
Contribution of major diseases to disparities in mortality.
Wong, M. D., Shapiro, M. F., Boscardin, W. J., & Ettner, S. L. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa012979 · Cited by 774

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 26 references

1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

10.1001/jama.297.11.1224 · DOI
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115225 · DOI
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115225 · DOI
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115225 · DOI
10.1001/jama.291.10.1238 · DOI · Paper page
10.1353/sof.2007.0068 · DOI
10.1056/NEJMsr043743 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001–2014
Chetty, R., Stepner, M., Abraham, S., Lin, S., Scuderi, B., Turner, N., Bergeron, A., & Cutler, D. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226 · Cited by 2,812
Self-citation
Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003 · Cited by 1,920
“This enormous difference in life expectancy by education is true for every demographic group, is persistent – if not increasing – over time (Kitagawa and Hauser, 1973; Elo and Preston, 1996; Meara et al., 2008 ), and is present in other countries (Marmot et al., 1984 (the U.K.); Mustard et al., 1997 (Canada); Kunst an…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Havranek, E. P., Mujahid, M. S., Barr, D. A., Blair, I. V., Cohen, M. S., Cruz-Flores, S., Davey-Smith, G., Dennison-Himmelfarb, C. R., Lauer, M. S., Lockwood, D. W., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000228 · Cited by 1,472
Mortality and Morbidity in the 21st Century
Case, A., & Deaton, A. (2017) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2017.0005 · Cited by 1,448
The Relationship Between Education and Health: Reducing Disparities Through a Contextual Approach
Zajacova, A., & Lawrence, E. M. (2018) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628 · Cited by 1,205
Association of socioeconomic position with health behaviors and mortality
Stringhini, S. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.297 · Cited by 1,065
Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017
Woolf, S. H., & Schoomaker, H. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.16932 · Cited by 968
Inequality and the health-care system in the USA
Dickman, S. L., Himmelstein, D. U., & Woolhandler, S. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30398-7 · Cited by 656
Social Class Differentials in Health and Mortality: Patterns and Explanations in Comparative Perspective
Elo, I. T. (2009) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115929 · Cited by 556
Population health in an era of rising income inequality: USA, 1980–2015
Bor, J. H., Cohen, G. H., & Galea, S. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30571-8 · Cited by 537
Differences In Life Expectancy Due To Race And Educational Differences Are Widening, And Many May Not Catch Up
Olshansky, S. J., Antonucci, T., Berkman, L., Binstock, R. H., Boersch-Supan, A., Cacioppo, J. T., Carnes, B. A., Carstensen, L. L., Fried, L. P., Goldman, D. P., et al. (2012) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746 · Cited by 693
Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile
Mena, G. E., Martinez, P. P., Mahmud, A. S., Marquet, P. A., Buckee, C. O., & Santillana, M. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg5298 · Cited by 431
Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014
Dwyer‐Lindgren, L., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Stubbs, R. W., Morozoff, C., Mackenbach, J. P., van Lenthe, F. J., Mokdad, A. H., & Murray, C. J. L. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0918 · Cited by 418
A Wake-Up Call: Equity, Inequality and Covid-19 Emergency Remote Teaching and Learning
Czerniewicz, L., Agherdien, N., Badenhorst, J., Belluigi, D. Z., Chambers, T., Chili, M. M., de Villiers, M., Felix, A., Gachago, D., Gokhale, C., et al. (2020) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-020-00187-4 · Cited by 516
Untitled work
(2008) · doi:10.1787/9789264040663-11-en · Cited by 121
The Prevalence of Anemia and Moderate-Severe Anemia in the US Population (NHANES 2003-2012)
Le, C. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166635 · Cited by 352
RETRACTED: Structural stigma and all-cause mortality in sexual minority populations
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Bellatorre, A. C., Lee, Y., Finch, B. K., Muennig, P. A., & Fiscella, K. A. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005 · Cited by 340
Retracted
Marginalized identities, discrimination burden, and mental health: Empirical exploration of an interpersonal-level approach to modeling intersectionality
Seng, J. S., Lopez, W. D., Sperlich, M. I., Hamama, L., & Reed, C. D. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.023 · Cited by 387
Non-Production Benefits of Education: Crime, Health, and Good Citizenship
Lochner, L. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16722 · Cited by 353
Trends in Life Expectancy and Lifespan Variation by Educational Attainment: United States, 1990–2010
Sasson, I. E. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-015-0453-7 · Cited by 313
Socioeconomic risk factors for fatal opioid overdoses in the United States: Findings from the Mortality Disparities in American Communities Study (MDAC)
Altekruse, S. F., Cosgrove, C. M., Altekruse, W. C., Jenkins, R. A., & Blanco, C. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227966 · Cited by 308
The Effect of Educational Attainment on Adult Mortality in the United States.
Hummer, R. A., & Hernandez, E. M. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 288
Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
Yang, Y., & Land, K. C. (2013) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13902 · Cited by 654
Fundamental Causality: Challenges of an Animating Concept for Medical Sociology
Jeremy Freese, A., & Lutfey, K. (2010) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7261-3_4 · Cited by 268
Life expectancy in HIV-positive persons in Switzerland
Gueler, A., Moser, A., Calmy, A., Günthard, H. F., Bernasconi, E., Furrer, H., Fux, C. A., Battegay, M., Cavassini, M. L., Vernazza, P., et al. (2016) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001335 · Cited by 260
Explaining the Worldwide Boom in Higher Education of Women
Becker, G. S., Hubbard, W. H. J., & Murphy, K. M. (2010) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/657914 · Cited by 261
Retirement Security in an Aging Population
Poterba, J. M. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.5.1 · Cited by 253
Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality in the United States: A Systematic Analysis of Functional Form
Montez, J. K., Hummer, R. A., & Hayward, M. D. (2012) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0082-8 · Cited by 256
Association among socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and all-cause mortality in the United States
Nandi, A., Glymour, M. M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2014) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000038 · Cited by 237
Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior.
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0029028 · Cited by 239
Social epidemiology: social determinants of health in the United States: are we losing ground?
Berkman, L. F. (2009) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100310 · Cited by 230
COVID-19 and School Closures
Donohue, J. M., & Miller, E. P. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.13092 · Cited by 221
Trends and group differences in the association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality: Implications for understanding education's causal influence
Hayward, M. D., Hummer, R. A., & Sasson, I. E. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.024 · Cited by 232
Trends in the Educational Gradient of U.S. Adult Mortality From 1986 Through 2006 by Race, Gender, and Age Group
Montez, J. K., Hummer, R. A., Hayward, M. D., Woo, H., & Rogers, R. G. (2011) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027510392388 · Cited by 215
Widening social inequality in life expectancy in Denmark. A register-based study on social composition and mortality trends for the Danish population
Brønnum‐Hansen, H., & Baadsgaard, M. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-994 · Cited by 210
A Retrospective on Fundamental Cause Theory: State of the Literature and Goals for the Future
Clouston, S., & Link, B. G. (2021) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-094912 · Cited by 206
Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality
Hummer, R. A., & Lariscy, J. T. (2011) · International handbooks of population · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_12 · Cited by 212
Education and Health: Insights from International Comparisons
Cutler, D., & Lleras‐Muney, A. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17738 · Cited by 206
Self-citation
Socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors for mortality in a national 19-year prospective study of U.S. adults
Lantz, P. M., Golberstein, E., House, J. S., & Morenoff, J. D. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.003 · Cited by 197
Lung Cancer and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Needs and Opportunities for Integrated Research
Punturieri, A., Szabo, E. M., Croxton, T. L., Shapiro, S. D., & Dubinett, S. M. (2009) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djp023 · Cited by 196
Educational Differences in U.S. Adult Mortality
Masters, R. K., Hummer, R. A., & Powers, D. A. (2012) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122412451019 · Cited by 192
Educational Disparities in Adult Mortality Across U.S. States: How Do They Differ, and Have They Changed Since the Mid-1980s?
Montez, J. K., Zajacova, A., Hayward, M. D., Woolf, S. H., Chapman, D. A., & Beckfield, J. (2019) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0750-z · Cited by 194
Trends in Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Lost Contributed by Smoking and Obesity
Jia, H., & Lubetkin, E. I. (2010) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.043 · Cited by 192
Aging in America in the Twenty‐first Century: Demographic Forecasts from the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on an Aging Society
Olshansky, S. J., Goldman, D. P., Zheng, Y., & Rowe, J. W. (2009) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00581.x · Cited by 181
Life expectancy in adulthood is falling for those without a BA degree, but as educational gaps have widened, racial gaps have narrowed
Case, A. C., & Deaton, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2024777118 · Cited by 188
Association of Cardiovascular Health With Life Expectancy Free of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, Cancer, and Dementia in UK Adults
Wang, X., Ma, H., Li, X., Heianza, Y., Manson, J. E., Franco, O. H., & Qi, L. (2023) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0015 · Cited by 184
Increasing Disparities in Mortality by Socioeconomic Status
Bosworth, B. (2018) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-014615 · Cited by 174
Understanding the Early Origins of the Education–Health Gradient
Conti, G., & Heckman, J. J. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610383502 · Cited by 177
Association Between Automotive Assembly Plant Closures and Opioid Overdose Mortality in the United States: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis
Venkataramani, A. S., Bair, E. F., O’Brien, R. L., & Tsai, A. C. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5686 · Cited by 168
Lower Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Associated with Reduced Diversity of the Colonic Microbiota in Healthy Adults
Miller, G. E., Engen, P. A., Gillevet, P. M., Shaikh, M. W., Sikaroodi, M., Forsyth, C. B., Mutlu, E., & Keshavarzian, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148952 · Cited by 172
Social Determinants and the Decline of Cardiovascular Diseases: Understanding the Links
Harper, S. B., Lynch, J. W., & Smith, G. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101234 · Cited by 171
Trends in education gradients of ‘preventable’ mortality: A test of fundamental cause theory
Masters, R. K., Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.023 · Cited by 161
The Health Effects of Income Inequality: Averages and Disparities
Truesdale, B. C., & Jencks, C. (2015) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021606 · Cited by 159
Adolescents’ expectations for the future predict health behaviors in early adulthood
McDade, T. W., Chyu, L., Duncan, G. J., Hoyt, L. T., Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.005 · Cited by 170
Proactive Tobacco Cessation Outreach to Smokers of Low Socioeconomic Status
Haas, J. S., Linder, J. A., Park, E. R., Gonzalez, I., Rigotti, N. A., Klinger, E. V., Kontos, E. Z., Zaslavsky, A. M., Brawarsky, P., Marinacci, L., et al. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.6674 · Cited by 153
The impact of neighborhood socioeconomic status and race on the prescribing of opioids in emergency departments throughout the United States
Joynt, M., Train, M. K., Robbins, B. W., Halterman, J. S., Caiola, E., & Fortuna, R. J. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2516-z · Cited by 152
Mortality Inequality: The Good News from a County-Level Approach
Currie, J., & Schwandt, H. (2016) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.30.2.29 · Cited by 157
Confounding by Socioeconomic Status in Epidemiological Studies of Air Pollution and Health: Challenges and Opportunities
Hajat, A., MacLehose, R. F., Rosofsky, A., Walker, K. D., & Clougherty, J. E. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7980 · Cited by 163
Declining Life Expectancy in the United States: Missing the Trees for the Forest
Harper, S., Riddell, C. A., & King, N. B. (2021) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082619-104231 · Cited by 144
Population Association of America Annual Meeting
Spijker, J., MacInnes, J., & Riffe, T. (2014) · Cited by 144
Differences in U.S. Suicide Rates by Educational Attainment, 2000–2014
Phillips, J. A., & Hempstead, K. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.010 · Cited by 150
Parental background and university dropout in Italy
Aina, C. (2012) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-012-9554-z · Cited by 139
Association Between Educational Attainment and Causes of Death Among White and Black US Adults, 2010-2017
Sasson, I. E., & Hayward, M. D. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11330 · Cited by 138
The Effect of Education on Health and Mortality: A Review of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence
Galama, T. J., Lleras‐Muney, A., & van Kippersluis, H. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.7 · Cited by 140
When does education matter? The protective effect of education for cohorts graduating in bad times
Cutler, D., Huang, W., & Lleras‐Muney, A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.056 · Cited by 143
Self-citation
Rising educational gradients in mortality: The role of behavioral risk factors
Cutler, D., Lange, F., Meara, E. R., Richards‐Shubik, S., & Ruhm, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.06.009 · Cited by 140
Self-citation
Work–family conflict, cardiometabolic risk, and sleep duration in nursing employees.
Berkman, L. F., Liu, S. Y., Hammer, L. B., Moen, P., Klein, L. C., Kelly, E. L., Fay, M. E., Davis, K. D., Durham, M., Karuntzos, G. T., et al. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039143 · Cited by 140
Educational attainment and adult health: Under what conditions is the association causal?
Montez, J. K., & Friedman, E. M. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.029 · Cited by 140
The Effect of Education on Health and Mortality: A Review of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence.
Galama, T. J., Lleras‐Muney, A., & van Kippersluis, H. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24225 · Cited by 128
A Social History of Disease: Contextualizing the Rise and Fall of Social Inequalities in Cause-Specific Mortality
Clouston, S., Rubin, M. S., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0495-5 · Cited by 127
Educational Differences in the Prevalence of Dementia and Life Expectancy with Dementia: Changes from 2000 to 2010
Crimmins, E. M., Saito, Y., Kim, J. K., Zhang, Y. S., Sasson, I. E., & Hayward, M. D. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx135 · Cited by 125
The effect of college education on mortality
Buckles, K., Hagemann, A., Malamud, O., Morrill, M. S., & Wozniak, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.08.002 · Cited by 130
America’s Declining Well-Being, Health, and Life Expectancy: Not Just a White Problem
Muennig, P. A., Reynolds, M. M., Fink, D. S., Zafarí, Z., & Geronimus, A. T. (2018) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304585 · Cited by 123
Linked Lives and Cumulative Inequality: A Multigenerational Family Life Course Framework
Gilligan, M., Karraker, A., & Jasper, A. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12244 · Cited by 119
What makes annuitization more appealing?
Beshears, J. L., Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B. C., & Zeldes, S. P. (2013) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.05.007 · Cited by 117
Association of Educational Attainment With Chronic Disease and Mortality: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)
Choi, A. I., Weekley, C. C., Chen, S., Li, S., Tamura, M. K., Norris, K. C., & Shlipak, M. G. (2011) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.02.388 · Cited by 116
Minority Stress, Structural Stigma, and Physical Health Among Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals: Examining the Relative Strength of the Relationships
Flentje, A., Clark, K. D., Cicero, E. C., Capriotti, M. R., Lubensky, M. E., Sauceda, J. A., Neilands, T. B., Lunn, M. R., & Obedin‐Maliver, J. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab051 · Cited by 131
Controversies about the Rise of American Inequality: A Survey
Gordon, R. J., & Dew-Becker, I. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13982 · Cited by 115
Inequality in mortality decreased among the young while increasing for older adults, 1990–2010
Currie, J., & Schwandt, H. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf1437 · Cited by 114
The association between education and cardiovascular disease incidence is mediated by hypertension, diabetes, and body mass index
Degano, I. R., Marrugat, J., Grau, M., Salvador-González, B., Ramos, R., Zamora, A., Martí‐Lluch, R., & Elosúa, R. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10775-3 · Cited by 119
Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions
Easterbrook, M. J., & Hadden, I. R. (2021) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12070 · Cited by 110
Black—White Disparities in Disability Among Older Americans
Fuller‐Thomson, E., Nuru‐Jeter, A., Minkler, M., & Guralnik, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264309338296 · Cited by 116
Is life expectancy really falling for groups of low socio-economic status? Lagged selection bias and artefactual trends in mortality
Dowd, J. B., & Hamoudi, A. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyu120 · Cited by 110
Trends in U.S. life expectancy gradients: the role of changing educational composition
Hendi, A. S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv062 · Cited by 110
Life expectancy and health expenditure evolution in Eastern Europe—DiD and DEA analysis
Jakovljević, M., Vuković, M., & Fontanesi, J. (2015) · Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research · doi:10.1586/14737167.2016.1125293 · Cited by 109
Mortality Inequality in Canada and the United States: Divergent or Convergent Trends?
Baker, M., Currie, J., & Schwandt, H. (2019) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/703259 · Cited by 108
How the Growing Gap in Life Expectancy May Affect Retirement Benefits and Reforms
Auerbach, A. J., Charles, K., Coile, C., Gale, W. G., Goldman, D. P., Lee, R. D., Lucas, C., Orszag, P. R., Sheiner, L., Tysinger, B., et al. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23329 · Cited by 108
Mortality Attributable to Low Levels of Education in the United States
Krueger, P. M., Tran, M. K., Hummer, R. A., & Chang, V. W. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131809 · Cited by 111
Aging Populations, Mortality, and Life Expectancy
Crimmins, E. M., & Zhang, Y. S. (2019) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041351 · Cited by 108
Higher Education to 2030, Volume 1, Demography
OECD (2008) · Educational research and innovation · doi:10.1787/9789264040663-en · Cited by 105
Trends in Mortality Risk by Education Level and Cause of Death Among US White Women From 1986 to 2006
Montez, J. K., & Zajacova, A. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301128 · Cited by 107
Geographic Divergence in Mortality in the United States
Fenelon, A. T. (2013) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00630.x · Cited by 101
Do Women Live Longer or Do Men Die Earlier? Reflections on the Causes of Sex Differences in Life Expectancy
Luy, M., & Gast, K. (2013) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000355310 · Cited by 106
Weathering, Drugs, and Whack-a-Mole: Fundamental and Proximate Causes of Widening Educational Inequity in U.S. Life Expectancy by Sex and Race, 1990–2015
Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., Waidmann, T., Rodríguez, J. M., & Timpe, B. (2019) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519849932 · Cited by 102
Education and Self-Reported Health: Evidence from 23 Countries on the Role of Years of Schooling, Cognitive Skills and Social Capital
Borgonovi, F., & Pokropek, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149716 · Cited by 103
Genome‐wide analysis of DNA methylation in relation to socioeconomic status during development and early adulthood
McDade, T. W., Ryan, C. P., Jones, M. J., Hoke, M. K., Borja, J. B., Miller, G. E., Kuzawa, C. W., & Kobor, M. S. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23800 · Cited by 106
Association of Neighborhood Deprivation With Epigenetic Aging Using 4 Clock Metrics
Lawrence, K. G., Kresovich, J. K., O’Brien, K. M., Hoang, T. T., Xu, Z., Taylor, J. A., & Sandler, D. P. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24329 · Cited by 101
The Evolution of Mortality Inequality in 11 OECD Countries: Introduction*
Banks, J., Currie, J., Krutikova, S., Salvanes, K. G., & Schwandt, H. (2021) · Fiscal Studies · doi:10.1111/1475-5890.12267 · Cited by 98
Geographic and Racial Variation in Premature Mortality in the U.S.: Analyzing the Disparities
Cullen, M. R., Cummins, C., & Fuchs, V. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032930 · Cited by 108
Testing for Asymmetric Information Using “Unused Observables” in Insurance Markets: Evidence from the U.K. Annuity Market
Finkelstein, A. N., & Poterba, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Risk & Insurance · doi:10.1111/jori.12030 · Cited by 96

Authors: Meara, E. R., Richards, S., & Cutler, D. M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Meara, Ellen R.
Cutler, David M.
Venue: Health Affairs
Publisher: Health Affairs Publishing, LLC
Published: 2008-03
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 350-360
ISSN: 0278-2715 (ISSN-L)
1544-5208
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.350
PMC: PMC2366041
OpenAlex: W2120161853
Cited by: 850
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 41.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Health Affairs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P01AG005842, P30AG012810)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA019485, 5K01DA19485-2)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Keywords: educational inequality, life expectancy, mortality, educational gaps, non-Hispanic blacks, racial disparities, older adults, smoking-related diseases, socioeconomic status, health disparities
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Chronic Disease, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Sex Factors, Smoking, United States, Black People, White People

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Gap Gets Bigger: Changes In Mortality And Life Expectancy, By Education, 1981–2000

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks