Diet in the management of weight loss
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, and successful treatment will have an important impact on medical resources utilization, health care costs, and patient quality of life. With over 60% of our population being overweight, physicians face a major challenge in assisting patients in the process of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of 8% in the short term. These diets are well-tolerated and characterize successful strategies in maintaining significant weight loss over a 5-year period. Very-low-calorie diets produce a more rapid weight loss but should only be used for fewer than 16 weeks because of clinical adverse effects. Diets that are severely restricted in carbohydrates (3%-10% of total energy intake) and do not emphasize a reduction of energy intake may be effective in reducing weight in the short term, but there is no evidence that they are sustainable or innocuous in the long term because their high saturated-fat content may be atherogenic. Fat restriction in a weight-loss regimen is beneficial, but the optimal percentage has yet to be determined. Longitudinal trials are needed to resolve these issues. In this article I discuss the evidence for and pitfalls of various types of weight-loss diets and identify issues that physicians need to address in weight loss and weight-loss maintenance.
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Claims the paper makes
17 of 142 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie diets
Use of very-low-calorie diets does not improve weight-loss maintenance.
“Use of very-low-calorie diets does not improve weight-loss maintenance; 8 however, there is some disagreement on this issue.73,74”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. source
The discussion (under Figure 1) says use of very-low-energy diets was strongly related to successful long-term weight-loss maintenance. Its conclusion reports 7 kg of maintenance at 4–5 years among participants who used such a diet or lost at least 20 kg. This is contrary to the claim that these diets do not improve maintenance, though the paper cautions that its observational design limits causal conclusions. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Weight-loss goals
A weight loss of 5%-10% reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke.
“A weight loss of 5%-10% has been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
In “Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight—General Principles” (page not provided), the guidelines say that 5%–10% weight reduction can reduce risk factors for heart disease and stroke. The cited passage does not establish that this amount of weight loss has been shown to reduce the risk of the diseases themselves. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Low-carbohydrate diets
Low-carbohydrate diets are relatively high in fat and protein content.
“Low-carbohydrate diets are relatively high in fat and protein content and are not recommended by the American Heart Association.47,48”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. source
- cites [48] 48. Kappagoda CT, Hyson DA, Amsterdam EA. Low-carbohydrate-high-protein diets. Is there a place for them in clinical cardiology? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:725-30.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Decreases in fat intake are associated with weight loss.
“Similarly, Bray and Popkin 27 and Yu-Poth and colleagues 15 found that decreases in fat intake were associated with weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [27] 27. Bray GA, Popkin BM. Dietary fat intake does affect obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68: 1157-73. source
- cites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
The high carbohydrate content of very-low-fat diets can increase triglyceride levels.
“The American Heart Association 78 cautions against the use of such diets because their high carbohydrate content can increase triglyceride levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Saturated-fat intake on low-carbohydrate diets is high, representing 17% of total energy intake, almost double current recommendations of major health organizations.
“Furthermore, saturated-fat intake on low-carbohydrate diets is high, 58 representing 17% of total energy intake, which is almost double the current recommendations of major health organizations.12,18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
- cites [18] 18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 2003;27(Suppl 2):S27-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-fat diets have a very high carbohydrate and fibre content.
“Very-low-fat diets have a very high carbohydrate and fibre content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. source
The Definition of a Very Low Fat Diet section specifies at least 70% of calories from carbohydrates. The Epidemiological Studies section says vegan and Zen macrobiotic diets tend to be high in fiber, but does not extend that description to all very-low-fat diets; the Nutrient Adequacy section emphasizes that food choices vary. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [18] 18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 2003;27(Suppl 2):S27-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Saturated fats are associated with increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a risk factor for coronary artery disease.
“Saturated fats are associated with increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a risk factor for coronary artery disease.12,15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
- cites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-calorie diets followed by a low-calorie diet lead to about 30% of body weight loss (7-20 kg) at ≥1 year.
“≥ 1 yr: VLCD + LCD about 30% of body weight (7-20 kg) 8,72,73,74”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. source
The Results (page not specified) report that participants in very-low-energy diet studies maintained about 7 kg of weight loss at 4–5 years. The approximately 29–30% figure is the proportion of initial weight loss maintained, not the proportion of body weight lost; the reported body-weight reduction was 6.6% at 4–5 years. The paper compares very-low-energy and hypoenergetic balanced diets rather than establishing the claimed sequence of one followed by the other. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-calorie diets lead to about 30%-40% of body weight loss (13-32 kg) at 4 months.
“4 mo: about 30%-40% of body weight (13-32 kg) 8,72,73,74”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. source
The Introduction reports that very-low-energy diets typically produce an initial loss of 20–25 kg, which falls within the claimed 13–32 kg range. But the Results report a median VLED treatment duration of 22 weeks, not four months, and neither that section nor Table 2 supports a loss of 30%–40% of initial body weight. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
In Meckling and associates, at the end of the 10-week study period, an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate diet was associated with a significant decrease in lean body mass (-1.9 kg) that was not observed in the low-fat diet group.
“Meckling and associates 62 found that at the end of the 10-week study period, an energy-restricted low-carbohydrate diet was associated with a significant decrease in lean body mass (-1.9 kg) that was not observed in the low-fat diet group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] 62. Meckling KA, O'Sullivan C, Saari D. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbo- hydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women. J Clin En- docrinol Metab 2004;89:2717-23. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Greater decreases in triglyceride levels were found with low-carbohydrate diets than with low-calorie diets at the end of both the 6-month and 12-month study periods.
“Greater decreases in triglyceride levels, a favourable outcome, were found with the low-carbohydrate diets than with the low-calorie diets at the end of both the 6-month and 12-month study periods.[59][60][61]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
In a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials specifically targeting weight loss, low-fat diets and other weight-loss diets did not differ significantly in effects on obese and overweight subjects at 6, 12 or 18 months.
“On the other hand, in a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials specifically targeting weight loss, 23 Pirozzo and associates found no significant differences in the effects of low-fat diets and other weight-loss diets on obese and overweight subjects at 6, 12 or 18 months.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] 23. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, et al. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev 2003;4:83-90. source
- Interpretationnone given§ Evidence
Overall, low-calorie diets are a safe strategy for weight loss.
“Overall, low-calorie diets are a safe strategy for weight loss.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Evidence
In Brehm and colleagues, subjects lost 8.5 kg on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with 3.9 kg on the low-calorie diet (p < 0.001).
“In a study by Brehm and colleagues, 58 subjects lost 8.5 (standard deviation [SD] 1.0) kg on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with 3.9 (SD 1.0) kg on the low-calorie diet (p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
No relation could be established between weight loss and urinary or blood ketones.
“However, no relation could be established between weight loss and urinary or blood ketones.58,61”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
In two 6-month studies, greater weight loss was reported with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-calorie diet.
“Two studies, each 6 months in duration, reported greater weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-calorie diet.58,60”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Every 1% decrease in energy from total fat is associated with a 0.28-kg decrease in body weight (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.0001) in studies using NCEP Step I and Step II diets.
“In a metaanalysis by Yu-Poth and associates of 37 studies that used the NCEP Step I and Step II diets, every 1% decrease in energy from total fat was associated with a 0.28-kg decrease in body weight (R 2 = 0.57, p < 0.0001).15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
- Premisecitation§ Low-calorie diets
Postprandial hyperglycemia increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
“Postprandial hyperglycemia has been found to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.[20][21][22]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20][21][22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Low-carbohydrate diets
When following a diet that limits carbohydrate intake to as little as 20 g per day in the induction phase, people reduce total energy intake because the choice of foods low in carbohydrates is limited.
“When following a diet that limits carbohydrate intake to as little as 20 g per day in the induction phase, people end up reducing total energy intake because the choice of foods low in carbohydrates is limited; the resulting monotony of the diet has little appeal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data§ Evidence
Physical activity was not assessed in the trials of low-carbohydrate diets.
“Unfortunately, physical activity was not assessed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Evidence
Losses of lean body mass were significantly greater on the low-carbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet.
“However, they also observed losses of lean body mass that were significantly greater on the low-carbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Low-calorie diets alone do not improve cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by maximum rate of oxygen consumption.
“The National Institutes of Health review also concluded that low-calorie diets alone do not improve cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by maximum rate of oxygen consumption (evidence category B), 8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance interventions lasting 3-4.5 years resulted in an average weight loss of 4%, below the definition of successful weight loss (10% sustained for more than 1 year).
“Weight-loss and weight-loss maintenance interventions lasting 3-4.5 years (4 studies only) resulted in an average weight loss of 4%, well below the definition proposed for successful weight loss (a decrease in 10% of body weight sustained for more than 1 year).7”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] 7. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21: 323-41.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Overall weight loss between 12 and 18 months was only 2-4 kg in all studies.
“The overall weight loss between 12 and 18 months was only 2-4 kg in all studies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] 23. Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, et al. Should we recommend low-fat diets for obesity? Obes Rev 2003;4:83-90. source
- Interpretationcitation§ Evidence
In trials of longer duration, the greater initial weight loss on the low-carbohydrate diet was not maintained at 12 months.
“In trials of longer duration, the greater initial weight loss on the low-carbohydrate diet was not maintained at 12 months.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Evidence
In a review of 94 trials on the efficacy of low-carbohydrate diets from 1966 to 2003, weight loss was principally associated with reduced energy intake and not reduced carbohydrate intake.
“In a review of 94 trials on the efficacy of low-carbohydrate diets from 1966 to 2003, Bravata and colleagues 57 reported that weight loss was principally associated with reduced energy intake and not reduced carbohydrate intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] 57. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate di- ets. A systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:1837-50. source
- Interpretationcitation§ Evidence
Increases in triglyceride levels on high-carbohydrate diets have been ascribed to high levels of postprandial glucose and insulin.
“Increases in triglyceride levels have been ascribed to the high levels of postprandial glucose and insulin caused by the relatively high amount of carbohydrates in such diets.32”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Low-calorie diets resulting in weight loss lower abdominal fat, as shown by a reduction in waist circumference of 1.5-9.5 cm.
“Low-calorie diets resulting in weight loss also lower the amount of abdominal fat, as shown by a reduction in waist circumference of 1.5-9.5 cm (evidence category A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
In obese women, diets of 5040 kJ per day with 10%, 20%, 30% or 40% fat content produced no significant differences in weight loss after a 3-month intervention.
“No significant differences in weight loss were found (-4.5 kg, -6.8 kg, -6.9 kg, -6.8 kg, respectively) after the 3-month intervention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] 29. Powell JJ, Tucker L, Fisher AG, et al. The effects of different percentages of dietary fat intake, exercise, and caloric restriction on body composition and body weight in obese females. Am J Health Promot 1994;8:442-8. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
NCEP Step I and II diets have also been found to increase triglyceride levels, although not consistently.
“They have also been found to increase triglyceride levels, although not consistently.15,32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
- cites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of about 8% during a period of 3-12 months.
“The review concluded that low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of about 8% during a period of 3-12 months (evidence category A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Unlike the Ornish vegetarian approach, the Pritikin program allows limited amounts of animal protein.
“Unlike the Ornish vegetarian approach, the Pritikin program allows limited amounts of animal protein.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Very-low-fat diets
The independent effect of the diet in the Ornish study cannot be determined since it was associated with other weight-loss strategies.
“The independent effect of the diet in the Ornish study cannot be determined since it was associated with other weight-loss strategies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie diets
Very-low-calorie diets are associated with a variety of side effects and with numerous complications, such as cholelithiasis, loss of lean body mass, ketosis and increased serum uric acid concentrations due to severe negative energy balance.
“Very-low-calorie diets are associated with a variety of side effects and with numerous complications, such as cholelithiasis, loss of lean body mass, ketosis and increased serum uric acid concentrations due to severe negative energy balance.71”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
In the Lifestyle Heart Trial, an intensive lifestyle changes program (vegetarian diet with less than 10% fat, aerobic exercise, stress management, smoking cessation, and group support) resulted in a weight loss of 10.9 kg in year 1 and 5.8 kg in year 5 among subjects with moderate or severe coronary artery disease who were not taking lipid-lowering drugs.
“In the Lifestyle Heart Trial, Ornish and associates 77 reported that their intensive lifestyle changes program, consisting of a vegetarian diet with less than 10% fat, aerobic exercise, stress management, smoking cessation, and group support, resulted in a weight loss of 10.9 kg in year 1 and 5.8 kg in year 5 among subjects with moderate or severe coronary artery disease who were not taking lipid-”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
In the Lifestyle Heart Trial, twice as many cardiac events occurred in the control group (2.25 v. 0.89 events/patient) during the 5-year follow-up.
“Twice as many cardiac events occurred in the control group (2.25 v. 0.89 events/ patient) during the 5-year follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Insulin sensitivity improved with both low-carbohydrate and low-calorie diets.
“Insulin sensitivity improved with both types of diets.58,61”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
The high protein and fat content of low-carbohydrate diets is conducive to a high intake of saturated fat, as observed in clinical trials and nutrient analyses of the diet plan.
“Their high protein and fat content is conducive to a high intake of saturated fat, as observed in clinical trials and nutrient analyses of the diet plan 14,58,67 (see the online appendix).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Nutrient analyses of low-carbohydrate diets show low amounts of vitamins A, B6 and E and of folate, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and dietary fibre, making these diets nutritionally inadequate.
“Nutrient analyses of low-carbohydrate diets by Freedman and associates 14 and Anderson and associates 67 show low amounts of vitamins A, B 6 and E and of folate, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and dietary fibre, which makes these diets nutritionally inadequate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Leptin levels decreased equally in both the low-calorie diet and the low-carbohydrate diet groups at 3 months in the study by Brehm and colleagues.
“Leptin levels were found to decrease equally in both the low-calorie diet and the low-carbohydrate diet groups at 3 months in the study by Brehm and colleagues.58”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
High fibre intakes can decrease the absorption of zinc, calcium and iron.
“high fibre intakes can decrease the absorption of zinc, calcium and iron.55”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] 55. Insel P, Turner RE, Ross D. Nutrition. Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publish- ers; 2004.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie diets
Sudden death can occur, rarely, in vulnerable patients with comorbidities on very-low-calorie diets, especially if the energy intake is less than 2520 kJ per day.
“Sudden death can occur, rarely, in vulnerable patients with comorbidities, especially if the energy intake is less than 2520 kJ per day.75”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] 75. Dwyer JT, Melanson KJ. Dietary treatment of obesity. 2002 Sept 24. Ch. 18 of Obe- sity, ed. JF Caro. Endotext.com. Available: www.endotext.org/obesity/obesity18/ obesity18.htm (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Complaints of abdominal fullness have been reported with very-low-fat diets.
“Complaints of abdominal fullness have also been reported.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ Very-low-calorie diets
Meal replacements and very-low-calorie diets can assist patients control energy intake by reducing the need to make decisions about food portion size.
“Meal replacements and very-low-calorie diets can assist patients control energy intake by reducing the need to make decisions about food portion size.70”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] 70. Position of the American Dietetic Association. Weight management. J Am Diet As- soc 2002;102:1145-55.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-fat diets can contain over twice (40-70 g/d) the recommended amount of fibre.
“In addition, the diets can contain over twice (40-70 g/d) the recommended amount of fibre; 14,18,67”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [18] 18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Nutrition therapy. Can J Diabet 2003;27(Suppl 2):S27-31.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [67] 67. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Jenkins DJA. Health advantages and disadvantages of weight-reducing diets: a computer analysis and critical review. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:578-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Evidence
Foster and associates reported significant increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 3 months on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with the low-calorie diet (6.2% vs -11.1% change, p = 0.005).
“They also reported significant increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 3 months on the lowcarbohydrate diet compared with the low-calorie diet (6.2% [SD 20.4%] v. -11.1% [SD 19.4%] change, p = 0.005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie diets
Low-calorie diets that use a meal replacement strategy (1 or 2 meals substituted with a commercial fortified product containing about 840 kJ) induced greater weight loss at 1 year (about 7%-8% of body weight) compared with traditional low-calorie diets without meal replacements (3%-7% of body weight).
“Low-calorie diets that use a meal replacement strategy (1 or 2 meals substituted with a commercial fortified product containing about 840 kJ) induced greater weight loss at 1 year (about 7%-8% of body weight) com-pared with the traditional low-calorie diets without meal replacements (3%-7% of body weight).76”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] 76. Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CJ, van der Knaap HC, et al. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes 2003;27:537-49. source
- Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-fat diets lead to about 6%-12% of body weight loss (6-11 kg) at ≥1 year (diet plus exercise).
“≥ 1 yr: about 6%-12% of body weight (6-11 kg) 77 (diet plus exercise)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
- Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainability
Other studies report similar strategies for successful weight-loss maintenance, such as monitoring food portion sizes, energy and fat intake, and body weight, and avoiding the use of food to regulate mood.
“Other studies report similar strategies for successful weight-loss maintenance, such as monitoring food portion sizes, energy and fat intake, and body weight, and avoiding the use of food to regulate mood.7,82,83”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [7] 7. Wing RR, Hill JO. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annu Rev Nutr 2001;21: 323-41.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [82] 82. Byrne S, Cooper Z, Fairburn C. Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a quali- tative study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;7:955-62. source
- cites [83] 83. Sherwood NE, Jeffery RW, French SA, et al. Predictors of weight gain in the Pound of Prevention Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:395-403. source
- Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainability
The National Weight Control Registry in the United States provides useful information regarding successful weight-loss maintenance strategies.
“The National Weight Control Registry in the United States provides useful information regarding successful weight-loss maintenance strategies.81”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-fat diets offer a vegetarian-style weight-loss regimen with low amounts of meat and alternates.
“Overall, very-low-fat diets offer a vegetarian-style weightloss regimen with low amounts of meat and alternates (see the online appendix), but their use should be monitored for their impact on plasma triglyceride levels and for nutrient adequacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat diets
Very-low-fat diets lead to about 10% of body weight loss (9 kg) at 4 months.
“4 mo: about 10% of body weight (9 kg) 14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainability
The National Weight Control Registry includes people who have lost more than 13 kg of body weight and successfully maintained that weight loss for over 5 years.
“This registry includes people who have lost more than 13 kg of body weight and successfully maintained that weight loss for over 5 years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 41
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ EvidenceThe potential negative effects of high-carbohydrate diets on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may be attenuated if monounsaturated fats replace carbohydrates or if the diets are high in fibre and have a low glycemic index.
“The potential negative effects of high-carbohydrate diets on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may be attenuated if monounsaturated fats replace carbohydrates 12,32,36 or if the diets are high in fibre and have a low glycemic index, 12,[37][38][39][40] although this remains controversial in the treatment of obesity.41,42”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
In “Limit the intake of foods high in cholesterol” (page unavailable), the guidelines say that high-carbohydrate diets can raise triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol, and that high-fiber diets may lessen these changes. “High Unsaturated Fat Diets” (page unavailable) says unsaturated fat can prevent or attenuate the same changes. The discussion of glycemic indexing concerns blood-glucose levels, not whether a low glycemic index attenuates the triglyceride and HDL effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [32] 32. Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:412-33. source
- cites [36] 36. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel. Detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Executive summary. NIH Publication No. 01-3670; 2001 May. Available: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol/atp3xsum.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 15).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ Very-low-calorie dietsVery-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.
“Overall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [74] 74. Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, et al. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:579-84. source
The Introduction (page not provided) says very-low-energy diets combined with behavior modification enable substantial initial weight loss, typically 20–25 kg; the Results also report significantly greater initial loss than with balanced diets. Our copy does not substantiate the claim that these diets present a number of medical risks. A reference title mentions benefits and risks, but gives no findings about those risks. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceHigh-protein diets affect renal function and can place greater demands on the kidney and liver for metabolizing and excreting excess urea and ammonia.
“High-protein diets affect renal function and can place greater demands on the kidney and liver for metabolizing and excreting excess urea and ammonia.47”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ EvidenceLow-carbohydrate diets are usually low in fruits and vegetables, dairy products and whole grains; these dietary patterns, if maintained over the long term, are associated with an increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases, including hypertension and cancer.
“Overall, low-carbohydrate diets are usually low in fruits and vegetables, dairy products and whole grains; these dietary patterns, if maintained over the long term, are associated with an increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases, including hypertension and cancer.12,16,68”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] 12. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the Ameri- can Heart Association. Circulation 2000;102:2284-99. source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [16] 16. Miller ER, Erlinger TP, Young DR, et al. Results of the Diet, Exercise, and Weight Loss Intervention Trial (DEW-IT). Hypertension 2002;40:612-8. source
- cites [68] 68. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. ACS/ADA/AHA Scientific Statement. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Asso- ciation. Circulation 2004;109:3244-55. source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ EvidenceHigh-protein diets may be a health hazard for patients with renal or liver impaired functions in general, and for patients with diabetes in particular.
“They may be a health hazard for patients with renal or liver impaired functions in general, and for patients with diabetes in particular.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] 47. St. Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt E, et al.; AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science advisory. Dietary protein and weight reduction. A statement for healthcare profes- sionals from the nutrition committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:1869-74. source
The “High-Protein Diets and Weight Reduction” section says a very-high-protein diet is especially risky for patients with diabetes because it can accelerate diabetic renal disease. It does not specifically say that patients with pre-existing renal or liver impairment are at risk, so that part of the claim is not established by the passages found. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsVery-low-fat diets decrease total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and have variable effects on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
“Decreases in total cholesterol and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels and variable effects on triglyceride and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels 14,77,78”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
- cites [78] 78. Lichtenstein AH, Van Horn L, for the AHA Nutrition Committee. AHA Science ad- visory. Very low fat diets. A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutri- tion committee of the Council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;98:935-9. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceHigher triglyceride levels are usually associated with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and with small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles that are more susceptible to oxidation; this metabolic profile is atherogenic.
“Higher triglyceride levels are usually associated with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and with small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles that are more susceptible to oxidation; this metabolic profile is atherogenic.[33][34][35]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33][34][35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Low-calorie dietsHigh-fibre and low-glycemic-index diets are associated with increased satiety, lower postprandial glycemic response and lower insulin levels.
“High-fibre and low-glycemic-index diets are associated with increased satiety, lower postprandial glycemic response and lower insulin levels.[17][18][19][20]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17][18][19][20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceOverall, drop-out rates ranged from 20% to 40%, with fewer people using the low-carbohydrate diet dropping out than those using the low-calorie diet.
“Overall, drop-out rates ranged from 20% to 40%, with fewer people using the low-carbohydrate diet dropping out than those using the low-calorie diet.[58][59][60][61]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58][59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceNCEP Step I and II diets reduce circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 12% and 16% respectively.
“The NCEP Step I and II diets have been extensively studied and found to reduce circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 12% and 16% respectively.15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, et al. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular dis- ease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-46. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Low-carbohydrate dietsMild ketosis decreases appetite, and the high protein content of a low-carbohydrate diet increases satiety and activates thermogenesis.
“Mild ketosis decreases appetite, and the diet's high protein content increases satiety and activates thermogenesis.[54][55][56]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [54][55][56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidencePostprandial thermogenesis is doubled on high-protein diets and contributes an additional loss of about 378 kJ per day.
“Postprandial thermogenesis is doubled on high-protein diets and contributes an additional loss of about 378 kJ per day.56”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] 56. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD. Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21:55-61. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceBehaviour therapy in conjunction with dietary interventions (including low-calorie diets) results in additional weight loss in the short term (1 year) but not in the long term (3-5 years).
“Behaviour therapy in conjunction with dietary interventions (including low-calorie diets) has been shown to result in additional weight loss in the short term (1 year) but not in the long term (3-5 years) (evidence category B). 8”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ EvidenceBoth low-calorie and low-carbohydrate diets result in weight loss.
“Both the low-calorie and low-carbohydrate diets result in weight loss.[58][59][60][61]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58][59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Low-calorie dietsLow-calorie diets are generally high in carbohydrates (55%-60% of total daily energy intake), low in fat (<30% of energy intake), and energy-reduced (deficit of 2100-4200 kJ/d).
“In general, low-calorie diets are high in carbohydrates (55%-60% of total daily energy intake), low in fat (< 30% of energy intake), and energy-reduced (deficit of 2100-4200 kJ/d: minimum of 4200-5040 kJ/d for women and 5040-5880 kJ/d for men).14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceIn Stern and associates, weight change at one year was -5.1 kg on a low-carbohydrate diet and -3.1 kg on a low-calorie diet (p > 0.05).
“Similarly, in a study by Stern and associates, 59 weight change at one year was -5.1 (SD 8.7) kg on a low-carbohydrate diet and -3.1 (SD 8.4) kg on a low-calorie diet (p > 0.05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceFoster and associates reported a weight change of -7.0 kg at 6 months on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with -3.2 kg on the low-calorie diet (p = 0.02), but no significant difference at 12 months (-4.4 kg vs -2.5 kg, p = 0.26).
“Foster and associates 61 reported a weight change of -7.0 (SD 6.5) kg at 6 months on the low-carbohydrate diet compared with -3.2 (SD 5.6) kg on the low-calorie diet (p = 0.02), but no significant difference was observed at 12 months (-4.4 [SD 6.7] kg with a low-carbohydrate diet v. -2.5 [SD 6.3] kg with a low-calorie diet, p = 0.26).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceBoth Brehm and Yancy reported that weight loss resulted mainly from decreases in fat mass.
“Both Brehm and associates and Yancy and associates reported that weight loss resulted mainly from decreases in fat mass.58,60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceLow-fat diets without intentional restriction of energy intake result in greater weight loss (3.2 kg, 95% CI 1.9-4.5 kg, p < 0.001) than habitual or medium-fat diets ad libitum.
“They reported that low-fat diets without intentional restriction of energy intake resulted in greater weight loss (3.2 kg, 95% confidence interval 1.9-4.5 kg, p < 0.001) than did habitual, or medium-fat, diets ad libitum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] 26. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Low-carbohydrate dietsFree fatty acids are mobilized from adipose tissue on a low-carbohydrate diet, resulting in ketone body formation.
“Free fatty acids are also mobilized from adipose tissue, which results in ketone body formation.51”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] 51. Westman EC. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. J Clin Out- comes Manage 1999;6:36-40.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceWeight loss from low-fat diets without intentional energy restriction is more substantial in heavier subjects.
“Weight loss was more substantial in heavier subjects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [26] 26. Astrup A, Grunwald GK, Melanson EL, et al. The role of low-fat diets in body weight control: a meta-analysis of ad libitum dietary intervention studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1545-52.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Low-carbohydrate dietsThe body depletes its glycogen stores and induces gluconeogenesis, whereby lean tissue is used to produce glucose as an energy source for the brain, on a very low-carbohydrate diet.
“The body depletes its glycogen stores, and gluconeogenesis is induced, whereby lean tissue is used to produce glucose as an energy source for the brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] 51. Westman EC. A review of very low carbohydrate diets for weight loss. J Clin Out- comes Manage 1999;6:36-40.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceIn Yancy and associates, mean change in body weight was -12.9% on the low-carbohydrate diet and -6.7% on the low-calorie diet (p < 0.001).
“Similarly, in a study by Yancy and associates, 60 the mean change in body weight was -12.9% on the low-carbohydrate diet and -6.7% on the lowcalorie diet (p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceIn Yancy and associates, body water loss was greater on the low-carbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet during the first 2 weeks but was similar in both diet groups after 2 weeks.
“For loss in body water, Yancy and associates reported that body water loss was greater on the lowcarbohydrate diet than on the low-calorie diet during the first 2 weeks of the study but was similar in both diet groups after 2 weeks.60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie dietsSudden deaths resulting from very-low-calorie diets in the 1970s were attributed to the poor quality of dietary protein; an inadequate supply of electrolytes, vitamins and minerals; and extended use without adequate medical supervision.
“Sudden deaths resulting from very-lowcalorie diets in the 1970s were attributed to the poor quality of dietary protein; an inadequate supply of electrolytes, vitamins and minerals; and extended use without adequate medical supervision.73,75”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [75] 75. Dwyer JT, Melanson KJ. Dietary treatment of obesity. 2002 Sept 24. Ch. 18 of Obe- sity, ed. JF Caro. Endotext.com. Available: www.endotext.org/obesity/obesity18/ obesity18.htm (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Very-low-calorie dietsOverall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.
“Overall, very-low-calorie diets present a number of medical risks but offer rapid weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceIn one study, increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of more than 10% were seen in 30% of subjects in the low-carbohydrate diet group and only 16% in the low-calorie diet group, and 2 participants using the low-carbohydrate diet were withdrawn because of important adverse effects on blood lipid levels.
“In one study, 60 increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of more than 10% were seen in 30% of subjects in the lowcarbohydrate diet group and only 16% in the low-calorie diet group, and 2 participants using the low-carbohydrate diet were withdrawn from the trial because of important adverse effects on blood lipid levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ EvidenceDecreases in leptin levels in a negative energy balance stimulate food intake and energy storage to restore homeostasis, which may hamper weight-loss maintenance.
“This may hamper weight-loss maintenance, since decreases in leptin levels in a negative energy balance stimulate food intake and energy storage to restore homeostasis.[64][65][66]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64][65][66]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsVery-low-fat diets were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.
“Many of the very-low-fat diets, which contain about 10%-15% total fat, were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceIn Golay and associates, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in the low-carbohydrate diet group (p < 0.01) and, to a lesser extent and less consistently, in the high-carbohydrate diet group, although weight losses were similar (-8.3% vs -7.4%).
“They found that fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were decreased in the lowcarbohydrate diet group (p < 0.01) and, to a lesser extent and less consistently, in the high-carbohydrate diet group, although weight losses were similar (-8.3% [SD 0.5%] v. -7.4% [SD 0.6%]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] 31. Golay A, Allaz A-F, Morel Y, et al. Similar weight loss with low-or high-carbohy- drate diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:174-8.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsIn the Lifestyle Heart Trial, coronary atherosclerosis regressed in the intervention group (relative improvement of 4.5% at year 1 and 7.9% at year 5) while it continued to progress (relative worsening of 5.4% at year 1 and 27.7% at year 5) in the group receiving usual care (p < 0.05 between groups).
“Coronary atherosclerosis regressed in the intervention group (relative improvement of 4.5% at year 1 and 7.9% at year 5) while it continued to progress (relative worsening of 5.4% at year 1 and 27.7% at year 5) in the group receiving usual care (p < 0.05 between groups).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] 77. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998;280:2001-7. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie dietsVery-low-calorie diets result in an average weekly weight loss of 1.5-2.5 kg, compared with 0.4-0.5 kg with low-calorie diets.
“Verylow-calorie diets result in an average weekly weight loss of 1.5-2.5 kg, compared with 0.4-0.5 kg with low-calorie diets.72”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsVery-low-fat diets contain about 10%-15% total fat.
“Many of the very-low-fat diets, which contain about 10%-15% total fat, were originally designed to prevent or reverse heart disease.14”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res 2001;9(Suppl 1):1S-40S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ EvidenceEven if patients select monounsaturated fatty acids as their principal fat source, the low-carbohydrate strategy does not restrict saturated-fat intake and is low in fruits, vegetables and dairy products, factors associated with increased risk of chronic diseases.
“Even if patients select monounsaturated fatty acids as their principal fat source, as with Mediterranean diets, the low-carbohydrate strategy does not restrict saturated-fat intake and is low in fruits, vegetables and dairy products, factors associated with increased risk of chronic diseases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ EvidenceAlthough low-carbohydrate diets may not pose a serious health threat to a metabolically healthy obese patient in the short term, they may put people at risk of chronic diseases.
“Although low-carbohydrate diets may not pose a serious health threat to a metabolically healthy obese patient in the short term, they may put people at risk of chronic diseases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceThe differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol between low-carbohydrate and low-calorie diets disappeared at the 1-year testing (0.5% vs -5.8% change, p = 0.47), a result also observed in other randomized trials.
“However, these differences disappeared at the 1-year testing (0.5% [SD 21.2%] v. -5.8% [SD 16.1%] change, p = 0.47), a result that was also observed in the other randomized trials.[58][59][60][61]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58][59][60][61]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-calorie dietsThe average weight loss at 12-16 weeks on very-low-calorie diets is about 20 kg, compared with 8 kg on low-calorie diets.
“The average weight loss at 12-16 weeks on very-lowcalorie diets is about 20 kg, compared with 8 kg on lowcalorie diets.8,72”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] 8. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. NIH Publication No. 98-4083; 1998 September.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ EvidenceFoster and associates reported that triglyceride levels decreased by -28.1% on the low-carbohydrate diet and increased by 1.4% on the low-calorie diet at the 1-year follow-up.
“Foster and associates 61 reported that triglyceride levels had decreased by -28.1% (SD 23.6%) on the low-carbohydrate diet and increased by 1.4% (SD 52.5%) on the low-calorie diet at the 1-year follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsVery-low-calorie diets can cause serious adverse effects including gout, cholelithiasis, excessive loss of lean body mass, acute psychosis, cardiac disturbances and sudden death.
“Gout, cholelithiasis, excessive loss of lean body mass, acute psychosis, cardiac disturbances and sudden death [71][72][73]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [72] 72. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Very low-calorie diets. JAMA 1993;270:967-74.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainabilityThe dietary pattern generally shared among National Weight Control Registry participants included low amounts of fat (about 24% of the total daily energy intake), high amounts of carbohydrate, and a low energy intake (5460-6300 kJ/d).
“The dietary pattern generally shared among participants included low amounts of fat (about 24% of the total daily energy intake), high amounts of carbohydrate, and a low energy intake (5460-6300 kJ/d).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsLow-carbohydrate diets have reports of a small number of cardiac events.
“Reports of a small number of cardiac events 59,60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainabilityMost National Weight Control Registry participants eat breakfast daily, self-monitor weight and are physically active.
“Most eat breakfast daily, self-monitor weight and are physically active.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ Diet characteristics and sustainabilityThere is still no definitive answer as to which diets sustain long-term weight loss.
“We still have no definitive answer as to which diets sustain long-term weight loss.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsVery-low-calorie diets decrease total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
“Decreases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels 71,73”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [71] 71. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Obesity Statement. AACE/ACE position statement on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of obe- sity. Endocr Pract 1998;297-330.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsVery-low-calorie diets cause side effects including dry mouth, constipation, headache, dizziness or orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, menstrual irregularities, and hair loss.
“Dry mouth, constipation, headache, dizziness or orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, menstrual irregularities, hair loss 73”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [73] 73. Saris WHM. Very-low-calorie diets and sustained weight loss. Obes Res 2001;9 (Suppl 4):295S-301S.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone given§ Very-low-fat dietsLong-term effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risks have not been assessed.
“Long-term effects on CV risks not assessed”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainabilityOver 4000 people are in the National Weight Control Registry.
“Over 4000 people are in the registry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] 81. Hill J, Wing R. The National Weight Control Registry. Available: http://xnet .kp.org/permanentejournal/sum03/registry.pdf (accessed 2005 Nov 16).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Diet characteristics and sustainabilityWeight loss is associated with a lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements.
“The energy content of weight-loss maintenance diets should take into account the lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements due to body mass loss during weight loss.79,80”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [79] 79. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Seagle HM, et al. Resting energy expenditure in reduced- obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69: 1189-93. source
- cites [80] 80. Weinsier RL, Nagy TR, Hunter GR, et al. Do adaptive changes in metabolic rate fa- vor weight regain in weight-reduced individuals? An examination of the set-point theory. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1088-94. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsLow-carbohydrate diets decrease triglyceride levels and have variable effects on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein levels, and high-density lipoprotein levels.
“Decreases in triglyceride levels; variable effects on total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels [58][59][60][61] and highdensity lipoprotein levels 59”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [58] 58. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels S, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low car- bohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascu- lar risk factors in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1617-23. source
- cites [59] 59. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conven- tional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a random- ized trial. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:778-85. source
- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
- cites [61] 61. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2082-90. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Very-low-fat dietsLow-carbohydrate diets cause side effects including constipation, headache, halitosis, muscle cramps, diarrhea, general weakness, and rash.
“Constipation, headache, halitosis, muscle cramps, diarrhea, general weakness, rash 60”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] 60. Yancy WS, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:769-77. source
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-calorie diets are the closest to most people's general eating patterns and present the fewest risks for the patient.
“Low-calorie diets are the closest to most people's general eating patterns and present the fewest risks for the patient.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-carbohydrate diets are not suitable if kidney or liver function is impaired.
“Not suitable if kidney or liver function is impaired”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many patients with obesity start with a low-fat diet, which is composed of a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, because fats contain the highest calories among macronutrients.
“Many patients with obesity start with a low-fat diet, which is composed of a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, because fats contain the highest calories among macronutrients [5,6].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Very-low-calorie diet range exceeds its stated cutoff
MinorThe text defines very-low-calorie diets as providing less than 3360 kJ per day, but the table gives a range extending to 3500 kJ per day.
“Very-low-calorie diets (< 3360 kJ/d) are protein-sparing modified fasts”
“Very low calorie Daily energy intake restricted to 1600-3500 kJ (400-800 kcal)”
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“The National Institutes of Health reviewed 34 randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of low-calorie diets for lowering body weight, decreasing abdominal fat and improving cardiorespiratory fitness.(8) The review concluded that low-calorie diets can lower total body weight by an average of about 8% du…”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialAtkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?
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Nutrition Principles and Recommendations in Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2007.s36 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Is the Energy Homeostasis System Inherently Biased Toward Weight Gain?
Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Seeley, R. J., Barsh, G. S., Baskin, D. G., & Leibel, R. L. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.2.232 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Eyre, H. J., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., Clark, N. G., Doyle, C., Gansler, T. S., Glynn, T., Hong, Y., Smith, R. A., Taubert, K. A., et al. (2004) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.4.190 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Miller, E. R., Erlinger, T. P., Young, D. R., Jehn, M., Charleston, J., Rhodes, D., Wasan, S. K., & Appel, L. J. (2002) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000037217.96002.8e · Cited by 319 · cited 1× · see citing works
“whole grains; these dietary patterns, if maintained over the long term, are associated with an increased risk of a variety of chronic diseases, including hypertension and cancer.(12,16,68)”
BackgroundGiacco, R., Parillo, M., Rivellese, A. A., Lasorella, G., Giacco, A., d'Episcopo, L., & Riccardi, G. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.10.1461 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a qualitative study
Byrne, S., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802305 · Cited by 318 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other studies report similar strategies for successful weight-loss maintenance, such as monitoring food portion sizes, energy and fat intake, and body weight, and avoiding the use of food to regulate mood.(7,82,83) Conclusion”
BackgroundSt. Jeor, S. T., Howard, B. V., Prewitt, T. E., Bovee, V., Bazzarre, T., Eckel, R. H., & for the AHA Nutrition Committee (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4001.096152 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
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Glycemic Load and Chronic Disease
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Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat
Willett, W. C., & Leibel, R. L. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00992-5 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Predictors of weight gain in the Pound of Prevention study
Sherwood, N., Jeffery, R., French, S., Hannan, P., & Murray, D. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801169 · Cited by 238 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other studies report similar strategies for successful weight-loss maintenance, such as monitoring food portion sizes, energy and fat intake, and body weight, and avoiding the use of food to regulate mood.(7,82,83) Conclusion”
BackgroundMeckling, K. A., O’Sullivan, C., & Saari, D. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031606 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Very‐Low‐Calorie Diets and Sustained Weight Loss
Saris, W. H. M. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.134 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
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“take into account the lower resting metabolic rate and decreased energy requirements due to body mass loss during weight loss.(79,80) We still have no definitive answer as to which diets sus-”
BackgroundInterpreting Incomplete Data in Studies of Diet and Weight Loss
Ware, J. H. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme030054 · Cited by 205 · cited 1× · see citing works
“eases that modify outcomes; and the choice of statistical analyses can bias results.(13)”
BackgroundHigh blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men
Balkau, B., Shipley, M. J., Jarrett, R. J., Pyörälà, K., Pyörälä, M., Forhan, A., & Eschwège, É. (1998) · Diabetes Care · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low‐glycaemic index diet? No
Raben, A. (2002) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2002.00080.x · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Johnston, C. S., Day, C. S., & Swan, P. D. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719194 · Cited by 181 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Postprandial thermogenesis is doubled on high-protein diets and contributes an additional loss of about 378 kJ per day.(56) Unfortunately, physical activity was not assessed.”
BackgroundSimilar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets
Golay, A., Allaz, A.-F., Morel, Y., Tonnac, N. D., Tankova, T. I., & Reaven, G. M. (1996) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/63.2.174 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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Should obese patients be counselled to follow a low‐glycaemic index diet? Yes
Pawlak, D. B., Ebbeling, C. B., & Ludwig, D. S. (2002) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2002.00079.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
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The periodic health examination : 2. 1984 update
Sptizer, W. O., Battista, R. N., Bayne, R. D., Beaulieu, M., Feightner, J., Davignon, L., Goldbledm, R. R., Kerr, M. G., McWhinney, I. R., Morrison, B. J., et al. (1984) · EspaceINRS (National Institute for Scientific Research (Canada)) · Cited by 141 · see citing works
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Metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-dependent diabetic individuals
Anderson, J., Zeigler, J. A., Deakins, D. A., Floore, T. L., Dillon, D. W., Wood, C. L., Oeltgen, P. R., & Whitley, R. J. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.5.936 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Should we recommend low‐fat diets for obesity?
Pirozzo, S., Summerbell, C., Cameron, C., & Glasziou, P. (2003) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00099.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry
Wyatt, H. R., Grunwald, G. K., Seagle, H. M., Klem, M. L., McGuire, M. T., Wing, R. R., & Hill, J. O. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1189 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lichtenstein, A. H., & Van Horn, L. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.9.935 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The New Biology of Body Weight Regulation
Schwartz, M. W., & Seeley, R. J. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00018-7 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet?
Golay, A., Eigenheer, C., Morel, Y., Kujawski, P., Lehmann, T. N., & Tonnac, N. D. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Position of the American Dietetic Association
Anderson, J. V., Palombo, R., & Earl, R. O. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00052-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Realities of Weight Loss
Bray, G. A. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1853 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These observations conform with the principles of thermodynamics.(53) They are also in agreement with the results of 4 recent randomized trials designed to test the main principles of the Atkins diet, in which low-carbohydrate diets (< 30 g/d of carbohydrates, < 10% of total daily energy intake from carbohydrates, ad…”
ResultDietary fat and human obesity.
Ravussin, E., & Tataranni, P. (1997) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00728-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Powell, J. J., Tucker, L., Fisher, A. G., & Wilcox, K. (1994) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-8.6.442 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Clifton, P. M. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep1283 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Low-carbohydrate–high-protein diets
Kappagoda, C. T., Hyson, D. A., & Amsterdam, E. A. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.06.022 · Cited by 29 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Low-carbohydrate diets are relatively high in fat and protein content and are not recommended by the American Heart Association.47,48 Included in this category are the Protein Power diet and the Atkins diet.47–50 The Atkins diet has drawn the attention of consumers since its inception in the 1970s.”
MethodTHE NATIONAL WEIGHT CONTROL REGISTRY
Thomas, J. G., Bond, D. S., Hill, J. O., & Wing, R. R. (2011) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0b013e31820b72b5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity*
(2003) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-200309000-00043 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Reduced-Carbohydrate Diets: No Roll in Weight Management?
Willett, W. C. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00016 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dwyer, J. T., Melanson, K. J., Sriprachy-anunt, U., Cross, P., & Wilson, M. (2015) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Weightmanagement
Cummings, S., Parham, E. S., & Strain, G. W. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)80088-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Astrup, A. V. (2002) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2002.00084.x · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The potential negative effects of high-carbohydrate diets on triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may be attenuated if monounsaturated fats replace carbohydrates(12,32,36) or if the diets are high in fibre and have a low glycemic index, although this remains controversial in the treatment of ob…”
BackgroundFighting Obesity: A Call to Arms
Strychar, I. M. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03403626 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A concerted effort on the part of consumers, medical professionals, research funding agencies, food industry, community leaders, government legislators and nutrition policymakers is needed to fight obesity.(68,89) With all of the intrinsic problems of weight-loss interventions, preventive measures should be given a di…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Review of Very Low Carbohydrate Diets for Weight Loss
Westman, E. C. (1999) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
'Should we recommend low‐fat diets for obesity?
(2003) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2003.00110.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Low-carbohydrate–high-protein diets. Is there a place for them in clinical cardiology?
Kappagoda, C. T., Dyson, D. A., & Amsterdam, E. A. (2004) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/j.accreview.2004.04.044 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Diet, Exercise and Weight Loss Intervention Trial (DEW-IT)
Miller, E. R., Young, D. R., Erlinger, T. P., Jehn, M. L., Charleston, J., & Appel, L. J. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9999-9
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11 of the 99 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
OECD (2019) · OECD health policy studies · doi:10.1787/67450d67-en · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Fock, K. M., & Khoo, J. J. C. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12407 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Choi, Y. J., Jeon, S.-M., & Shin, S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072005 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Many patients with obesity start with a low-fat diet, which is composed of a relatively large amount of carbohydrates, because fats contain the highest calories among macronutrients [5,6].”
BackgroundRole of diet and nutritional management in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Fan, J., & Cao, H. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12244 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The Role of Diet and Nutrient Composition in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
McCarthy, E. M., & Rinella, M. E. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Levy, L. D., Fleming, J. P., & Klar, D. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.5 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Relevance of animal models to human eating disorders and obesity
Casper, R. C., Sullivan, E. L., & Tecott, L. H. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1102-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“6 million children under the age of 5 (Flegal et al. 2002; Strychar 2006; Waxman 2004).”
BackgroundOrthorexic and restrained eating behaviour in vegans, vegetarians, and individuals on a diet
Barthels, F., Meyer, F. P., & Pietrowsky, R. (2018) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0479-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“According to Strychar [23], such diets can be classified into low-calorie diets, low-carbohydrate diets, very-low-calorie diets, and very-low-fat diets, where each specific program requires more or less a change of lifestyle and eating behaviour.”
Background‘Sarcobesity’: A metabolic conundrum
Parr, E. B., Coffey, V. G., & Hawley, J. A. (2013) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.10.014 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The effects of gastric bypass surgery on drug absorption and pharmacokinetics
Brocks, D. R., Ben‐Eltriki, M., Gabr, R. Q., & Padwal, R. S. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425255.2012.722757 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Dietary management approaches may induce weight loss [16], but maintenance of the lost weight is difficult, as it involves permanent lifestyle changes in eating habits and behavior [17,18].”
BackgroundHelou, N., Obeid, O., Azar, S. T., & Hwalla, N. C. (2008) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000138122 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Wang, W., Jiang, W., Hou, L., Duan, H., Wu, Y., Xu, C., Tan, Q., Li, S., & Zhang, D. (2017) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4257-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Nausheen, S., Shah, I. H., Pezeshki, A., Sigalet, D. L., & Chelikani, P. K. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00130.2013 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ulen, C. G., Huizinga, M. M., Beech, B. M., & Elasy, T. A. (2008) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diaclin.26.3.100 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Vadiveloo, M. K., Dixon, L. B., & Parekh, N. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512006150 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Diets restricting specific food groups produce initial success because dieters unconsciously reduce energy intake as variety in their diet decreases and eating becomes less pleasurable((11)).”
BackgroundStallknecht, B. M., Dela, F., & Helge, J. W. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Obesity can be diminished by increased physical activity and/or reduced caloric intake (11, 21) and, at least in the short term, the size of the negative caloric balance is the primary factor determining the weight loss (22, 28).”
BackgroundCanbolat, E., & Çakiroğlu, F. P. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2087595 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…requirement of an adult individual to lose 0.5-1.0 kg per week is applied and, in this diet, 55-60% of the energy is provided from carbohydrates, 12-15% from protein and 25-30% from fat, and it is seen that it is spread over frequent meals in the form of 4-6 meals (Pekcan 2020; Strychar 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialManuel, M., Lesmes, I. B., Marset, J. B., Izquierdo, J. Q. I., Formiguera, X., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2012.27.3.5680 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anti-Obesity Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Progress and Challenges
Ashour, M. M., Mabrouk, M., Aboelnasr, M. A., Beherei, H. H., Tohamy, K. M., & Das, D. B. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15112635 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sullivan, E. L., & Cameron, J. L. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00617.2009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Grieb, P., Kłapcińska, B., Smol, E., Pilis, T., Pilis, W., Sadowska‐Krępa, E., Sobczak, A., Bartoszewicz, Z., Nauman, J. A., Stańczak, K. I., et al. (2008) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.09.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In view of the current World Health Organization recommendations to avoid excessive intake of readily digestible sugars, considerable international attention has been given to identifying other dietary approaches, such as low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets (LCDs), that may effectively aid in weight reduction programs, maint…”
BackgroundGargallo-Fernández, M., Izquierdo, J. Q. I., Marset, J. B., Lesmes, I. B., Formiguera, X., & Salas‐Salvadó, J. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2012.27.3.5679 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Afolabi, P. R., Jahoor, F., Jackson, A. A., Stubbs, R. J., Johnstone, A. M., Faber, P., Lobley, G. E., Gibney, E. R., & Elia, M. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00169.2007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Measurement of body composition as a surrogate evaluation of energy balance in obese patients
Rotella, C. M. (2015) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v5.i1.1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Halk Sağlığı Bakışıyla Obezite Yönetimi
Demiray, G., & Yorulmaz, F. (2023) · Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer · doi:10.33631/sabd.1101432 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mohammed, M. A., Anwar, R., Mansour, A. H., Elmasry, E., & Othman, G. (2014) · Trends in Medical Research · doi:10.3923/tmr.2014.58.80 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Adeola, O. L., Agudosi, G. M., Akueme, N. T., Okobi, O. E., Akinyemi, F. B., Ononiwu, U. O., Akunne, H. S., Akinboro, M. K., Ogbeifun, O. E., & Okeaya-Inneh, M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45518 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“As such, selecting diets with macronutrient components based on aspects that include the taste preference of the subject may result in the attainment of improved compliance and effective obesity treatment and management [66,77].”
BackgroundHor, P. K., Pal, S., Mondal, J., Halder, S. K., Ghosh, K., Santra, S., Ray, M., Goswami, D., Chakrabarti, S., Singh, S. N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.794503 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…Blood Institute (NHLBI Obesity Education Frontiers in Microbiology | www.frontiersin.org 12 May 2022 | Volume 13 | Article 794503 Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, 1998), the WHO (2000), and the Canadian Obesity Guidelines to reduce health risk from chronic disease (Strychar, 2006).”
BackgroundThe Role of Individually Selected Diets in Obese Women with PCOS—A Review
Chudzicka-Strugała, I., Gołębiewska, I., Banaszewska, B., Brudecki, G. P., & Zwoździak, B. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214555 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Luvizotto, R. D. A. M., Conde, S. J., Síbio, M. T. D., do Nascimento, A. F., Lima‐Leopoldo, A. P., Leopoldo, A. S., Padovani, C. R., Cicogna, A. C., & Nogueira, C. R. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.017 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“However, studies have shown that, after this initial loss, further weight loss decelerates and maintaining the initial reduction is a major challenge [9].”
BackgroundCastres, I., Tourny, C., Lemaître, F., & Coquart, J. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0530-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sadowska‐Krępa, E., Gdańska, A., Rozpara, M., Pilch, W., Přidalová, M., & Bańkowski, S. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000506403 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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“On the other hand, in obesity, it is important to reduce total calorie intake for weight loss [33].”
BackgroundA Pilot Feasibility Study of Whole-systems Ayurvedic Medicine and Yoga therapy for Weight Loss
Rioux, J., Thomson, C. A., & Howerter, A. (2014) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.7453/gahmj.2013.084 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Olusanya, J. O., & ., O. A. O. (2011) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2011.940.946 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Treatment Alternatives for Overweight and Obesity: The Role of Online Interventions
Baulch, J., Chester, A., & Brennan, L. (2008) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.25.1.1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dergaa, I., Saad, H. B., Ghouili, H., Glenn, J. M., Omri, A. E., Slim, I., Hasni, Y., Taheri, M., Aissa, M. B., Guelmami, N., et al. (2024) · New Asian Journal of Medicine · doi:10.61838/kman.najm.2.1.1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“The majority of earlier weight loss intervention studies targeted energy restriction and reduced carbohydrate or fat intake((54)).”
BackgroundKim, S., Shin, I., & Park, Y.-J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.772478 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“One possibility for this is that since LCD itself has an effect on simple obesity, even if acupuncture, CBT, MR, or exercise intervention is combined with LCD, the synergistic effect will be limited to “medium” level (64).”
BackgroundInterventions for treating overweight or obesity in adults: an overview of systematic reviews
Figuls, M. R. I., García, L. M., Martínez‐Zapata, M. J., Pacheco, R., Mauricio, D., & Bonfill, X. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010665 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“A reasonable nutritional plan plays a pivotal role in weight and fat loss [46].”
BackgroundNutritional Treatment of Obesity
Shewmake, R. A., & Huntington, M. K. (2009) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2009.01.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ghanbari, S., & Ayatollahi, S. M. T. (2016) · Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/1735-1995.193512 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Obese Patients Report Modest Weight Loss After Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
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“Among the established therapies for the induction of sustained weight loss and curation of concomitant metabolic disorders, dietary approaches represent a widely applied conservative option [6].”
BackgroundImplications of ketogenic diet on weight gain, motor activity and cicatrization in Wistar rats
Peres, R. C., Nogueira, D. B., Guimarães, G. D. P., da Costa, E. L., & Ribeiro, D. A. (2012) · Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods · doi:10.3109/15376516.2012.735276 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In the 1970s, it also became popular, known as the Atkins Diet, as an alternative diet to lose weight (Strychar, 2006).”
BackgroundPharmacotherapy for weight management.
Palatty, P. L., & Saldanha, E. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Circulating Adipokines and Hepatokines Serve as Diagnostic Markers during Obesity Therapy
Schmid, A., Arians, M., Burg‐Roderfeld, M., Karrasch, T., Schäffler, A., Roderfeld, M., & Roeb, E. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232214020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“strong caloric restriction have proven effective both in terms of metabolic improvement and body weight loss [10,11].”
BackgroundAneis, Y. M., Refaye, G. E. E., Taha, M. M., Aldhahi, M. I., & Elsisi, H. F. E. M. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59071193 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The LCD was composed of 30% fat, 15% protein, 55% carbohydrates, and 20–30 g of fiber/day [22].”
BackgroundKim, S. K., Rodríguez-Rocha, N. P., & Kim, H. (2021) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2021.15.1.38 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In addition, interventions on dietary change such as caloric reduction [21] and low-fat diet [22] were found to have effects on significant weight loss or consequent improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, whereas interventions which focused on physical activity without the changes in diet were not effective in te…”
BackgroundAlthunibat, O. Y., Saghir, S. A. M., Aladaileh, S. H., & Rawadieh, A. (2022) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/12675 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Botulinum toxin injections to reduce adiposity: Possibility, or fat chance?
Lim, E. C. H., & Seet, R. C. S. (2006) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.03.035 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Examining the most popular weight loss diets: How effective are they?
Sherer, E. L., & Sherer, J. A. (2008) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01720610-200811000-00008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Obesity management and scientific evidence
Choi, J. M., & Kim, C.-B. (2011) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2011.54.3.250 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mraovic, T., Radakovic, S., Ristić-Medić, D., Tepšič-Ostojić, V., Radjen, S., Hajdukovic, Z., Čairović, A., & Miljanović, G. (2016) · Vojnosanitetski pregled · doi:10.2298/vsp160408206m · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25(11): 1640−3.”
Napoleone, A. (2014) · Journal of Obesity & Weight loss Therapy · doi:10.4172/2165-7904.1000225 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Although the prevalence of extreme obesity, as defined by BMI ≥ 40, is about 5% in population of the industrialized world, representing an important increase over the last 40 years, few studies have investigated the modification of the obesity status following the subjects with close regular control and the usual prot…”
BackgroundInfluentialTeng, N. I. M. F., Shahar, S., Manaf, Z. A., Haron, H., & Ngah, W. Z. W. (2013) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2013.607.614 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It has remained the fundamental recommended way of weight loss (Strychar, 2006), since studies have proven its beneficial effects in human health.”
BackgroundAmanatidou, A. I., Kaliora, A. C., Amerikanou, C., Stojanoski, S., Milosevic, N. P., Vezou, C., Beribaka, M., Banerjee, R., Kalafati, I. P., Smyrnioudis, I., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020971 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Utami, N. N., Lestari, L. A., Nurliyani, N., & Harmayani, E. (2021) · Food Research · doi:10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).461 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…diet is commonly practiced by people, it recommends a carbohydrate intake of 55-60% of total daily energy intake, low-fat, which is less than 30% of energy intake, and restriction of energy intake, which is around 800-1,200 kcal/day for women and 1,200- 1,500 kcal/day for men (Strychar, 2006).”
BackgroundGrosko, T. A. (2008) · Mspace (University of Manitoba) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dynamic Concerns of Protein Ice-Cream: An Analysis
Shafique, B., Mahmood, S., Alam, M. Q., & Saeed, W. (2019) · Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health · doi:10.31080/asnh.2019.03.0490 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Impact of TECAR therapy on post-natal rectus diastasis: A randomized trial
Elhosary, E. A., Hamada, H. A., ElAzab, D. R., et al. (2023) · doi:10.56984/8zg07b1b5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Las dietas hipocalóricas se asocian a una ingesta baja de algunas vitaminas: una revisión
Baladía, E., Manera, M., & Basulto, J. (2008) · Actividad Dietética · doi:10.1016/s1138-0322(08)75624-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Strychar, I. M. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1060145 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationPropensity for Diabetes and Correlation of its Predisposing Factors in Ota, Nigeria
Iweala, E. E. J., Chinedu, S. N., Afolabi, I. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Medical Sciences(Faisalabad) · doi:10.3923/jms.2013.809.813 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mbada, C., Akinola, O. T., Olumomi, G., Idowu, O. A., Akinwande, O., Fatoye, C., Borode, A. O., Awotidebe, T., Awotipe, A., Adamolekun, O., et al. (2018) · Nigerian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/njhs.njhs_16_19 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yadav, S., & Singh, A. P. (2010) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2010.1047.1051 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Manninen, A. H. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1060022 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shamseya, M. M., & Madkour, M. A. (2015) · Egyptian Journal of Obesity Diabetes and Endocrinology · doi:10.4103/2356-8062.170207 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
High Carbohydrate vs High Fat Diets: Which is Preferable for Long-term Use?
Preston, A. M., Rodriguez, C. A., & Preston, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research · doi:10.26502/jfsnr.2642-110000126 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[17], Strychar [18] and Anderson et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialObesity: a global health problem
Jha, A. K., & Das, A. K. (2019) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192870 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is Acupuncture Meridians a Novel System for Superoxide Disposition
Guo, J., & Rao, P. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/24554 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Weight loss may be produced by diet programs over a short term (Strychar, 2006), but maintaining this weight loss is frequently difficult and always requires exercises and a lower calorie diet for a long term as a person's lifestyle (Shick, et al., 1998; Tate, et al., 2007).”
BackgroundOunis, O. B., Elloumi, M., Amri, M., Zouhal, H., Tabka, Z., & Lac, G. (2009) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2009.10.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Spadafranca, A., Vignati, L., Battezzati, A., & Bertoli, S. (2013) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2013.44054 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In agreement with other studies [36], the main limitation of dietary intervention performed in free living people was the compliance at mid and long term.”
ResultObesity - challenges and treatment: a review.
Gupta, S., Mayuri, K., Pancholi, S., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sobrepeso: Estrategias para mejorar el manejo nutricio
Laguna‐Camacho, A. (2006) · Revista de Endocrinología y Nutrición · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wood, M. L. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Halappa, N., Shetty, P., Dinesh, S., & Rajany, T. (2018) · Ancient Science of Life · doi:10.4103/asl.asl_1_18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[34,35] Short term fasting for 10 days is more beneficial and does not result in any adverse effects because fasting process does not affect the vital organs.[36] Also, there is an increased beta‐oxidation observed during fasting.”
BackgroundBariatric Surgery and Its Effects on Heart Rate Variability
Lodder, A. F., Kamath, M. V., Armstrong, D., & Upton, A. R. M. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b12756-19 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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PENGARUH DIET KETOGENIK TERHADAP PROLIFERASI DAN KETAHANAN SEL PADA JARINGAN PANKREAS
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Studies of the interaction between diabetes family history, exercise, adiposity and metabolic health
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Animal Models of Ingestive Behaviors
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Malnutrition and Nutrition in Liver Disease
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“Serum transaminases almost always improve with weight loss in the obese patient (with as little at 5‐10% decrease in body weight), but they are poor predictors of histology which does not always improve and may, in fact, worsen if weight loss occurs too rapidly [ 115 ].”
BackgroundMethodWhitehead, R. (2013) · St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)
Arantes, D. D. V. (2006) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade · doi:10.5712/rbmfc2(7)57
Porównanie zaleceń żywieniowych z popularnymi dietami oraz skutki ich stosowania
Biedrzycka, K. (2015) · CeON Repository (Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science)
Giles, S. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.1060053
CHIRURGINIS ANTRO TIPO CUKRINIO DIABETO GYDYMAS: EKONOMINIS ĮVERTINIMAS
Deduchovas, O. (2011) · Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
Influência do hormônio tireoidiano e da restrição alimentar sobre dano de DNA em animais obesos
Síbio, M. T. D. (2010) · doi:10.5016/dt000614400
“Uma perda de 5 a 10% do peso tem mostrado reduzir o risco de doença cardíaca (STRYCHAR, 2006).”
Background
- Authors
- Strychar, I.
- Affiliations
- Hôpital Notre-Dame (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Strychar, I.
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Joule Inc.
- Published
- 2006-01-03
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-63
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC1319349
- OpenAlex
- W2144101638
- Semantic Scholar
- bf5e6d9dff42aa4047fff37a83f44e262d78e26b
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Université de Montréal
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Institute of Gender and Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- obesity, weight loss, weight loss maintenance, hypocaloric diet, very low calorie diet, carbohydrate restriction, dietary fat restriction, saturated fat, atherogenic effects, dietary intervention, obesity treatment
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, Weight Loss, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
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