Executive Summary of the Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
Abstract
An estimated 97 million adults in the United States are overweight or obese, a condition that substantially raises their risk of morbidity from hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, and endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Higher body weights are also associated with increases in all-cause mortality. Obese individuals may also suffer from social stigmatization and discrimination. As a major contributor to preventive death in the United States today, overweight and obesity pose a major public health challenge.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
BMI classifies individuals into specific weight status categories that are associated with different levels of health risk.
“The BMI method classifies individuals into specific weight status categories that are associated with different levels of health risk (see Table 1) [41].”
From The Utility of Body Composition Assessment in Nutrition and Clinical Practice: An Overview of Current Methodology (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
Cites
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994
Flegal, K., Carroll, M., Kuczmarski, R., & Johnson, C. (1998) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800541 · Cited by 3,045 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Population Health Perspective
Young, T., Peppard, P. E., & Gottlieb, D. J. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2109080 · Cited by 4,244 · see citing works
Nieto, F. J. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.14.1829 · Cited by 3,369 · see citing works
Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults
Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Hartge, P., Cerhan, J. R., Flint, A. J., Hannan, L., MacInnis, R. J., Moore, S. C., Tobias, G. S., Anton-Culver, H., Freeman, L. B., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1000367 · Cited by 2,317 · see citing works
General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe
Pischon, T., Boeing, H., Hoffmann, K., Bergmann, M., Schulze, M. B., Overvad, K., van der Schouw, Y. T., Spencer, E., Moons, K. G. M., Tjønneland, A., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0801891 · Cited by 2,155 · see citing works
Selvin, E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000137913.26087.f0 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome
Kaur, J. (2014) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2014/943162 · Cited by 1,889 · see citing works
RetractedImpact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases During a 10-Year Period
Field, A. E., Coakley, E. H., Must, A., Spadano, J. L., Laird, N., Dietz, W. H., Rimm, E., & Colditz, G. A. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.13.1581 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Metabolically healthy obesity: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications
Stefan, N., Häring, H.-U., Hu, F. B., & Schulze, M. B. (2013) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70062-7 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Piepoli, M. F., Corrà, U., Benzer, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dendale, P., Gaita, D., McGee, H., Mendes, M., Niebauer, J., Zwisler, A.-D. O., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3283313592 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Douketis, J. D., Macie, C., Thabane, L., & Williamson, D. F. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Mannino, D. M. (2003) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.58.5.388 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Weight Change in Old Age and its Association with Mortality
Newman, A. B., Yanez, D., Harris, T., Duxbury, A., Enright, P. L., Fried, L. P., & for the Cardiovascular Study Research Group (2001) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49258.x · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Association of Weight Status With Mortality in Adults With Incident Diabetes
Carnethon, M. R., De Chavez, P. J. D., Biggs, M. L., Lewis, C. E., Pankow, J. S., Bertoni, A. G., Golden, S. H., Liu, K., Mukamal, K. J., Campbell-Jenkins, B., et al. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.9282 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Physical activity in U.S. adults with diabetes and at risk for developing diabetes, 2003
Morrato, E. H., Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., Ghushchyan, V., & Sullivan, P. W. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1128 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Diet and Exercise Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Nelson, K. M., Reiber, G., & Boyko, E. J. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1722 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Carnethon, M. R. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.23.2981 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Holmes, C. J., & Racette, S. B. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082493 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight
Padwal, R. S., Rucker, D., Li, S. K., Curioni, C., & Lau, D. C. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004094.pub2 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Padwal, R., Li, S. K., & Lau, D. C. W. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802475 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Intentional and Unintentional Weight Loss Increase Bone Loss and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Women
Ensrud, K. E., Ewing, S. K., Stone, K. L., Cauley, J. A., Bowman, P. J., Cummings, S. R., & for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51558.x · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Hypertension in overweight and obese primary care patients is highly prevalent and poorly controlled
BRAMLAGE, P., PITTROW, D., WITTCHEN, H., KIRCH, W., BOEHLER, S., LEHNERT, H., HOEFLER, M., UNGER, T., & SHARMA, A. (2004) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.05.017 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Spring-Levered versus Piezo-Electric Pedometer Accuracy in Overweight and Obese Adults
CROUTER, S. E., SCHNEIDER, P. L., & BASSETT, D. R. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000181677.36658.a8 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Relationship between reported and measured sleep times: the sleep heart health study (SHHS)
Silva, G. E., Goodwin, J. L., Sherrill, D. L., Arnold, J. L., Bootzin, R. R., Smith, T., Walsleben, J. A., Baldwin, C. M., & Quan, S. F. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26974 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Chung, J.-Y., Kang, H.-T., Lee, D.-C., Lee, H.-R., & Lee, Y.-J. (2013) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Luchsinger, J. A., Perez, T., Chang, H., Mehta, P., Steffener, J., Pradabhan, G., Ichise, M., Manly, J., Devanand, D. P., & Bagiella, E. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150493 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Ethnic differences in the ability of triglyceride levels to identify insulin resistance
Sumner, A. E., & Cowie, C. C. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.018 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Hootman, J. M., Macera, C. A., Ham, S. A., Helmick, C. G., & Sniezek, J. E. (2003) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/art.10911 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Body Mass Index, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
JONGNARANGSIN, K., CHUGH, A., GOOD, E., MUKERJI, S., DEY, S., CRAWFORD, T., SARRAZIN, J. F., KUHNE, M., CHALFOUN, N., WELLS, D., et al. (2008) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2008.01118.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Influence of Obesity on Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation: Yet Another Obesity Paradox
Badheka, A. O., Rathod, A., Kizilbash, M. A., Garg, N., Mohamad, T., Afonso, L., & Jacob, S. (2010) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.11.026 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Levine, M. E., & Crimmins, E. M. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2012.20 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Liu, J., Grundy, S. M., Wang, W., Smith, S. C., Lena Vega, G., Wu, Z., Zeng, Z., Wang, W., & Zhao, D. (2007) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Obesity, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor, and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes
Blaschke, F., Takata, Y., Caglayan, E., Law, R. E., & Hsueh, W. A. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000191663.12164.77 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Lee, D.-C., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Lee, I.-M., & Blair, S. N. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1377 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Sawadogo, W., Tsegaye, M., Gizaw, A., & Adera, T. (2022) · BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000375 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Diet in the management of weight loss
Strychar, I. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.045037 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Prevalence of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance Following a Transient Ischemic Attack or Ischemic Stroke
Kernan, W. N. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.2.227 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Impaired insulin sensitivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent TIA or ischemic stroke
Kernan, W. N., Inzucchi, S. E., Viscoli, C. M., Brass, L. M., Bravata, D. M., Shulman, G. I., McVeety, J. C., & Horwitz, R. I. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000063318.66140.a3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Oldridge, N. B., Stump, T. E., Nothwehr, F. K., & Clark, D. O. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00350-x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Morrato, E. H., Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., Ghushchyan, V., & Sullivan, P. W. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-2165 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Kernan, W. N., Inzucchi, S. E., Viscoli, C. M., Brass, L. M., Bravata, D. M., Shulman, G. I., McVeety, J. C., & Horwitz, R. I. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000071108.00234.0e · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Braunschweig, C. A., Sheean, P. M., Peterson, S. J., Gomez Perez, S., Freels, S., Troy, K. L., Ajanaku, F. C., Patel, A., Sclamberg, J. S., & Wang, Z. (2014) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607113500505 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Washburn, R. A., Szabo, A. N., Lambourne, K., Willis, E. A., Ptomey, L. T., Honas, J. J., Herrmann, S. D., & Donnelly, J. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109849 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Boswell, J. F., Anderson, L. M., Oswald, J. M., Reilly, E. E., Gorrell, S., & Anderson, D. A. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.02.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
de Groot, M., Shubrook, J. H., Hornsby, W. G., Pillay, Y., Mather, K. J., Fitzpatrick, K., Yang, Z., & Saha, C. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-2400 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Orange, S. T., Madden, L. A., & Vince, R. V. (2020) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2020.09.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Shah, R. V., Abbasi, S. A., Yamal, J., Davis, B. R., Barzilay, J., Einhorn, P. T., Goldfine, A., & the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12325 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Expert Panel on the Identification, E.
- Corresponding author
- Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1998-09-28
- Volume
- 158
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1855
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3082785714
- Cited by
- 936
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 30.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- obesity, overweight, adults, obesity screening, obesity treatment, obesity-related comorbidities, all-cause mortality, social stigma
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Humans, Life Style, Obesity, Risk, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, United States, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Evidence-Based Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review